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[Results of the clinical and electroencephalographic studies in patients with acromegaly of different etiologies].

A complex examination of 56 patients with an active stage of acromegaly was performed according to the scheme, involving clinical and electroencephalographic studies as well as the investigation of somatotropic secretion by means of functional tests with thyroliberin and parlodel. Two main forms of acromegaly, i.e. "hypophyseal" (hypothalamus-independent) and hypothalamic (central) were revealed, differing in the disease course, clinical pattern, results of the electroencephalographic examination and response to thyroliberin and parlodel functional tests.

Acromegaly↗

The heart in acromegaly: correlation of echocardiographic and clinical findings.

Echocardiography was performed in 14 patients with acromegaly in order to characterize cardiac involvement in this disease. The left ventricle was enlarged or hypertrophic in 10 patients (71%): the fraction of myocardial shortening, an index of left ventricular contractility, was normal in all but one; and 10 patients had a reduced mitral EF slope, suggesting that their left ventricular compliance was reduced. Cardiac disease was not suspected clinically as most patients had normal clinical, ECG and X-ray examinations of the heart. Left ventricular hypertrophy occurred in the absence of hypertension, diabetes or evidence of coronary artery disease. There was a positive correlation between left ventricular wall thickness and duration of acromegaly but not between the former and growth hormone levels after fasting, suggesting that ther must be prolonged hypersecretion of growth hormone, and not simply high levels, before cardiac hypertrophy develops.

Acromegaly↗

[Acromegaly and spinal canal stenosis].

A rare case of acromegaly with radiculomyelopathy due to spinal canal stenosis is reported. A long history of acromegalic deformity was seen on this 55 years old acupuncture therapist for the last 18 years, while he had developed unusually increased appetite, profuse perspiration and gained weight. Fifteen years ago, acromegalic tendency became prominent and was accompanied by low back and knee pain. In 1974 CB-154 was administered in several occasions beside 4000 rads irradiation to the sella. After radiation therapy was completed his outlook was somewhat improved, although low back pain was aggravated and associated with atrophy of the left lower extremity. The neurological examination at admission in 1980 revealed acromegalic feature, increased DTRs on both upper and lower extremities, dysesthesia of feet and atrophy of the leg muscles in general, mainly due to diffuse atrophy. Patient bended knees due to pain and unable to walk. He had radiating pain in the postero-lateral aspect of the left lower extremity and some dysesthesia of feet, although no specific root lesion was identifiable. Spinal roentgenograms disclosed diffuse ossification of anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, and marked spondylotic changes. Although the low back pain was impending complaint of the patient, the hypophyseal tumor was advised to remove and transsphenoidal hypophyseal adenomectomy was performed. A good amount of softend tumor tissue was removed however, adenoma found markedly fibrotic. Low back pain and knee were decreased gradually, but intermittent claudication was evident. Acromegaly in association with spinal canal stenosis were reviewed in literature, and the relationship of growth hormone and therapeutic problems were discussed.

Acromegaly↗

[Drug therapy of hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly and Cushing syndrome].

39 patients with hyperprolactinaemia (32 adenomas of the pituitary gland, 7 idiopathic hyperprolactinaemias) were treated with the ergot derivative Lisurid. In 3 patients side-effects appeared which did not allow an increase to the therapy-effective dose. In all other patients with a dose of 0.075 to 6 mg Lisurid a day a normalisation of the prolactinaemia was achieved. A pregnancy appeared in 15 of 16 women who wished a child. In 4 men with normal gonadotropic reserve libido, potency and plasma testosterone normalised after the treatment with Lisurid. In addition of Lisurid also other ergot derivatives with prolactin-inhibiting effect, such as dironyl, deprenone and propyldeprenone were tested. Here dironyl has an advantage showing less side-effects and no changes of blood pressure. The ergot derivatives may be used also in the treatment of acromegaly. In 7 of 21 patients with acromegaly who were treated a longer time we succeeded in reducing the level of the growth hormone below 50%, in 2 patients the condition completely normalised. On the other hand, a normalisation of the somatomedin level appeared only in 11 of 21 patients. Patients with central Cushing's disease only exceptionally react to the treatment with ergot derivatives.

