Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Appetitive Behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Behavioral and developmental effects of two 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) derivatives.

The effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'ecstacy') and two structurally related compounds, N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-ethanamine (MDM1EA) and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-butanamine (HMDMA) were examined in two preparations: (i) a drug discrimination procedure in MDMA-trained rats and (ii) the chicken embryo, for determination of the direct effects of these compounds on the developing organism. The highest doses of MDM1EA and HMDMA partially substituted for MDMA, whereas higher (30-60 mg/kg) doses of HMDMA evoked clonic seizures in a separate group of rats. In chicken embryos MDMA had no effect on body, brain or liver weight, while the highest dose of MDM1EA decreased body weight and the 2 lowest doses of HMDMA increased body weight. All doses of HMDMA decreased liver weight (expressed as % body weight) when compared with contemporaneous water-treated controls. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that structurally related compounds share some stimulus properties with MDMA and may therefore share abuse liability. Furthermore, both MDMA-related compounds produced adverse effects on the developing organism, whereas MDMA did not.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMed1991

Thermal stress modulates temporal patterns of responding on a multiple DRL-FR schedule.

To investigate temporal changes in behavior induced by moderate cold temperatures, rats performing on a multiple differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) fixed-ratio (FR) schedule were exposed to ambient temperatures of 2, 8, 16, and 24 degrees C. DRL response rates markedly increased with decreasing cold temperatures, while FR response rates remained unchanged. In addition, as ambient temperatures decreased, the interresponse time (IRT) distribution of DRL responses shifted toward shorter times and short IRT bursts increased. Compared with cold effects, exposure to 38 degrees C heat induced decreases in both DRL and FR response rates which were associated with increases in long IRTs. Decreases in reinforcement frequency was associated only with the DRL schedule in cold, and with both DRL and FR schedules during heat exposures. The distinct effects of cold and heat on both DRL and FR responding suggest that the increases in DRL response rates and shifts in IRT distribution are unique to cold, and are not due to general effects of nonspecific thermal change in the ambient environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Assessing olfactory performance in a New World primate, Saimiri sciureus.

Using a task designed to simulate olfactory-guided foraging behavior, this study demonstrates for the first time that olfactory performance can be reliably assessed in squirrel monkeys. Small flip-top vials were fixed in random order to the arms of a climbing frame and equipped with odorized strips signalling either that they contained a peanut food reward (S+) or that they did not (S-), and three adult female monkeys were allowed 1 min to harvest as many baited nuts from this tree as possible. Given five 1-min trials per day, animals took between 15 and 25 days to reach the criterion of 80% correct choices, could readily transfer to new S+ or S- stimuli, and could remember the task even after a 1-month break. The precision and consistency of the monkeys' performance in tests of discrimination ability and sensitivity demonstrate the suitability of this paradigm for assessing olfactory function, and a first test of human subjects using the same cups and odorants showed that it may also be used to directly compare olfactory performance in human and nonhuman primates.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of morphine on temporal discrimination and color matching: general disruption of stimulus control or selective effects on timing?

Discrepant effects of drugs on behavior maintained by temporal-discrimination procedures make conclusive statements about the neuropharmacological bases of timing difficult. The current experiment examined the possible contribution of a general, drug-induced disruption of stimulus control. Four pigeons responded on a three-component multiple schedule that included a fixed-interval 2-min, temporal discrimination, and color-matching component. Under control conditions, response rates and choice responses during the first two components showed evidence of control by time, and accuracy for color matching was high in the third component. Morphine administration flattened the distribution of fixed-interval responding and produced a general disruption of accuracy in the temporal-discrimination component, whereas accuracy in the color-matching component was relatively unaffected. Analysis of the psychophysical functions from the temporal-discrimination component indicated that morphine decreased accuracy of temporal discrimination by decreasing overall stimulus control, rather than by selectively affecting timing. These results suggest the importance of determining the neurophysiological bases of stimulus control as it relates to temporal discrimination.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Heterogeneous modulation of place cell firing by changes in context.

