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PubMed2006

Oxidative stress indices in COPD--Broncho-alveolar lavage and salivary analysis.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), though this role has yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate this role as concomitantly expressed in the saliva and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL/'lavage'). DESIGN: Forty consenting patients (mean age 62+/-13-year-old), with/without COPD and/or smoking habit, participated in the study. The following antioxidant profile was examined both in saliva and lavage of the patients: total antioxidant status (TAS), uric acid (UA), peroxidase and super oxide dismutase (SOD). Total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) were also evaluated in both saliva and lavage while amylase was measured only in saliva. RESULTS: Increase of TAS (by 100%) and of SOD activity levels (by 60%) in the lavage of COPD patients indicated oxidative stress. The salivary UA in COPD patients was 125% higher (p = 0.05) while the peroxidase was 20% higher. Another novel finding was that levels of salivary antioxidants in smoking versus non-smoking COPD patients were lower by 25-48% (for all four: TAS, UA, peroxidase and SOD) while the albumin was significantly reduced by 60% (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: Oxidative-stress-related changes demonstrated both in the lavage and saliva of the COPD and/or smoking patient indicate cumulative effects of both, also emphasizing the pathogenetic role of free radicals in COPD. Salivary analysis, which is less invasive and much easier to perform as compared with lavage analysis, is suggested as a new and effective diagnostic tool in COPD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ectopically expressed PDX-1 in liver initiates endocrine and exocrine pancreas differentiation but causes dysmorphogenesis.

To date, the potency of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1) in inducing differentiation into insulin-producing cells has been demonstrated in some cells and tissues. In order to carry out efficient screening of somatic tissues and cells that can transdifferentiate into beta-cell-like cells in response to PDX-1, we generated CAG-CAT-PDX1 transgenic mice carrying a transgene cassette composed of the chicken beta-actin gene (CAG) promoter and a floxed stuffer DNA sequence (CAT) linked to PDX-1 cDNA. When the mice were crossed with Alb-Cre mice, which express the Cre recombinase driven by the rat albumin gene promoter, PDX-1 was expressed in more than 50% of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The PDX-1 (+) livers expressed a variety of endocrine hormone genes such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. In addition, they expressed exocrine genes such as elastase-1 and chymotrypsinogen 1B. However, the mice exhibited marked jaundice due to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and the liver tissue displayed abnormal lobe structures and multiple cystic lesions. Thus, the in vivo ectopic expression of PDX-1 in albumin-producing cells was able to initiate but not complete the differentiation of liver cells into pancreatic cells. The conditional PDX-1 transgenic mouse system developed in this study appeared to be useful for efficient screening of PDX-1 responsive somatic tissues and cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Plasma albumin cysteinylation is regulated by cystathionine beta-synthase.

High homocysteine (Hcy) levels are a well-known independent risk factor for endothelial damage in atherosclerosis. We examined whether a rat intestinal model of ischemia-reperfusion was associated with high Hcy and with the modification of plasma albumin into cysteinylated species (CysAlb). The three treatment groups were as follows: midline abdominal incision (group A, n=10), followed by ligation of the superior mesenteric artery for a period of 2h (group B, n=3), and followed by reperfusion for 1h (group C, n=10). Hcy levels were 2.5-fold higher in group C than group A (p<0.05). 100% and 73.44+/-0.04% of Alb were modified into Cys species in groups C and B, respectively, compared to 51.2% in group A. A cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficient mouse model, known to have high plasma Hcy levels, was also used to determine the extent of CysAlb. Hcy levels, %CysAlb, and %HcyAlb were 180.1+/-45.7 microM, 0%, and 23.4+/-4.4% in CBS deficient mice, while in control mice, those values were 5.7+/-1.8 microM, 24.2+/-4.1%, and 0%, respectively (p<0.05). High CysAlb and Hcy levels were observed in a rat model of bowel ischemia/reperfusion while high HcyAlb and Hcy levels with no CysAlb were observed in the CBS deficient mice. CysAlb may serve as a biomarker for the severity of gut ischemia, and high Hcy may explain endothelial damage associated with this model. Additionally, active CBS is essential for the formation of CysAlb.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The recognition of adsorbed and denatured proteins of different topographies by beta2 integrins and effects on leukocyte adhesion and activation.

