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PubMed2002

Cervical cat scratch disease lymphadenitis in a patient with immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii.

We report on a young patient with chronic cervical lymphadenopathy and serological and histological evidence for infection with Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii. Serological follow-up studies, including testing for avidity of Toxoplasma-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies, assisted in the determination of the cause of the acute lymphadenitis. Our results suggest that the clinical symptoms were most likely due to cat scratch disease rather than to acute toxoplasmosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Unconventional genomic organization in the alpha subgroup of the Proteobacteria.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the genomic organization of 16 bacteria belonging or related to the family Rhizobiaceae of the alpha subgroup of the class Proteobacteria. The number and sizes of replicons were determined by separating nondigested DNA. Hybridization of an rrn gene probe was used to distinguish between chromosomes and plasmids. Members of the genus Agrobacterium all possess two chromosomes, and each biovar has a specific genome size. As previously demonstrated for Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, the smaller chromosomes of Agrobacterium biovar 1 and Agrobacterium rubi strains appear to be linear. The genomes of Rhizobium strains were all of similar sizes but were seen to contain either one, two, or three megareplicons. Only one chromosome was present in the member of the related genus Phyllobacterium. We found one or two chromosomes in Rhodobacter and Brucella species, two chromosomes in Ochrobactrum anthropi, and one chromosome in Mycoplana dimorpha and Bartonella quintana; all of these genera are related to the Rhizobiaceae. The presence of multiple chromosomes is discussed from a phylogenetic and taxonomic point of view.

Bartonella↗
PubMed1997

Molecular diagnosis of cat scratch disease: a two-step approach.

Amplification of Bartonella henselae DNA has been proposed as a diagnostic test for cat scratch disease (CSD). The sensitivities of the following three PCR assays were compared. PCR/rRNA with universal primers amplifies part of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by hybridization with a specific B. henselae probe; PCR/CS and PCR/HSP amplify portions of the gltA and the htrA genes, respectively, each followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The threshold of detection of B. henselae DNA in pus was 10(-4), 10(-3), and 10(-2) ng for PCR/rRNA, PCR/CS, and PCR/HSP, respectively. By these three assays, B. henselae DNA was detected in 100, 94, and 69% of 32 pus and lymph node specimens from CSD patients, respectively. The similar sensitivities of the PCR/rRNA and the PCR/CS assays for detecting B. henselae DNA in clinical specimens are in contrast to the 10-fold difference in sensitivities in favor of PCR/rRNA demonstrated with purified B. henselae DNA in sterile pus, suggesting that in the majority of cases, the bacterial load in clinical specimens is large enough to be identified by the PCR/CS assay. A two-step approach is suggested to achieve maximal sensitivity for detecting B. henselae in clinical specimens: initial testing by PCR/CS (which does not require hybridization), followed by PCR/rRNA with PCR/CS-negative specimens when CSD is strongly suspected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Development and evaluation of a PCR-based assay for detection of Haemobartonella felis in cats and differentiation of H. felis from related bacteria by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

The 16S rRNA gene of Haemobartonella felis was amplified by using universal eubacterial primers and was subsequently cloned and sequenced. Based on this sequence data, we designed a set of H. felis-specific primers. These primers selectively amplified a 1,316-bp DNA fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of H. felis from each of four experimentally infected cats at peak parasitemia. No PCR product was amplified from purified DNA of Eperythrozoon suis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Bartonella bacilliformis. Blood from the experimental cats prior to infection was negative for PCR products and was greatly diminished or absent 1 month after doxycycline treatment. The overall sequence identity of this fragment varied by less than 1.0% among experimentally infected cats. By taking into consideration the secondary structure of the 16S rRNA molecule, we were able to further verify the alignment of nucleotides and quality of our sequence data. In this PCR assay, the minimum detectable number of H. felis organisms was determined to be between 50 and 704. The potential usefulness of restriction enzymes DdeI and MnlI for distinguishing H. felis from closely related bacteria was examined. This is the first report of the utility of PCR-facilitated diagnosis and discrimination of H. felis infection in cats.

