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PubMed1992

Diabetes self help facilitated by local diabetes research: the Coventry Asian Diabetes Support Group.

Diabetic South Asians know less about the nature of diabetes than Europeans. In view of the difficulties in communicating with diabetic South Asians in a clinical environment, a 'self help group' was established. The group was initially resourced by the Coventry Diabetes Study, became independent after 2 years and has met monthly for 4 years. Meetings are led and organized by local diabetic South Asians and include invited speakers and discussions. All meetings are held in one of the South Asian languages, particularly Punjabi. Attendance has ranged from 15 to 50, almost exclusively from the surveyed diabetic population of one electoral ward. Those with a high glycated haemoglobin (HbA1 > 9.5%) were assessed 12 months after invitation to the group, 44% (22/51) of whom attended at least twice. Those living over 1 mile from the meeting place and those speaking a minority language were least likely to attend. Those who attended the group had a greater drop in HbA1 and increase in 'knowledge score' than those not attending (both p < 0.01). The continued existence of the group illustrates the ability of local health workers to facilitate and empower local communities to become more responsible for their own health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Music as nursing intervention for pain in five Asian countries.

BACKGROUND: The use of music as intervention for relieving pain has increased in recent years, prompting its growing use among the people of the western world. However, among Asians, music has long been used for this purpose and continues to be so today. Despite this common knowledge, Asians have not generally written about the therapeutic effects of music. Consequently, most of the published research studies supporting this claim were conducted in western settings using western music. PURPOSE: To describe the use of music as intervention in painful conditions as experienced by people in five Asian countries: China, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan. METHOD: Descriptive survey of studies using music as intervention for painful conditions conducted in selected five Asian countries. FINDINGS: Twelve studies including theses and dissertations, published and unpublished, were found; however, only nine met the inclusion criteria. Data were categorized according to research design, sample size, gender, age, duration of music, frequency of music intervention, types of pain and instruments used to measure pain, conceptual or theoretical frameworks and statistical significance of the study. Five of the nine studies declared significant decrease in pain, while three reported mixed results. Fundamentally, the findings of the studies suggested that with music, relief of pain was possible. IMPLICATIONS: The mixed results imply the need for further investigation of the effects of music in painful conditions. Thus, the authors suggest continuing studies on the effects of music as intervention in painful conditions, and encourage increasing global dissemination of these studies, particularly in international journals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Government risk management priorities: a comparison of the preferences of Asian Indian Americans and other Americans.

A survey was conducted of approximately 200 Asian Indian Americans and 200 other residents of New Jersey in order to understand the risk management priorities that they want government to have. We found that Asian Indian Americans, especially younger women, focused on personal/family risks, such as alcohol and drug abuse, sexual abuse, and domestic violence. The New Jersey comparison group, in contrast, placed war/terrorism and loss of health care services and insurance at the top of their priorities for government. These results suggest stressful acculturation-related issues within the Asian Indian community. Both populations want more risk management from government than they believe government is currently providing. Respondents who wanted more from government tended to dread the risk, be fearful of the consequences, trust government, and have a feeling of personal efficacy. Within the Asian Indian American sample, wide variations were observed by language spoken at home and religious affiliation. Notably, Muslims and Hindi language speakers tended not to trust government and hence wanted less government involvement. This study supports our call for studies of recent migrant populations and Johnson's for testing ethnic identity and acculturation as factors in risk judgments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effects of migration on ulcerative colitis: a three-year prospective study among Europeans and first- and second- generation South Asians in Leicester (1991-1994).

