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PubMed1990

Anthropometric norms for the dialysis population.

Although norms are available for healthy subjects, it is preferable, when interpreting anthropometry in individual dialysis patients, to compare measurements with norms for the stable dialysis population. The purpose of this study was to develop these reference anthropometric norms for dialysis patients. Triceps skinfold (TSF), subscapular skinfold (SSF), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurements were made in 925 patients with no major illness, who were being treated by chronic maintenance dialysis in 27 dialysis facilities. Of these, 609 patients treated by hemodialysis (HD) were in subgroups large enough to compare with those from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II. Diabetic patients were significantly different from nondiabetic patients; therefore, the two groups were analyzed separately. Male HD patients (diabetic and nondiabetic) did not differ significantly from the NHANES II data. Diabetic HD females did not differ significantly from the NHANES II data, except for the TSF of black women older than 55 years. Measurements of nondiabetic HD females (black and white) were significantly below the NHANES II data. In 138 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, measurements were similar to those of HD patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Women's power and anthropometric status in Zimbabwe.

The relationship between household decision-making and married women's anthropometry--based on data from the 1994 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey--is analyzed. Power is based on whether the wife has say over major purchases, her working, or the number of children. It is found that women who have no say in household decisions are significantly more likely to have a lower body mass index and chronic energy deficiency. Furthermore, women's resources affect this relationship: it is strongest among women who have no cash income of their own. Social factors in Zimbabwe that may explain these results are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The relation between height, foot length, pelvic adequacy and mode of delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of maternal height and foot length as predictors of pelvic adequacy and to evaluate the influence of body components' proportions on the mode of delivery. METHODS: Retrospective study of the anthropometry of women having normal vertex deliveries (NVD), caesarean sections (CS) and vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC). RESULTS: NVD patients were taller, had a longer vertebral column, longer lower limbs and longer feet than CS and than VBAC patients. The anthropometric measurements of VBAC patients yielded values intermediate between CS and NVD patients. The ratios of height to any of the other measured variables (vertebral column, lower limb and foot length) were similar in the three groups indicating that the body proportions were the same. CONCLUSION: Maternal height and foot length are of limited value as predictors of pelvic (in-)adequacy. The anthropometric features of women delivered by CS only are similar to those of women having a vaginal birth after Caesarean.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2003

Precedence of bone loss over changes in body composition and body fat distribution within a few years after menopause.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the sequence of certain phenomena with a few years after menopause: bone mineral loss, decrease in lean body mass, increase in body fat mass, or the shift toward upper body fat distribution. METHODS: Subjects were 64 postmenopausal women aged 50-53 years with right side dominance (mean age+/-S.D., 51.4+/-1.1 years), and 59 age-matched regularly menstruating premenopausal women (51.7+/-1.2 years) serving as controls. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI, wt./ht.(2)), age at menopause (in postmenopausal women), and years since menopause (YSM) were recorded. Anthropometries, bone mineral density (BMD), and body fat distribution were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Age at menopause and YSM in postmenopausal women were 51.7+/-1.2 and 2.3+/-1.7 years, respectively. Age, height, weight, BMI did not differ between the two groups. BMD of the bilateral arm, lumbar spine (L2-4), pelvis, and total body were significantly lower in postmenopausal women. However, leg BMD, trunk-leg fat ratio, body fat mass, and the lean body mass did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Within a few years after menopause, bone mineral loss precedes lean mass loss, increase in body fat mass, and a shift toward upper body fat distribution. We can say that bone tissue is more sensitive to hypogonadism than lean and fat tissues are.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term effects of severe undernutrition during the first year of life on brain development and learning in Chilean high-school graduates.