Anaplasmataceae↗
PubMed1999

Body lice as tools for diagnosis and surveillance of reemerging diseases.

Body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. A recrudescence of body lice is being observed as the numbers of individuals living under social conditions which predispose individuals to infestation have increased. Because this phenomenon may lead to the reemergence of infections transmitted by body lice, we aimed to assess the occurrence and prevalence of the three agents described above in more than 600 body lice collected from infested individuals in the African countries of Congo, Zimbabwe, and Burundi, in France, in Russia, and in Peru. The presence of the three bacteria in each louse was determined by specific PCR amplification, and the identities of the organisms detected were confirmed by determination of the nucleotide base sequences of the amplification products. Using this approach, we were able to confirm the presence of R. prowazekii in lice collected from refugees in Burundi, among whom typhus was epidemic, and the presence of B. quintana in lice collected from all locations except the Congo. B. recurrentis was never found. Molecular approaches are convenient tools for the detection and identification of bacterial DNA in body lice and for the epidemiological study of louse-borne bacteria from countries where no medical and biological laboratory facilities are available.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cat scratch disease presenting as orbital abscess and osteomyelitis.

Ocular manifestations of cat scratch disease are uncommon. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of increasing Bartonella henselae serum antibody titers. We report a child presenting with orbital abscess and osteomyelitis who was diagnosed with hepatosplenic cat scratch disease by detection of B. henselae DNA in the orbital abscess fluid.

Abscess↗
PubMed2005

PCR detection of bacteria on cardiac valves of patients with treated bacterial endocarditis.

We used broad-range PCR amplification and sequencing to detect and identify bacterial DNA in 156 valves of patients treated for infective endocarditis (IE). Bacterial DNA was found more frequently in patients who underwent valve replacement while on antibiotic treatment for IE (60%) than in patients who had completed antibiotic treatment for IE (37%; P = 0.02). We found specific bacterial DNA in valves removed from 11 of 30 patients who had completed antibiotic treatment for IE. Six had no histological evidence of IE. The presence of DNA was significantly correlated with the presence of histologic lesions (P = 0.001) and with the presence of bacteria detected by Gram staining (P < 0.001). Bartonella and streptococci were detected for much longer after antibiotic treatment by PCR than other species (P = 0.047 and 0.04, respectively), and coagulase-negative staphylococci were detected for much shorter periods (P = 0.02). The finding that bacterial DNA was more likely to be detected in valves of patients with active IE than in patients who had completed antibiotic treatment for IE shows that bacterial DNA is cleared slowly. There was no significant correlation between the duration of antibiotic therapy and the presence of bacterial DNA in valves. Since the persistence of bacterial DNA in valves does not necessarily indicate the persistence of viable bacteria, the detection of bacterial DNA in valves from IE patients should be interpreted with caution, in particular in those patients with a past history of treated IE.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Presumed ocular bartonellosis.

BACKGROUND: The spectrum of diseases caused by Bartonella henselae continues to expand and ocular involvement during this infection is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. METHODS: The clinical features and visual prognosis for 13 patients with intraocular inflammatory disease and laboratory evidence of bartonellosis were investigated. There were nine patients with neuroretinitis and four with panuveitis with positive antibody titres against B henselae determined by an enzyme immunoassay (IgG exceeding 1:900 and/or IgM exceeding 1:250). RESULTS: Positive IgG levels were found for eight patients and positive IgM levels for five. Despite animal exposure of 10 patients, only two (IgG positive) cases had systemic symptoms consistent with the diagnosis of cat scratch disease. Pathological fluorescein leakage of the optic disc was observed in all affected eyes. At 6 months' follow up, 3/18 (17%) affected eyes had a visual acuity of less than 20/100, owing to optic disc atrophy and cystoid macular oedema. 12 patients (17 eyes) were treated with antibiotics; visual acuity improved two or more Snellen lines for 9/17 (53%) eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of B henselae infection should be considered in patients with neuroretinitis and panuveitis (especially in cases with associated optic nerve involvement) even in the absence of systemic symptoms typical for cat scratch disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Recurrent pyogenic granuloma with satellitosis--a localized variant of bacillary angiomatosis?