Hippocampal place cells show spatially localized activity that can be modulated by both geometric information (e.g., the distances and directions of features in the environment) and nongeometric information (e.g., colors, odors, and possibly behaviors). Nongeometric information may allow the discrimination of different spatial contexts. Understanding how nongeometric (or contextual) information affects hippocampal activity is important in light of proposals that the hippocampus may play a role in constructing a representation of spatial context. We investigated the contextual modulation of place cell activity by recording hippocampal place cells while rats foraged in compound contexts comprising black or white color paired with lemon or vanilla odor. Some cells responded to the color or odor changes alone, but most responded to varying combinations of both. Thus, we demonstrate, for the first time, that there is a heterogeneous input by contextual inputs into the hippocampus. We propose a model of contextual remapping of place cells in which the geometric inputs are selectively activated by subsets of contextual stimuli. Because it appears that different place cells are affected by different subsets of contextual stimuli, the representation of the entire context would require activity at the population level, supporting a role for the hippocampus in constructing a representation of spatial context.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of amperozide and tiospirone, atypical antipsychotic 5-HT2 drugs, on food-reinforced behavior in rats.

Amperozide (AMPZ) is a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist that can decrease consumption of ethanol and prevent cocaine conditioning of a place preference. Tiospirone (TSP) is a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist with affinity for D2, 5-HT1a, and 5-HT7, and sigma receptors, which can decrease consumption of ethanol while increasing food intake. Both drugs were tested for inhibition of food reinforced bar-pressing behavior. Fasted Sprague-Dawley male rats were trained daily on a 15-min FR-5 schedule. After response rates stabilized, each rat in one group received a 60-min pretreatment s.c. with saline, 0.25,0.75, or 2.5 microlmol/kg of AMPZ (injections were twice per week and counterbalanced). Each rat in a second group received a 60-min pretreatment with saline, 0.1,0.3, or 1.0 micromol/kg of TSP. The dose of 2.5 micromol/kg of AMPZ reduced the number of food reinforcements by 21% from saline. The effect was due to a greater decline in bar pressing during the last 5-min block. TSP, 0.3 and 1.0 micromol/kg, significantly reduced the number of reinforcements by 45 and 94% from saline, respectively. In a study of catalepsy, TSP at 0.3 and 1.0 micromol/kg produced akinesia and catalepsy, respectively. Our results indicate that AMPZ-induced reduction of alcohol intake is not due to a nonspecific effect on reward, but the akinetic effects of TSP masks whether or not it has effects on reward.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Continuous low-level glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor delivery using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors provides neuroprotection and induces behavioral recovery in a primate model of Parkinson's disease.

The therapeutic potential of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) for Parkinson's disease is likely to depend on sustained delivery of the appropriate amount to the target areas. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) expressing GDNF may be a suitable delivery system for this purpose. The aim of this study was to define a sustained level of GDNF that does not affect the function of the normal dopamine (DA) neurons but does provide anatomical and behavioral protection against an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion in the common marmoset. We found that unilateral intrastriatal injection of rAAV resulting in the expression of high levels of GDNF (14 ng/mg of tissue) in the striatum induced a substantial bilateral increase in tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels and activity as well as in DA turnover. Expression of low levels of GDNF (0.04 ng/mg of tissue), on the other hand, produced only minimal effects on DA synthesis and only on the injected side. In addition, the low level of GDNF provided approximately 85% protection of the nigral DA neurons and their projections to the striatum in the 6-OHDA-lesioned hemisphere. Furthermore, the anatomical protection was accompanied by a complete attenuation of sensorimotor neglect, head position bias, and amphetamine-induced rotation. We conclude that when delivered continuously, a low level of GDNF in the striatum (approximately threefold above baseline) is sufficient to provide optimal functional outcome.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Modulation of the discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioid agonists in rats: II. Effects of dopamine D2/3 agonists.