The objective of this study was to assess the relative impact of undernutrition during the first year of life on brain development, intellectual quotient (IQ), and scholastic achievement (SA) of poor Chilean high-school graduates (mean age = 18.3 +/- 0.9 y). A comparative study of two groups of high-school graduates from a low socioeconomic stratum was carried out. The undernourished group (n = 16), who had suffered from severe undernutrition during the first year of life, was compared with the non-undernourished group (n = 16). The final sample consisted of 32 right-handed high-school graduate students born at term who had no history of alcoholism or symptoms of brain damage, epilepsy, or heart disease and whose mothers had no history of smoking, alcoholism, or drug intake before and during pregnancy. Socioeconomic status was measured by using Graffar's modified method. Birth weight was used as the prenatal nutritional status index, and postnatal nutritional status was assessed by the body mass index, Z score for head circumference, and brachial anthropometry. IQ was determined with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults, and SA was determined with test in language and mathematics with the academic aptitude test. Brain development was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Statistical analysis included variance tests, Scheffe's test for comparison of means, correlation, and multiple regression. Maternal schooling, brain volume, and undernutrition were the independent variables, with the greatest explanatory power in IQ variance (r(2) = 0.714). Only IQ explained SA variance (r(2) = 0.860); IQ, corpus callosum length, anteroposterior diameter, and maternal schooling were the independent variables, with the greatest explanatory power in the academic aptitude test variance (r(2) = 0.949). Results show that the long-term effects of malnutrition at an early age may affect brain development, IQ, and SA in school-age children. These findings are useful for nutrition and educational planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Subclinical protein malnutrition is a determinant of hyperhomocysteinemia.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperhomocysteinemia is regarded as a public health problem of increasing importance likely to contribute to vascular disorders and premature mortality. Folate, cobalamin, pyridoxine, and riboflavin dietary deficiencies are currently regarded as causative factors. However, several investigations have indicated that the theory of vitamin B deprivation provides only a partial explanation for the observed abnormalities of sulfur-containing amino acids. We investigated the potential contributory role played by protein malnutrition. METHODS: For that purpose, three cohorts of 20 adult patients presenting stage I, II, and III goiter underwent careful medical history, dietary inquiry, and clinical examination. Their overall health and nutrition states were assessed with classic anthropometry, measurement of vitamin B blood parameters, visceral protein markers, essential amino acids, total homocysteine, and cystathionine. RESULTS: The concentrations of transthyretin, seven essential amino acids, and cystathionine progressively decreased as the thyroid gland increased. Methionine was the sole essential amino acid whose values did not change; total homocysteine was unique in that increased levels correlated negatively with transthyretin values. Taken together, the data point to a progressive deterioration of protein nutrition status impairing the transsulfuration pathway and is best explained by an acquired defect of cystathionine-beta-synthase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocysteinemia may arise from the shrinking of endogenous nitrogen pools as a result of decreased protein intake or stress-induced increased losses. Raised total homocysteine may result from the attempt of the malnourished and/or stressed body to preserve methionine homeostasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Nutrition and learning in Chilean school age children: Chile's Metropolitan Region Survey 1986-1987.

The objective of this study was to determine the interrelationship between the scholastic achievement (SA) test and nutritional status of a representative sample of 4,509 elementary and high school children from Chile's Metropolitan Region. Percentages of weight/age (W/A), height/age (H/A), and weight/height (W/H) were compared to WHO (World Health Organization) Tables, head circumference/age (HC/A) to the Tanner Tables, and brachial anthropometry to Frisancho's norms. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured by means of Graffar's Modified Method; SA by means of a language and mathematics test. Statistical analysis included correlation, regression, and WHO risk-approach methodology. Results showed that HC/A was the anthropometric parameter with the greatest explanatory power in SA variance and was significantly greater in high school graduates who were 17 y old (r = 0.350; p < 0.001; r2 = 0.122) than in elementary school children, who were 6 y old (r = 0.227; p < 0.001; r2 = 0.049), with a relative risk of 2.1 and 1.5, respectively. The explanatory power of W/A and H/A in SA variance was significantly decreased, and no significant differences were observed among high school students. These findings confirm that HC/A is the most important anthropometric parameter associated with SA. Educational selectivity apparently relates to HC/A, and not to W/A or H/A. These results may be useful in planning nutritional and educational policies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of bioelectrical impedance for prospective nutritional assessment in cystic fibrosis.