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to measure prospectively the incidence of ulcerative colitis in Leicester City and to compare this with a previous retrospective study in the same area. We also sought to compare the incidence and disease extent in the European community with that of the South Asian community and to compare the disease extent between first- and second-generation South Asian migrants. METHODS: A 3-yr prospective study of ulcerative colitis in the city of Leicester took place from October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1994 and included all cases resident in Leicester City and diagnosed as having ulcerative colitis, regardless of the extent and severity of the disease. RESULTS: Extensive colitis was commoner in second-generation migrants than in the first generation (chi2 = 4.3, p = 0.04) and was comparable to the European community. The annual average incidence of ulcerative colitis was 9.1/10(5) population/yr (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.1-11.3), which is similar to the previous retrospective study. However, the annual average incidence of ulcerative colitis in the European population was 7.0/10(5) population/yr (95% CI 5-9.5), whereas that of the South Asian population was 17.2/10(5) population/yr (95% CI 11.8-24.3), confirming that the risk of ulcerative colitis in this particular community is exceptionally high. CONCLUSIONS: These early results suggest that the disease pattern follows that of the indigenous population after only one generation and requires monitoring over the next decade. The incidence of ulcerative colitis in the South Asian population is high and continuing to rise.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The child-rearing values of Asian and British parents and young people: an inter-ethnic and inter-generational comparison in the evaluation of Kohn's 13 qualities.

As part of a larger survey concerned with attitudes and experiences of two generations of Asian-British and of native white British, respondents were asked to rate the three most desirable of Kohn's (1969) 13 values in child rearing. Sampling in urban areas with large Asian populations provided a total sample of relatively homogeneous socio-economic status; thus, the class comparisons which informed Kohn's original thesis were less relevant. Comparisons were made on the basis of generation and of ethnicity. It was found that Asians value conformity more and self-direction less than the British, and that this difference is considerably more pronounced in the older than in the younger generation. Extent of traditionalism in family processes was related to evaluations. For Asian young people only, extent of assimilation with British life was related to evaluation made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants.

A highly fatal hemorrhagic disease has been identified in 10 young Asian and African elephants at North American zoos. In the affected animals there was ultrastructural evidence for herpesvirus-like particles in endothelial cells of the heart, liver, and tongue. Consensus primer polymerase chain reaction combined with sequencing yielded molecular evidence that confirmed the presence of two novel but related herpesviruses associated with the disease, one in Asian elephants and another in African elephants. Otherwise healthy African elephants with external herpetic lesions yielded herpesvirus sequences identical to that found in Asian elephants with endothelial disease. This finding suggests that the Asian elephant deaths were caused by cross-species infection with a herpesvirus that is naturally latent in, but normally not lethal to, African elephants. A reciprocal relationship may exist for the African elephant disease.

Africa↗
PubMed1986

Asian neonatal mortality in Blackburn.

Neonatal mortality among Asian and non-Asian babies in Blackburn was determined for 1982-84. Though Asian mothers have more low birthweight babies, proportionately fewer babies require intensive care. Preterm delivery and asphyxia were not major factors in neonatal mortality among Asian babies, most deaths being due to lethal congenital malformations.

Asia↗
PubMed1987

Insulin dependent diabetes in Asians.

Type 1 diabetes is said to be extremely rare in children in India, where diabetes treated with insulin may be due to chronic pancreatic disease or malnutrition. To see whether typical type 1 diabetes occurred in Asian children in the United Kingdom, all known Asian children with diabetes in industrial West Yorkshire were ascertained. A total of 17 such children were studied; of these, seven were from three multiplex families and two fathers from these families had diabetes. All children were ketosis prone and developed diabetes while resident in the UK. There were significant increases in HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 and increases in HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR3/DR4, while HLA-B15 was absent. Islet cell antibodies, either IgG or complement fixing, were present in four of 18 subjects tested, all of whom had disease of short duration. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes in Asian children aged 15 years or less in West Yorkshire was 36/100,000, assuming complete ascertainment. It is concluded that typical type 1 diabetes may occur in Asian children and this condition may be more common in families who have migrated to the UK.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of Asian and English non-attenders at a hospital outpatient department.

Failure to attend the outpatient department for a clinic appointment was studied separately among white (English) and Asian patients, with particular emphasis on the reasons for non-attendance among the Muslims. Overall, Asian patients failed to attend more than the English ones (p < 0.001). 'Follow up' and new Asian patients had significantly higher rates of non-attendance than follow up and new English patients (p < 0.001 in both cases respectively). Muslim boys defaulted more than Muslim girls (p < 0.001), but no such difference was noted among Sikhs, Hindus, or English patients. During the study period (January-December 1995) nearly half (47%) the Muslims did not attend due to religious reasons (for example, fasting during the month of Ramadan), communication difficulties, and the child being on holiday abroad. Failure to attend the outpatient department is significantly higher for ward generated outpatient appointments compared with appointments after previous outpatient attendance for the English and the Asians (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 respectively). Recommendations for improving outpatient attendance are made for Muslim patients in the hope that these principles can be extrapolated to other ethnic minority groups.