Leukocyte beta2 integrins Mac-1 and p150,95 are promiscuous cell-surface receptors that recognise and mediate cell adhesion to a variety of adsorbed and denatured proteins. We used albumin as a model protein to study whether leukocyte adhesion and activation depended on the nm-scale topography of a protein adlayer. Albumin adsorbed from the native conformation gave rise to different adlayer topographies and different amounts of adsorbed protein on hydrophobic and relatively hydrophilic polystyrene and silanised silicon-wafer surfaces, whereas adsorption of pre-denatured Alb resulted in similar adlayer topographies and similar amounts of adsorbed protein on these surfaces. All three distinct protein-adlayer topographies supported adhesion of in vitro differentiated, macrophage-like U937 and THP-1 cells, but did not support adhesion of their promonocytic precursors. Human monocytes freshly isolated from peripheral blood did not adhere to adsorbed albumin, not even in the presence of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha chemokines. Adhesion of the macrophage-like cells to albumin in any of the three topographies was inhibited by antibodies against beta2 integrins, but not by antibodies against beta1 integrins, and did not induce secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Regulation of estrogen receptors in primary cultured hepatocytes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis as estrogenic biomarker and its application in environmental monitoring.

The present study aims to introduce the regulation of estrogen receptors (ER) in primary cultured hepatocytes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis as a further potential estrogenic biomarker. Time courses of free ER in cell cultures treated with 17beta-estradiol (E2), nonylphenol (NP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were determined by means of radioreceptorassay (RARA). All compounds led to an immediate drop of free ER followed by a significant increase. The estrogen specific induction of ER-mRNA in vitro during time course was verified by using semiquantitative RT-PCR demonstrating greatest differences after 36 h. Dose-response curves of ER-mRNA for E2, NP, and BPA revealed that E2 possessed highest estrogenicity starting at 10(-9) M, while NP and BPA induced significant increases at 10(-8) and 10(-7) M, respectively. Extracts of the river Alb were subjected to RARA for ER binding to cytosolic liver fraction as well as to primary cultured hepatocytes for assessment of ER-mRNA induction. The results by RARA demonstrated clearly that binding to ER was highest in sewage treatment plant effluents and increased during the course of the river. These findings could be correlated with induction of ER-mRNA levels in vitro indicating that both techniques are suitable for application in monitoring of estrogenic EDC.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The existence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal cells with the ability to support hematopoiesis in human fetal liver.

The fetal liver is the major hematopoietic organ during mid-gestation, and it is also a source of stem cells that exist in a complex environment. In this study, we isolated a population of actively replicating cells with the characteristic of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) from fetal liver. These cells were identified with the epithelial markers, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (ALB), cytokeratins (CK) 7, and CK18, as well as the mesenchymal markers, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), CD29, CD44, CD49, CD54, collagen I and osteopontin (OPN). Furthermore, they also expressed some hematopoiesis-related genes. In addition, the cell population had the ability to retain hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in an undifferentiated state in vitro during cytokine-stimulated proliferation. These results provide an insight about early human liver development and may also help to understand hematopoiesis in the fetal liver.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2006

Hepatic differentiation of mouse ES cells into BE cells in vitro.