Dopamine (DA) D2/3 receptor agonists have been shown to attenuate the behavioral effects of mu opioid agonists. This study was designed to examine the modulatory actions of the D2/3 agonists quinelorane, quinpirole and (+/-)-2-dipropylamino-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrobromide (7-OH-DPAT) on the discriminative stimulus effects of the higher-efficacy mu agonists heroin, methadone and morphine, as well as the lower-efficacy agonist nalbuphine, in rats trained to discriminate heroin from water. All three D2/3 agonists attenuated the heroin-like discriminative stimulus effects of morphine, methadone and nalbuphine, whereas quinpirole and 7-OH-DPAT, but not quinelorane, effectively attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of heroin. Each D2/3 agonist administered alone occasioned water-appropriate responding and decreased rates of responding. These results extend previous findings, which demonstrated that activation of D2/3 receptors attenuates the antinociceptive effects of mu agonists, to now include their discriminative stimulus effects as well. The exact nature of this modulation of opioid effects by dopamine agonists is unclear, and may include neurochemical interactions as well as psychological mechanisms such as perceptual masking.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The sensory basis of olfactory search behavior in banded kokopu ( Galaxias fasciatus).

The sensory basis of olfactory search behavior was investigated in the banded kokopu, Galaxias fasciatus, using a flow tank. In the presence of a 2 cm s(-1) current flow, banded kokopu use both water current and chemical information to locate a food odor source. The superficial neuromasts of the lateral line system mediate the rheotactic component of the odor search. A physical block of one olfactory nostril did not affect the olfactory search strategy employed by banded kokopu in still water or in the presence of a current flow. Thus, there is no evidence that banded kokopu perform a bilateral comparison of the olfactory stimulus during their odor search. Previously, olfaction and gustation have been the only sensory systems shown to directly mediate orientation and movement towards odor sources in fish. The use of hydrodynamic cues by fish in location of an olfactory source has been previously proposed, but without direct experimental identification of the sensory systems employed. This study identifies the contributing roles of both olfactory and hydrodynamic sensory systems to the olfactory search repertoire of fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Involvement of alpha- and beta-noradrenergic receptors in the effects of hippocampal vasopressinergic treatment on retrieval and relearning.

Biochemical investigations show that vasopressin interacts with noradrenalin to potentiate noradrenalin-induced accumulation of cyclic-AMP in the hippocampus, via the beta-adrenergic receptors. We previously showed in BALB/c mice that the effects of vasopressin (bilaterally injected at a 25-pg dose) in the ventral hippocampus were more effective than in the dorsal hippocampus on the retrieval and relearning of a Go-No Go visual discrimination task. Considering our results and those reported by biochemical investigations, we evaluated possible noradrenergic-vasopressinergic interaction in the ventral hippocampus under our behavioral conditions. To do so, we first explored the effects of propranolol and phentolamine, antagonists of beta- and alpha-adrenergic receptors, respectively. Second, we assessed the modifications in the vasopressin-induced improvement of retrieval and relearning by pretreating the subjects with either propranolol or phentolamine. Third, we tested the treatments in a locomotor activity task to determine whether the effects demonstrated in the two preceding experiments could be partially due to locomotor alterations by the drug. The results indicated that bilateral injection of propranolol (1 microgram on each side), which did not appear to affect the retention performance itself, completely blocked the enhancement of retrieval and relearning resulting from the vasopressin treatment. In contrast, bilateral injection of phentolamine (1 microgram on each side), which moderately improved retrieval, enhanced the vasopressin effect. The present results lend further support to the view that both noradrenalin and vasopressin play important roles in retrieval and relearning processes. More importantly, they provide additional support for the functional interaction of the noradrenergic and vasopressinergic hippocampal systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Proboscis amputation facilitates the study of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) attractants, repellents, and host preference.

Proboscis amputation has facilitated the study of mosquito behavior. Using humans as a host is very important in the study of mosquito attractants, repellents, and host preference. However, mosquito bites cause potential medical problems because of hypersensitivity and perhaps secondary bacterial infection, even using laboratory mosquitoes. Moreover, once a normal female mosquito bites and feeds on human blood, it cannot be used in subsequent probing tests. These problems were resolved by proboscis amputation. Variation of attraction among humans was examined effectively without bites using proboscis-amputated Aedes albopictus Skuse. Proboscis-amputated and normal mosquitoes also showed equal repellency against 1% L-lactic acid. Although the mosquitoes lacked the tip of the labium and some sensilla, they alighted on human forearms in the same way as normal mosquitoes. Because proboscis-amputated mosquitoes continued to probe avidly, they could be used repeatedly, thereby reducing the number of mosquitoes required for experimentation. The use of proboscis-amputated mosquitoes would promote various studies of mosquito attraction or repellency with no risk of hypersensitivity and secondary bacterial infection by mosquito bites.