Asia↗
PubMed1976

Vitamin D status in different subgroups of British Asians.

To assess the effect of religious dietary practices and social customs on the vitamin D status of Asian immigrants, we kept records of the dietary intake and time spent out of doors of 81 Ugandan Asian men, women, and girls (9-19 years old). Sera were analysed for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3), and 28% of the subjects were found to have levels below the lower limit of normal. The (vegetarian) Hindus had the lowest dietary intakes, least time out of doors, and lowest serum 25-OHD3. The Goan (Roman Catholic) Asians, despite more pigmentation, had 25-OHD3 levels similar to those found among indigenous British people and had the most satisfactory vitamin D intakes. Among Asians, whose exposure to sunlight may be limited, dietary vitamin D becomes the major determinant of serum 25-OHD3.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Vitamin D state of Asians living in Pakistan.

Asians living in Pakistan have serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations which are well within the normal range and significantly higher than in Asians resident in Britain. Clearly, Asians can maintain an adequate vitamin D state given an abundant supply of ultraviolet light, and the expression of vitamin D deficiency is an environmental and not a genetically determined characteristic. The risk of an Asian developing vitamin D deficiency increases after migration to Britain. The most efficient way to treat this is by supplementation with vitamin D.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Mineral content of the forearms of babies born to Asian and white mothers.

Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant Asian women. The effect of maternal vitamin D deficiency on fetal skeletal mineralisation was assessed by measuring the bone mineral content of babies born to 45 Asian women, 19 Asian women who had received 1000 units of vitamin D during the last trimester, and 12 white women. The mean cord blood concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in the three groups were 5.9 +/- SE 0.9 nmol/l (2.4 +/- SE 0.4 ng/ml), 15.2 +/- 3.2 nmol/l (6.1 +/- 1.3 ng/ml), and 33.4 +/- 3.6 nmol/l (13.4 ng/ml), respectively. Despite this wide variation in values there was no significant difference in the bone mineral content (as assessed by photon absorptiometry) of the forearms of babies born to these women. This suggests that mineralization of the fetal skeleton is not impaired in maternal vitamin D deficiency. Craniotabes (skull softening) was present in seven of the 64 Asian babies. The bone mineral content in these babies was not significantly different from that of babies without this sign, and craniotabes should not therefore be taken as an indication of a generalized impairment in skeletal mineralization.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Health and social status of elderly Asians: a community survey.

A sample based on general practices was the starting point for a community survey of Asians aged 65 years and over to describe: family structure and social contact; aspects of lifestyle; language and communication; capacity for self care; and knowledge about and use of services. A total of 726 (95% of those approached) old people were interviewed in their own languages. Almost all had been born in India, mainly in Gujarat or the Punjab, but most had come to Britain via east Africa. Over half of the over 75s were not fully independent in basic activities of daily living, and a fifth were occasionally or often incontinent of urine, though these levels of incapacity were little different from those found in the indigenous elderly. Few elderly Asians were aware of social services, such as meals on wheels, home helps, social workers, and particularly chiropody. Language also excluded them: 37% of men and only 2% of women could speak English. Moreover, two thirds of elderly Asian women were illiterate in all languages. Health education initiatives directed at these people must understand these cultural and language barriers and perhaps use alternative methods, such as Asian radio programmes and home videos, in providing information on health and welfare services.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Can health education increase uptake of cervical smear testing among Asian women?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of three different methods of providing health education on the uptake of cervical smear testing among Asian women, and to evaluate the acceptability of different health education materials. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study over one year of effects of written materials by post, personal visit to give written materials, and personal visit to show a video on the uptake of smear testing. Techniques included a personally administered questionnaire. SETTING: Leicester, a city with a large Asian population. SUBJECTS: 737 randomly selected Asian women aged 18 to 52 who were not recorded on the central cytology laboratory's computer as ever having had a cervical smear test. 159 declined to participate or were not contactable. INTERVENTIONS: Women were randomised into four groups: visited and shown a video (263), visited and shown a leaflet and fact sheet (219), posted a leaflet and fact sheet (131), not contacted at all (124). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cervical smear test recorded on computer within four months after intervention. RESULTS: 57 (37%, 26% of group) of the women visited and given leaflets and 80 (47%, 30% of group) shown the video attended for cervical smears. Only six (5%) of those who were not contacted and 14 (11%) of those sent leaflets had a smear test during the study. CONCLUSION: Health education interventions increased the uptake of cervical cytology among Asian women in Leicester who had never been tested. Personal visits were most effective irrespective of the health education materials used, but there was some evidence that home viewed videos may be particularly effective in one of the most hard to reach groups: Urdu speaking, Pakistani Moslems. Written translated materials sent by post were ineffective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