To date, the hepatic differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into biliary epithelial (BE) cells has only been identified in hepatocytes. In this study, an attempt was made to induce the differentiation of ES cells to BE cells. In order to induce hepatic, and then BE cell differentiation, growth factors such as TGF, FGF, HGF and EGF were added to the culture medium supplied to embryonic bodies (EBs) that were derived from ES cells. The marker genes and corresponding proteins of hepatocytes and BE cells such as AFP, ALB, CK8, CK18, CK7, CK19 and GGT, etc. were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunocytochemistry (ICC) and enzymatic histochemistry. Lastly, the ratio of BE-like cells to all EBs cells was analyzed and determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Hepatocyte and BE cell marker genes and proteins were found to be expressed in the cytoplasm of differentiated cells. On day 10 of differentiation, many round structures appeared in the EBs culture system and the marker proteins of BE cells were found to be expressed in these structures. The BE cell differentiation ratio continually increased from its initial value of 1.7% on day 13 to 7.4% on day 21. ES cells were found to be able to differentiate into BE cells when cultured using medium with appropriate cell growth factors. These BE cells may be a novel source of differentiated cell types for liver engineering.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of Gekko sulfated polysaccharide on the proliferation and differentiation of hepatic cancer cell line.

Gekko swinhonis Gūenther has been used as an anti-cancer drug in traditional Chinese medicine. Gekko sulfated polysaccharide (Gepsin) was investigated for its activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocarcinoma cell line (Bel-7402) and liver cell line (L-02) were exposed to Gepsin (100 microg/ml and 10 microg/ml). Gepsin did not suppress the proliferation and viability of normal liver L-02 cells, but strongly inhibited the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma Bel-7402 cells. Gepsin did not induce the apoptosis of Bel-7402 cells, but blocked cells in G2/M phase. Treated with Gepsin, Bel-7402 cells showed ultrastructural features of differentiation. AFP secretion decreased while ALB secretion increased markedly on Gepsin-treated cells. The data show that Gepsin suppressed the proliferation and induced differentiation of hepatocarcinoma, but the toxicity to normal liver cells was negligible.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Decomposition of 2-mercaptothiazoline in aqueous solution by ozonation.

This study investigates the ozonation of 2-mercaptothiazoline (2-MT). The 2-MT is one of the important organic additives for the electroplating solution of the printed wiring board industry and has been widely used as a corrosion inhibitor in many industrial processes. It is of concern for the aquatic pollution control especially in the wastewaters. Semibatch ozonation experiments in the completely stirred tank reactor are performed under various concentrations of input ozone. The concentrations of 2-MT, sulfate, and ammonium are analyzed at specified time intervals to elucidate the decomposition of 2-MT during the ozonation. In addition, the time variation of the dissolved ozone concentration (C(ALb)) is continuously monitored in the course of experiments. Total organic carbon (TOC) is chosen and measured as a mineralization index of the ozonation of 2-MT. The results indicate that the decomposition of 2-MT is efficient, while the mineralization of TOC is limited via the ozonation only. Simultaneously, the yield of sulfate with the maximum value of about 47% is characterized by the increases of TOC removal and ozone consumption. These results can provide some useful information for assessing the feasibility of the treatment of 2-MT in the aqueous solution by the ozonation.

Carbon↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China.

Cadmium and lead have been identified as very toxic metals, which are widely present in the environment due to natural and anthropogenic emissions. Many studies have shown that the food chain is the main pathway of cadmium and lead transfer from the environment to humans. It is well documented that many factors will affect their transfer through food chains. Previous investigations on heavy metals were mostly concentrated on one contaminant in isolation. However, in real environments, exposure to mixtures of metals is ubiquitous such that cadmium pollution is invariably being associated with lead and zinc, etc. This study focuses on the contamination and health effects of the metal mixtures. For this purpose, a dietary survey was taken for 3 groups in Nanning in October 2002. Samples of soils, plants (vegetables), urine and blood of humans were measured for Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Pb, in addition, the urinary indicators of renal dysfunction Albumin (ALB), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), Beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) and Retinol-binding protein (RBP) in urine were also measured. Results showed that soil contamination with metal mixtures had caused significant renal dysfunction of the local residents living in the contaminated area, and the dose-response curve was somewhat altered by the mixed contamination of Cd and Pb as well as the intake of other minerals. The importance of mixtures of metal contamination and human health are also discussed in this paper.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2006

Dose-effect relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and damage to liver and kidney functions in children.