A 27-year-old male patient had recurrent pyogenic granuloma with satellitosis. Histologically, Warthin-Starry staining of the lesions revealed clumps of dark bacilli as found in patients with bacillary angiomatosis. IgG antibodies against Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae were elevated as shown by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The patient did not present an obvious risk for HIV infection or immunosuppression, and no antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2 were found. Recurrent pyogenic granuloma with satellitosis may be a localized variant of bacillary angiomatosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Development and evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction assay using the 16S rRNA gene for detection of Eperythrozoon suis infection.

The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of Eperythrozoon suis was amplified using gene-specific primers developed from GenBank sequence accession U88565. The gene was subsequently cloned and sequenced. Based on these sequence data, 3 sets of E. suis-specific primers were designed. These primers selectively amplified 1394, 690, and 839 base-pair (bp) fragments of the 16S rRNA gene from DNA of E. suis extracted from the blood of an experimentally infected pig during a parasitemic episode. No polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were amplified from purified DNA of Haemobartonella felis, Mycoplasma genitalium, or Bartonella bacilliformis using 2 of these primer sets. When the primer set amplifying the 690-bp fragment was used, faint bands were observed with H. felis as the target DNA. No PCR products were amplified from DNA that had been extracted from the blood of a noninfected pig or using PCR reagents without target DNA. The detection limits for E. suis by competitive quantitative PCR were estimated to range from 57 and 800 organisms/assay. This is the first report of the utility of PCR-facilitated diagnosis and quantitation of E. suis based on the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR method developed will be useful in monitoring the progression and significance of E. suis in the disease process in the pig.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Isolated hepatic involvement of cat scratch disease in immunocompetent adults: Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, pathological findings, and molecular analysis--two cases.

Visceral involvement in absence of lymphadenopathy is a rare manifestation in cat scratch disease; hepatic granulomas are rare, representing 0.3% of systemic manifestations of cat scratch disease, and gallbladder extension is a singular case. The present article refers to 2 rare cases of visceral cat scratch disease in immunocompetent adults with hepatic granulomatous inflammation, caused by Bartonella henselae infection, with gallbladder involvement in 1 case and no lymphadenopathy. Histological features demonstrated the presence of inflammatory necrotizing granulomatous nonneoplastic process. Molecular studies (polymerase chain reaction) were performed to confirm the infectious etiology.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2006

Population survey of Egyptian arthropods for rickettsial agents.

Between June 2002 and July 2003, 987 fleas, representing four species, and 1019 ticks, representing one argasid and eight ixodid species, were collected from Egyptian animals. These arthropods were tested for rickettsial agents using polymerase chain reaction. DNAs from Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. were detected in 13 ticks. Previously undescribed Bartonella spp. were detected in 21 fleas. Coxiella burnetii was detected in two fleas and 20 ticks. Rickettsia typhi was detected in 27 fleas from 10 cities. Spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in both fleas and ticks and included Rickettsia aeschlimanii and an unnamed Rickettsia sp.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed2006

Corpuscular antigenic microarray for the serodiagnosis of blood culture-negative endocarditis.

Blood culture-negative endocarditis is due to fastidious bacteria, including Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella spp. Diagnosis of such infection relies on serology and microimmunofluorescence is therefore the reference method. We developed a multiplex serology test featuring automatic incubation and reading and incorporating internal controls. Preliminary results indicate that this new serologic test is valuable for the rapid, automated serological diagnosis of blood culture-negative endocarditis.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

Cat-scratch encephalopathy.

We present a case of cat-scratch disease in a 9-year-old girl, complicated by encephalopathy and seizures. Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) henselae is the causative agent in cat-scratch disease; methods now available for detection of this pleomorphic, gram-negative bacterium, including polymerase chain reaction amplification and indirect fluorescence antibody testing, may lead to changes in standard criteria used to verify a diagnosis of cat-scratch disease.

Bartonella henselae↗
PubMed2006

A translocated bacterial protein protects vascular endothelial cells from apoptosis.