We have compared the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with anthropometry for the prediction of changes in total body potassium (TBK) in a group (n = 31) of children with cystic fibrosis. Linear regression analysis showed that TBK was highly correlated (r > 0.93) with height2/impedance, weight, height, and fat-free mass (FFM) estimated from skin-fold measurements. Changes in TBK were also correlated, but less well, with changes in height2/impedance, weight, height, and FFM (r = 0.69, 0.59, 0.44, and 0.40, respectively). The children were divided into two groups: those who had normal accretion of TBK (> 5%/y) and those who had suboptimal accretion of TBK (< 5%/y). Analysis of variance showed that the significant difference in the change in TBK between the groups was detectable by concomitant changes in impedance and weight but not by changes in height, FFM, or weight and height Z scores. The results of this study suggest that serial BIA measures may be useful as a predictor of progressive undernutrition and poor growth in children with cystic fibrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of muscle sizes and moment arms of two rotator cuff muscles measured by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to investigate ultrasound (US) and anthropometry (AN) as valid alternatives to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) regarding muscle size characteristics of two rotator cuff muscles. METHODS: Eight healthy females (age 27-54 yrs.) went through MRI and US scannings and AN measurements, where muscle thickness, cross-section area (CSA), moment arm, muscle length and width were measured on supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle. RESULTS: The agreement between the methods was very satisfactory for CSA, and satisfactory for muscle thickness, moment arm, muscle length and width, with a mean difference below 2 mm in thickness and below 5 mm in muscle length and width. Volume could be estimated satisfactory in supraspinatus muscle, but not in infraspinatus muscle, where volume had to be calculated from thickness, length and width. As a significant relation was found in the MRI measurements between thickness and CSA, thickness measurements may replace CSA in inaccessible muscles. CONCLUSIONS: US was a valid method in measuring CSA, muscle thickness and moment arm. Combined with anthropometric measures of muscle length and width, volume can be calculated, which is important when defining the physiological cross-sectional area and muscle function. Further development and validation of the method is needed, however.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Quantitative analysis of neutral body posture in prolonged microgravity.

The experiment was performed during a 6-month space flight and focused on the quantitative three-dimensional description of the Neutral Body Posture (NBP) and of subjects' spine anthropometry in Erect Posture (EP). The NBP joint angles' configuration is described along the long-term microgravity exposure and compared with respect to previous in-flight collected data. Observed spinal length modification during EP in-flight is related to on-ground investigations focused on circadian anthropometrical fluctuations. The flattening of the spinal lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis is also described. Even though only two subjects were studied, this analysis points out the maturity of the opto-electronic technology for the quantitative analysis of posture in microgravity and confirms the need of enriching the anthropometrical database of human postures in weightlessness for the design optimization of permanently inhabited space modules.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body fat: estimation or guesstimation?

Skinfold anthropometry is performed world-wide with little appreciation of its limitations. This paper shows that it is important to appreciate the magnitude of the biological component of the residual error in any regression of body density against sums of skinfolds; for example, for young adult males a biological error of around 21% (s.d.) is observed. Such 'errors' simply express nature's refusal to conform to imposed regression relationships, reflecting the inherent variability in the ratio of subcutaneous to total body fat.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement and prediction of total body fat.

Though it has been established that skinfold anthropometry has severe limitations as a method of deriving total body fat (TBF), the possibility that the problem might be related more to the assumptions implicit in densitometry has to be addressed. This paper suggests that smaller residual errors might be obtained if sums of skinfolds are regressed against TBF measured by a difference technique (IVNAA + 3H2O dilution), suggesting that the latter may perhaps be a better standard than densitometry.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Orbital measurements in 63 hyperteloric patients. Differences between the anthropometric and cephalometric findings.