Although a dose-effect relationship between water fluoride levels and damage to liver and kidney functions in animals has been reported, it was not demonstrated in humans. To evaluate the effects of drinking water fluoride levels on the liver and kidney functions in children with and without dental fluorosis, we identified 210 children who were divided into seven groups with 30 each based on different drinking water fluoride levels in the same residential area. We found that the fluoride levels in serum and urine of these children increased as the levels of drinking water fluoride increased. There were no significant differences in the levels of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), aspartate transamine (AST), and alanine transamine (ALT) in serum among these groups. However, the activities of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), urine N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), and urine gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) in children with dental fluorosis and having water fluoride of 2.15-2.96 mg/L and in children having water fluoride of 3.15-5.69 mg/L regardless of dental fluorosis were significantly higher than children exposed to water fluoride of 0.61-0.87 mg/L in a dose-response manner. In contrast to children with dental fluorosis and having water fluoride of 2.15-2.96 and 3.10-5.69 mg/L, serum LDH activity of children without dental fluorosis but exposed to the same levels of water fluoride as those with dental fluorosis were also markedly lower, but the activities of NAG and gamma-GT in their urine were not. Therefore, our results suggest that drinking water fluoride levels over 2.0mg/L can cause damage to liver and kidney functions in children and that the dental fluorosis was independent of damage to the liver but not the kidney. Further studies on the mechanisms and significance underlying damage to the liver without dental fluorosis in the exposed children are warranted.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2004

2-Mercapto-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid: an effective multimodal ligand for the separation of antibodies.

The report describes the use of 2-mercapto-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid (MBISA) as a ligand for the separation of antibodies by chromatography. The ligand shows a relatively specific adsorption property for antibodies from very crude biologicals at pH 5.0-5.5. At this pH range most of other proteins do not interact with the resin especially when the ionic strength is similar to physiological conditions. Several characterization studies are described such as antibody adsorption in different conditions of ionic strength, pH and temperature. These properties are advantageously used to selectively capture antibodies from very crude feed stocks without dilution or addition of lyotropic salts. Demonstration was made that the adsorption mechanism is neither based on ion exchange nor on hydrophobic associations, but rather as an assembly of a variety of properties of the ligand itself. Binding capacity in the described conditions ranges between 25 and 30 mg/mL of resin. The sorbent does not co-adsorb albumin (Alb) and seems compatible with a large variety of feedstocks. Quantitative antibody desorption occurs when the pH is raised above 8.5. The final purity of the antibody depends on the nature of the feedstock, and can reach levels of purity as high as 98%. Even with very crude biological liquids such as ascites fluids, cell culture supernatants and Chon fraction II + III from human plasma fractionation where the number of protein impurities is particularly large, immunoglobumins G (IgG) were separated at high purity level in a single step.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Determination of plasma thiol bound to albumin using affinity chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: ratio of cysteinyl albumin as a possible biomarker of oxidative stress.

We examined the influence of oxidative stress on the relative amounts of various albumin-bound thiols in human plasma. To determine the ratio of thiols existing as mixed disulfides following oxidation, we developed a method combining fast purification of albumin using affinity columns and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection for low molecular weight thiols which were labeled after reduction. When the effect of exposure of plasma to radical oxygen species on binding of thiols to albumin was determined by the present method, significant increases in the ratio of cysteine bound to albumin (Alb-Cys) to total cysteine were clearly demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A finite element based algorithm for determining interfacial tension (gamma) from pendant drop profiles.