The modulation of host cell apoptosis by bacterial pathogens is of critical importance for the outcome of the infection process. The capacity of Bartonella henselae and B. quintana to cause vascular tumor formation in immunocompromised patients is linked to the inhibition of vascular endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis. Here, we show that translocation of BepA, a type IV secretion (T4S) substrate, is necessary and sufficient to inhibit EC apoptosis. Ectopic expression in ECs allowed mapping of the anti-apoptotic activity of BepA to the Bep intracellular delivery domain, which, as part of the signal for T4S, is conserved in other T4S substrates. The anti-apoptotic activity appeared to be limited to BepA orthologs of B. henselae and B. quintana and correlated with (i) protein localization to the host cell plasma membrane, (ii) elevated levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and (iii) increased expression of cAMP-responsive genes. The pharmacological elevation of cAMP levels protected ECs from apoptosis, indicating that BepA mediates anti-apoptosis by heightening cAMP levels by a plasma membrane-associated mechanism. Finally, we demonstrate that BepA mediates protection of ECs against apoptosis triggered by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, suggesting a physiological context in which the anti-apoptotic activity of BepA contributes to tumor formation in the chronically infected vascular endothelium.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2001

Cat-scratch disease: considerations for dentistry.

BACKGROUND: Cat-scratch disease, or CSD, results from inoculation of the gram-negative bacillus Bartonella henselae via a cat's scratch. A regional lymphadenitis, which usually is cervical, develops and may progress to suppuration. It is necessary to differentiate CSD from other lymphadenopathies. CASE DESCRIPTION: A patient who had close contact with a cat subsequently developed a localized, suppurative cervical lymphadenitis. As B. henselae was identified in 1992, the authors were able to confirm the existence of CSD serologically. Surgical drainage resulted in a successful resolution of the disease process. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: As patients with CSD may be seen in the dental office, an awareness of its symptomatology can prevent unnecessary dental intervention and facilitate early treatment.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

Bacterial models for tumor development. Mini-review.

UNLABELLED: The tumor-inducing effects of Agrobacterium, Bartonella and Helicobacter bacterial species are compared step by step. An analogy for the existence of these individual steps is considered in connection with the development of cancer. The transformations of eukaryotic cells occur in particular in the type IV secretion system, i.e. involving the simultaneous transmission of DNA and protein from bacterial cells to eukaryotic cells. Thus, transfected cells facilitate the indefinite growth of tissue cells and additionally produce growth factors, triggering further bacterial multiplication. The higher numbers of bacteria then produce more transfection and the cycle repeats as long as the host lives. The main limiting factor is the frequency of bacterial infection, while the secondary rate-limiting factors are the levels of transforming growth factors and factors triggering bacteria growth. CONCLUSIONS: Analogous processes are probably responsible for the tumor induction by the three different bacterial species; however, the critical points for eradication are different. The early eradication or limitation of B. henselae or H. pylori can prevent hemangiomas, stomach cancer and malignant cell proliferation. The crown gall formation by A. tumefaciens can only be avoided by prevention of the transforming activity of a single bacterial infection. Questions arise as to what is common in the three processes, and the nature of the rate-limiting step in the three different models. The frequency of transformation is the rate-limiting step, but the co-transmission of the DNA-protein complex is common in the three systems.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Geographic distribution of Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), vector of human bartonellosis in Peru].

Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913) (Diptera: Psychodidae); the natural vector of Bartonella bacilliformis, agent of human bartonellosis (peruvian verruga or Carrion's disease), is a native species of Peru; its geographic distribution occurrs between latitudes 5 degrees and 13 degrees 25' South: in the Occidental and Interandean valleys of the Andean. The altitudinal distribution of Lu. verrucarum in the different valleys is as follows: Occidental between 1100 and 2980 m sea level and Interandean from 1200 to 3200 m sea level. Some discrepancies between the distribution of Carrion's disease and Lu. verrucarum suggest the existence of secondary vectors in certain areas where Lu. verrucarum is not present.

Animals↗