Anthropometric and cephalometric orbital measurements were compared in 63 North American Caucasian patients (24 males, 39 females) aged 3 to 29 years who had 13 craniofacial syndromes involving hypertelorism. The hypertelorism, which was diagnosed anthropometrically, was mild in 11 patients, moderate in 25 and severe in 27. The surface intercanthal width was larger than the bony interorbital distance in all patients (mean 12.2 mm). The differences were smaller in mild cases and larger in severe cases. The soft-tissue binocular width was shorter than the bony lateral orbital distance in 53 patients, by a mean of 4.4 mm; in the other 10 patients the two measurements were identical. The hypertelorism was confirmed by cephalometry in 8 of the 11 cases identified as mild by anthropometry (72.7%), 24 of the 25 moderate cases (96.0%) and 25 of the 27 severe cases (92.6%). The abnormally wide surface intercanthal distance was matched by an abnormally wide bony interorbital distance in 57 of the 63 patients (90.5%). In the other six patients (3 with the mild form, 1 with the moderate form and 2 with the severe form) the bony widths were near the upper limit of the normal range (mean + 2 standard deviations).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The role of the dietitian in a multicenter clinical trial of dialysis therapy: the Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study.

The Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study is a randomized multicenter prospective clinical trial, supported by the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. The trial is designed to assess the effects of a standard versus higher dialysis dose and low versus high dialysis membrane flux on morbidity and mortality of chronic hemodialysis patients. The role of the dietitian in the HEMO Study is to support and maintain the nutritional status of randomized participants. To ensure participant safety, nutritional status is closely monitored by a variety of biochemical and participant-reported parameters. Serum albumin and equilibrated normalized protein catabolic rates are obtained monthly. Appetite assessment and dietary energy and protein intakes using a 2-day diet diary assisted recall are ascertained at baseline and on a yearly basis. Consumption of vitamins, minerals, and nutritional supplements, including oral enterals, tube feedings, and parenteral nutrition, is obtained at least once a year. In addition, anthropometry is performed at baseline and on a yearly basis. Prespecified changes in serum albumin level or body weight trigger action by the dietitian to prevent protein calorie malnutrition. The HEMO Study dietitians play a vital role in carrying out the nutrition program for the trial. The HEMO Study should provide important information about the natural history of the nutritional status of chronic hemodialysis patients and the impact of dialysis dose and dialysis membrane flux on these parameters.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2001

Physiological profiles of Australian surf boat rowers.

The physiological profiles of 17 open grade (OG) and 13 reserve grade (RG) male surfboat rowers (SBR) aged 19-44 years were determined and compared. Parameters investigated included anthropometry, agility, isometric strength, flexibility, rowing ergometer performance (MT), peak VO2 and arterialised blood pH, lactate and bicarbonate. Means were compared using t-tests. Multiple regression analyses provided a number of models for the prediction of MT performance in SBR. The mean age, height, mass, and sum of eight skinfolds for SBR are: 26.2 (+/-5.9) years, 180.5 (+/-6.0) cm, 84.4 (+/-9.3) kg and 78.2 (+/-26.2) mm respectively. OG rowers were significantly different from RG for the parameters of ergometer performance (OG: 1360.2+/-42.9 m; RG: 1316.4+/-41.8 m), peak ventilation (OG: 174.2+/-17.2 L x min(-1); RG: 154.8+/-22.1 L x min(-1)), and post exercise blood pH levels (OG: 6.98+/-0.07; RG: 7.04+/-0.07). Performance on a rowing ergometer successfully discriminates between OG and RG rowers with the best predictors of ergometer performance in SBR being height, peak ventilation, and post exercise pH.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2003

Morphological characteristics of Olympic sprint canoe and kayak paddlers.