This paper introduces a robust algorithm to determine the interfacial tension (gamma) from pendant drop profiles using the Galerkin finite element method (gamma-PD-FEM) to solve the axisymmetric form of the Young-Laplace (YL) equation. In this algorithm, the theoretical profiles are generated by solving the spherical coordinate form of the YL equation. gamma-PD-FEM also solves for the parameter estimates by minimizing the difference between the theoretical and experimental surface functions, f(theta). This technique is compared to the widely used method of converting the YL equation to the three arc length-based (ALB) first-order ODEs developed by Bashforth and Adams (BA) in 1883, or as denoted in this paper, the gamma-PD-BA method. The drop apex is the initial condition for the gamma-PD-BA algorithm and the integration is terminated at a specified location along the drop profile. In contrast to techniques based on the BA approach, computation of the theoretical drop profile in gamma-PD-FEM is obtained from a second-order ordinary differential equation and requires boundary conditions at the drop apex and at the contact line of the drop to the nozzle. By incorporating both boundary conditions into the problem formulation, the algorithm can also determine if the drop shape is at static equilibrium. Results to be presented include an outline of the computer algorithm, and comparison of gamma values obtained from the gamma-PD-FEM and the traditional gamma-PD-BA method using simulated and experimental drop profile data sets.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Preformed structural elements feature in partner recognition by intrinsically unstructured proteins.

Intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs) are devoid of extensive structural order but often display signs of local and limited residual structure. To explain their effective functioning, we reasoned that such residual structure can be crucial in their interactions with their structured partner(s) in a way that preformed structural elements presage their final conformational state. To check this assumption, a database of 24 IUPs with known 3D structures in the bound state has been assembled and the distribution of secondary structure elements and backbone torsion angles have been analysed. The high proportion of residues in coil conformation and with phi, psi angles in the disallowed regions of the Ramachandran map compared to the reference set of globular proteins shows that IUPs are not fully ordered even in their bound form. To probe the effect of partner proteins on IUP folding, inherent conformational preferences of IUP sequences have been assessed by secondary structure predictions using the GOR, ALB and PROF algorithms. The accuracy of predicting secondary structure elements of IUPs is similar to that of their partner proteins and is significantly higher than the corresponding values for random sequences. We propose that strong conformational preferences mark regions in IUPs (mostly helices), which correspond to their final structural state, while regions with weak conformational preferences represent flexible linkers between them. In our interpretation, preformed elements could serve as initial contact points, the binding of which facilitates the reeling of the flexible regions onto the template. This finding implies that IUPs draw a functional advantage from preformed structural elements, as they enable their facile, kinetically and energetically less demanding, interaction with their physiological partner.

Databases, Protein↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between gelatinases and bone turnover in the healing bone defect.

PURPOSE: The aim of this pilot study was to determine the relationship between gelatinase (MMP-9 and MMP-2) markers of soft tissue inflammation/turnover at the bone/soft tissue interface and bone turnover (osteocalcin [OC], pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyl-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [ICTP], and bone fill) during healing of an alveolar bone defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten subjects undergoing oral surgery had a 5 x 5-mm trephine defect created on an edentulous ridge and were sampled at the bone/soft tissue interface at baseline (prior to flap reflection), 2 weeks and 12 weeks postsurgery, using a novel bone wash device. Recovered irrigants were analyzed for MMP-9 and MMP-2 by gelatin zymography, OC and ICTP with radioimmunoassays, and albumin (ALB; to normalize markers for blood content) with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone fill at 12 weeks was analyzed by radiographic absorptiometry. RESULTS: All markers of enzymatic activity and bone turnover varied significantly across time (P < or = .03), with bone turnover markers OC and ICTP decreasing between baseline and 2 weeks, and MMP-9 and MMP-2 increased. Measures generally returned to near baseline levels after 12 weeks. MMP-9 versus MMP-2 (r = 0.97, P < .0001) and OC versus ICTP (r = 0.38, P = .048) were correlated with each other, while MMP-9 and MMP-2 were negatively correlated with ICTP (r = -0.48, P = .011 and r = -0.62, P = .006, respectively). MMP-9 was negatively correlated with subsequent bone fill (r = -0.63, P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: Bone wash sampling showed that gelatinase activity at 2 weeks following creation of an alveolar defect appeared to decrease bone turnover and eventual bone fill, suggesting benefits for anti-MMP therapy during wound healing.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2004

Application of the trak-C HCV core assay for monitoring antiviral activity in HCV replication systems.