Aedes↗
PubMed1998

Genetic variability of conditioned probing responses to a fruit odor in Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae), a Drosophila parasitoid.

The genetic variability of odor-conditioned probing behavior was investigated in a population of Leptopilina boulardi, a parasitoid of Drosophila larvae. Ovipositor probing is the final step of host location, leading to the discovery of host larvae. It can be triggered by an odor previously experienced during an oviposition as a result of associative learning. This study was based on the analysis of female probing performance over two generations of isofemale lines (using both mother-daughter regressions and one-way analysis of variance). Individual performances of the conditioned response to the odor were characterized by (1) the latency (i.e., the time elapsed between the onset of the odor delivery and the start of the probing response), (2) the duration of the first probing phase, and (3) the total probing duration. Results suggested that the variability of two characters, the latency and the duration of the first probing phase, were under a genetic control in the studied population. This work is the first contribution to quantify the genetic component of this variability.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Dissociation of the role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in responding to reward-predictive cues and waiting for reward.

The choice among behavioral options is influenced by the anticipated cost of working for the reward relative to the anticipated reward magnitude. Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been suggested to play an important role in cost/benefit computation. From a behavioral perspective, work involves two elements: the caloric expenditure of energy and the time required to complete the task. In many studies of the contribution of NAc dopamine to cost/benefit decisions, measures of work have conflated these separate elements. Here we describe a novel cued progressive delay task, an analog of the progressive ratio task that minimizes energy expenditure. In this task, rats obtain sucrose reward by entering a reward receptacle in response to a cue and remaining in the receptacle for a required wait that is increased after each successful trial. In an experiment in which the magnitude of reward was varied across sessions, the animals' fail point (maximum wait achieved) was correlated with the amount of reward delivered. Microinjection of D1 or D2 dopamine receptor antagonists into the NAc did not affect the length of time animals were willing to wait for reward (fail point), but did reduce the proportion of cues to which the animal responded. These results suggest that waiting for reward without increased caloric energy expenditure does not require NAc dopamine.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the time of uncapping and removing dead brood from cells by hygienic and non-hygienic honey bees.

Most research on hygienic behavior has recorded the time taken by the colony to remove an experimental amount of dead brood, usually after one or two days. We evaluated the time that hygienic (H) and non-hygienic (NH) honey bees take to uncap and remove dead brood in observation hives after the brood was killed using the pin-killing assay. Four experimental colonies were selected as the extreme cases among 108 original colonies. Thirty brood cells were perforated with a pin in two H and two NH colonies and observations were made after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 h. Different stages of uncapping and removing were recorded. Differences in uncapping and removal between H and NH colonies were significant for all comparisons made at the different times after perforation. Using observation hives one obtains a better and faster discrimination between H and NH colonies than in full size colonies. It is possible to differentiate H and NH within a few hours after perforating the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Amygdala-hypothalamic control of feeding behavior in monkey: single cell responses before and after reversible blockade of temporal cortex or amygdala projections.

Single unit activity in the monkey amygdala and the lateral hypothalamic area was recorded during an operant feeding task. The task required discrimination of food, non-food, rewarding, aversive, novel, and familiar objects. Correct discriminations were rewarded with food or juice. Some amygdala neurons responded to the sight of objects in a graded manner that depended on the degree of affective significance of the object. Some neurons in the lateral hypothalamus responded to reward predicting objects, such as the sight of some non-food item that had been associated with juice reward. Neuronal responses to the sight of objects were influenced by extinction or reversal tests. Responses in the amygdala depended on extent of the affect or value of the reward and responses in the lateral hypothalamus depended on positive reinforcement. Information processing in the inferotemporal cortex--amygdala--lateral hypothalamus axis was identified by reversible changes induced in the temporal cortex or amygdala by cooling. The results suggest that the amygdala contributes to stimulus--affect associations and that the lateral hypothalamus is related directly to the initiation or termination of feeding through learning of stimulus-reinforcement association and/or maintenance of homeostasis. In addition the results suggest that the amygdala does more sensory processing than the lateral hypothalamus.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1989

Colchicine-induced alterations of reference memory in rats: role of spatial versus non-spatial task components.