South Asian and European colitics show characteristic differences in colonic mucus glycoprotein type and turnover.

South Asians in Britain have a high incidence of ulcerative colitis and a low incidence of colorectal cancer. The pattern of mucus production in 12 South Asian and 16 European colitics and a control group of 19 South Asians was studied. Three types of mucin were identified after organ culture of colonic biopsy specimens with a dual label of [3H]-glucosamine and sodium [35S]-sulphate: type A had a high [35S]:[3H] ratio and high incorporation ([3H] dpm/micrograms DNA > 500); type B had a low ratio and high incorporation; and type C had low incorporation but with either high (C1) or low (C2) ratios. European colitic mucins show a significant reduction in the level of sulphation detected by mucin histochemistry with high iron diamine/Alcian blue staining, together with predominantly type B or C2 mucins (low sulphation). South Asian colitics showed histochemically normal patterns of high sulphation and largely type A and C1 mucins (high sulphation). There was no correlation of mucin type with disease activity index in either ethnic group. The appearance of apparently normal mucin in patients with ulcerative colitis may be a useful marker for the identification of a subgroup at low risk of colorectal cancer.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1989

Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in Asians and Europeans.

Ischaemic heart disease is commoner among immigrants from the Indian subcontinent than among Europeans in the United Kingdom. The excess cannot be accounted for by differences in smoking, blood pressure, or lipid concentrations. There is, however, an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the Asian population. Separate estimates of the relative risk of acute myocardial infarction associated with diabetes from parallel case-control studies were made to compare the importance of diabetes as a risk factor in the two ethnic groups. For Asians the relative risk was 3.3 (95% confidence interval 1.9 to 5.8) and for Europeans 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7). Calculations of population attributable risk indicated that clinical diabetes mellitus accounts for 21% of the incidence of myocardial infarction in Asians but only 3% of the incidence in Europeans. Diabetes mellitus is of sufficient quantitative importance as a risk factor to account for the whole of the observed excess of deaths from ischaemic heart disease among Asians in the United Kingdom.

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Survival after acute myocardial infarction in Asian and white patients in Birmingham.

OBJECTIVE: To compare outcome after infarction in South Asian patients, comprising Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and individuals of East African origin, in Birmingham with that in white patients in the same city. DESIGN: A prospective case-control study. SETTING: Three large district general hospitals. PATIENTS: 102 South Asian patients discharged from hospital after an acute myocardial infarction were matched for age, sex, time and season of infarct, and hospital of admission with white patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival and complication. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in survival or complications during the four years after an acute myocardial infarction in South Asian and white patients. CONCLUSION: The survival and clinical course of South Asian and white patients discharged after an acute myocardial infarction were similar over a four year period.

Africa↗
PubMed1970

Effect of feeding fat on fibrinolysis, Stypven time, and platelet aggregation in Africans, Asians, and Europeans.

The effects of acute fat feeding on fibrinolytic activity, platelet aggregation, and Stypven time in 10 Africans and 10 Asians are presented and compared with the results previously obtained in 10 Europeans. These indicated that the inhibition of fibrinolytic activity seen in Europeans does not occur in either Africans or Asians although the Stypven time was shortened in all three groups. Platelet aggregation, as measured by the Chandler's tube technique, was inhibited by fat feeding in Europeans but was unchanged in Africans and Asians. The results also indicate that the fibrinolytic activity of Africans and Asians is greater than that of Europeans.

Adult↗