Canoe and kayak paddlers (n = 50 M & 20 F) who competed in the sprint events at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney were measured on a battery of 38 anthropometry dimensions prior to competition. The ensuing analysis aimed to identify common physical characteristics that provide these elite paddlers with a competitive advantage. This study demonstrated that participants in Olympic sprint paddling events can be considered homogeneous in shape and physical size; male and female paddlers have SAMs of 1.1 and 1.0 respectively. Compared to other athlete groups, the variance in stature and body mass of paddlers is generally low. Whilst sprint paddlers are not athletes with extreme proportionality profiles, they do possess unique characteristics not commonly observed in the general population. These include a lean body composition (Phantom z-scores for skinfolds range from -1.5 to -2.5 for most sites) with proportionally large upper body girths (z-scores > +1.0 for arm and chest girths), and narrow hips (for males). The morphology of elite paddlers appears to have altered during the past 25 years toward a more compact, robust physique. This trend is especially noticeable for the female competitors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Partitioning the contributing role of biomechanical, psychosocial, and individual risk factors in the development of spine loads.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The role of biomechanical workplace factors in spine loading has been well documented. However, our understanding of the role of psychosocial and individual factors in producing spine loads is poorly understood. Even less is understood about the relative contribution of these factors with respect to kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity responses, as well as spine loading. PURPOSE: To explore the relative contribution of biomechanical and psychosocial workplace factors and individual characteristics on the biomechanical responses and spine loading. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: The contribution of various levels of workplace factors to spine loading was monitored under laboratory conditions. PATIENT SAMPLE: Sixty (30 male and 30 female) college-age individuals who were asymptomatic to low back pain. OUTCOME MEASURES: Trunk kinematics and kinetics, muscle activity and the three-dimensional spinal loads. METHODS: The subjects performed lifting tasks while being exposed to varying levels of biomechanical (lift rate, load weight and task asymmetry) and psychosocial (social support and mental concentration) workplace factors as well as an unexplored (load placement) workplace factor. RESULTS: The workplace job demands that had the largest contribution were load placement (4% to 30%) and load weight (15% to 55%). Mental concentration and social environment had a relatively small contribution to the spinal loads (up to 0.2%). Anthropometry played a large role in the shears (about 12% to 58%) but a relatively minor role in the compressive forces (about 3%). CONCLUSIONS: Under the given experimental conditions, load weight is the most important factor when controlling compression forces associated with lifting, but other factors, such as individual characteristics, significantly contribute to the shear loads. Thus, one must account for the weight lifted and the anthropometric dimensions when designing the workplace. For the first time, the relative contribution of workplace job demands and individual factors in the development of spine loading have been identified.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Influence of energy expenditure on childhood obesity].

OBJECTIVES: To study differences in resting energy expenditure (REE) according to its determining factors (sex, weight, body fat mass, lean body mass) and in the oxidation of energy substrates in obese and non-obese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 71 children (39 obese and 32 non-obese) aged from 4.1 to 13.6 years. The male/female ratio was 34/37. Energy expenditure (EE) was measured by using open circuit indirect calorimetry. The oxidation of energy substrates was calculated from oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and urinary nitrogen excretion from urea. Body composition was determined by anthropometry. RESULTS: REE (kcal/day), adjusted for anthropometric parameters and body composition, was higher in boys than in girls. The absolute REE was significantly higher in obese than in non-obese children (1512.82 6 234.47 vs 1172.59 6 190.20) and was higher or the same when adjusted for its determinants. Compared with the non-obese group, the obese group presented a significantly higher percentage of fat oxidation (57.15 6 10.68 vs 51.08 6 13.61, p 5 0.04), a lower percentage of carbohydrate oxidation (30.10 6 9.85 vs 36.34 6 13.61, p 5 0.03) and a lower respiratory quotient (0.79 6 0.03 vs 0.82 6 0.04, p 5 0.02). No differences were found between male and female subjects in the percentages of carbohydrate, fat, and protein oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: We obtained the followings conclusions: a) When adjusted for anthropometric measurements and body composition, REE was significantly higher in boys than in girls; b) REE was higher in obese than in non-obese children, after adjustment for lean body mass; and c) Compared with the control group, obese children presented a higher percentage of fat oxidation, a lower percentage of carbohydrate oxidation, and a lower respiratory quotient.

Adolescent↗