The Ortho trak-C immunoassay has recently established detection of the HCV core antigen as a viable indirect marker of HCV replication in clinical samples. In this study, trak-C is used to monitor HCV replication in three pre-clinical models: the cellular HCV replicon system, transient transfection of HCV genomes, and the murine Alb-uPa/SCID HCV infection model. All of these systems utilize full-length HCV genomes that direct the expression of core, facilitating its detection with monoclonal antibodies. When performed with purified protein, the assay detects HCV core with a lower limit of detection at 1.5pg, and exhibits linear detection up to 100pg. When assaying extracts prepared from Huh-7 clone 21-5 cells harboring a full-length HCV replicon, core is detectable from as few as 63 cell equivalents. The assay was used to determine the sensitivity of Huh 21-5 cells to the antiviral effects of interferon (IFN). Inhibition by IFN-alpha using core detection was comparable to that observed using branched-DNA (bDNA 3.0) detection of HCV RNA. Replication of transfected full-length HCV 1a Con1 genomes in Huh-7 cells was also detectable using the trak-C assay. Finally, in the transgenic murine HCV infection model, the course of viral amplification was detected from serum using trak-C with kinetics similar to those observed with RNA detection. Given its ease of use and the lack of requirement for RNA purification, the trak-C assay has several advantages over RNA-based methods of viral monitoring.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of selenium-enriched malt on hepatocarcinogenesis, paraneoplastic syndrome and the hormones regulating blood glucose in rats treated by diethylnitrosamine.

233 SD rats weighing 100 approximately 120 g were divided randomly into 6 groups. The animals in group I and group II received 0.1 mg/kg selenium in the form of sodium selenite only and served as the negative control and positive control, respectively. Animals in groups III, IV and V were fed with selenium as Se-enriched malt supplemented diets (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg), and group VI with selenium by using sodium selenite supplemented diets (3 mg/kg). Animals of groups II approximately VI were induced hepatoma by diethylnitrosamine (100 mg/l) for 16 weeks, then drunk with sterilized water for 2 more weeks. Subsequently, the effects of Se-enriched malt and sodium selenite on hepatoma nodules, relative liver weight, the liver function indices including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TBIL), and the tumor markers, named as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) were recorded. The calcium concentration, glucose content in plasma and values of the hormones regulating blood glucose, such as insulin, glucagons and thyroid hormones (3,5,3'-tetraiodothyronine, T(3); 3,5,3'5'-tetraiodothyronine, T(4)) were observed as well. At the same time, the correlations between the concentration of plasma glucose and related hormones were also analyzed. The results indicated that Se-enriched malt showed a better chemopreventive efficiency in decreasing the number of hepatoma nodules, relative liver weight and the contents of AFP, GGT, IGF-II, ALT, ALP and TBIL in the plasma, and delaying the descent of hormones in the serum, names as insulin, glucagons, T(3) and T(4) than those feeding with sodium selenite. Effect of Se-enriched malt excelled sodium selenite in the aspects of deadening the descent of glucose concentration in the plasma and the rise of calcium concentration in the serum of the rats with hepatoma induced by diethylnitrosamine. The values of glucose and calcium were significantly related to those items fore-named. In conclusion, the function of Se-enriched malt in deadening the lesion and delaying the development of hepatoma of rats induced by diethylnitrosamine was better than that of sodium selenite. Hypoglycemia and hypercalcemia were significantly correlated with the multifactors mentioned above.

Animals↗