Male, Fischer-344 rats received bilateral injections of 2.5 micrograms of colchicine per site in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Intradentate colchicine preferentially destroyed dentate granule cells. Subsequent behavioral studies showed that 3 weeks after dosing, colchicine impaired the acquisition of a spatial, reference memory task in the Morris water maze. In a second group of rats, which were trained in the water maze prior to dosing, intradentate colchicine impaired retention of this task when rats were tested 3 weeks later. The acquisition of non-spatial reference memory task, an autoshape of a lever touch response in an operant chamber, was facilitated by prior administration of colchicine. Facilitative effects of colchicine were seen if delays of 0, 4, or 6 s were interposed between response and presentation of food reinforcement. If rats were trained to lever-touch with either a 0- or 4-s delay between response and reinforcement, intradentate colchicine had no effect on retention of the response 3 weeks later. These data are in accord with the conclusion that the dentate gyrus plays an important role in the acquisition of new information and retrieval of previously learned material and is an integral neural substrate for reference memory involving a spatial component.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Acquisition of a spatially defined operant with delayed reinforcement.

Two experiments investigated the role of an immediate, response-produced auditory stimulus during acquisition, via delayed reinforcement, of a response selected to control for possible unprogrammed, operandum-related sources of response feedback. Experimentally naive rats were exposed to a delayed-food reinforcement condition, specifically a tandem fixed-ratio 1 differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior 30-s schedule. The response was defined as breaking a photocell beam located near the ceiling at the rear of the operant conditioning chamber. In Experiment 1, rates of photobeam breaking by each rat increased from near zero, regardless of the presence or absence of a tone that immediately followed the response initiating the delay interval. Though not essential, the tone facilitated response acquisition and resulted in more efficient response patterns at stability. Experiment 2 demonstrated that photobeam-breaking response rates under the delayed reinforcement contingency exceeded those in a preceding baseline condition in which no food was delivered. In addition, upon introduction of the delayed reinforcement procedure, correspondence between response patterns and the requirements of the reinforcement schedule increased over baseline levels in the absence of a food contingency. Together with a previous report of Lattal and Gleeson (1990), the present results suggest that response acquisition with delayed reinforcement is a robust phenomenon that may not depend on a mechanically defined response or an immediate external stimulus change to mediate the temporal gap between response and reinforcer.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Behavioral responses of Rhagoletis cingulata (Diptera: Tephritidae) to GF-120 insecticidal bait enhanced with ammonium acetate.

GF-120 is a baited formulation of the insecticide spinosad containing 1% ammonium acetate, developed for control of economically important fruit flies. The response of feral cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis cingulata Loew, to GF-120 augmented with 0, 5, or 10% ammonium acetate was evaluated under orchard conditions. Significantly more flies were observed within 30 cm of bait droplets with 10% ammonium acetate added compared with standard bait or to a water control. These fly visits to GF-120 enhanced with 10 or 5% ammonium acetate lasted an average of 263.2 +/- 85.2 and 337.6 +/- 72.6 s, respectively, compared with 50.3 +/- 36.4 s for standard GF-120. Droplets containing additional ammonium acetate also were contacted by more flies, and more flies fed upon these droplets than on GF-120 or the water control. Furthermore, the duration of feeding on GF-120 bait enhanced with either level of additional ammonium acetate was significantly greater compared with standard GF-120 or water. Feeding events lasted between 61.5 +/- 30.7 and 73.4 +/- 21.0 s on enhanced GF-120 compared with 6.8 +/- 5.7 s on standard GF-120. Collectively, these results indicate that the interaction of feral R. cingulata with GF-120 droplets and the toxicant spinosad can be increased by addition of ammonium acetate.

Acetates↗