Acromegaly↗

Variations in LH and FSH serum gonadotropins in the hypophyseal chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly in the woman in relation to age.

Investigation of the gonadotropic function by radioimmunoassay of serum LH and FSH in 62 women with hypophyseal chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly in relation to age and by comparison with 40 normal women revealed low values for LH and FSH during the reporduction period (20--43 years) and increased values in the postmenopausal period (48--84 years) like in physiologic postmenopause. The increase of the gonadotropic function in the hypophyseal tumoral syndrome of the chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly type above the age of 48 from low values compared to the normal to high values like those in physiologic menopause (a gonadotropic turning phenomenon) demonstrate an alteration of the hypothalamic receptors in relation to age and to these diseases.

Acromegaly↗

[Assessment of biological and hormonal diagnostic criteria in acromegaly (author's transl)].

A review of 30 cases of acromegaly has confirmed the limited diagnostic interest of serum phosphorus determination as it was elevated in 40% of cases only; urine hydroxyproline excretion was more useful, since it was high in 80% cases. As for the baseline plasma concentration of somatotropin, it was at or above 10 ng/ml in 80% cases. Among dynamic tests meant to evaluate the responsiveness of the growth hormone-secreting adenoma, inhibition after L-Dopa ingestion and/or stimulation after T.R.H. injection occurred in 2/3 cases. Lack of inhinition after a glucose load was noted in half of the cases only. An abnormal (yet typical for acromegaly) response can be obtained for anyone of these tests, which points at the variable degree of (de) differenciation of the adenoma cells from one case to the other.

Acromegaly↗

Sulpiride and thyrotrophin releasing hormone loading test in patients with acromegaly.

The effects of sulpiride, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, and of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) were studied on prolactin secretion in 17 patients with acromegaly and 25 control subjects. THe basal serum prolactin level was increased in 9 acromegalic patients. After sulpiride loading, maximum changes in prolactin level were significantly smaller in acromegalic patients, irrespective of the basal prolactin concentration. TRH loading resulted in a decrease of prolactin secretion predominantly in the patients with high basal serum hormone levels. A blunted thyrotrophin response to TSH was found only in those acromegalic patients who had concomitant thyroid disease. Higher than normal basal prolactin levels in some of the acromegalic patients and abnormal prolactin responses following sulpiride and TRH loading in most of the patients with acromegaly are attributed to deranged hypothalamo-hypophyseal regulation.

Acromegaly↗

Effect of growth hormone on the metabolic activity of phagocytes of peripheral blood in pituitary dwarfs and acromegaly.

The increase of metabolic activity pf phagocytes estimated by nitrozolium reductase activity is often employed to distinguish between bacterial and non-bacterial febrile disorders. However, false responses has been also observed. The possible role of serum growth hormone in the activation of tetrazolium reductase activity in patients with pituitary nanism or acromegaly was studied. In isolated peripheral granulocytes of pituitary dwarfs the reductase activity was low at resting conditions as well as after starch stimulation of phagocytosis. Two hours after i. m. administration of human growth hormone the resting and stimulated tetrazolium reductase activity was significantly increased (P less than 0.05, and P less than 0.01, resp.). The increase of both activities was found also in patients with active acromegaly. A moderate increase of tetrazolium reductase activity was observed after adding of growth hormone to isolated granulocytes in vitro (P less than 0.01). These results suggest the stimulatory role of growth hormone in regulation of respiratory burst activity of peripheral granulocytes.

Acromegaly↗

The Albright syndrome associated with acromegaly: report of a case and review of the literature.

The association of the Albright syndrome (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone, hyperpigmented skin macules, and endocrine disorders) with acromegaly has been infrequently substantiated. The case of an 18-year-old girl with the classic Albright syndrome and acromegaly is described. The patient had a history of coarsening of acral and facial features, an insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus and elevated fasting growth hormone values. Neuro-endocrine studies demonstrated failure of growth hormone to suppress to less than 5 ng/ml during an oral glucose tolerance test, and the abnormal release of growth hormone upon injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Although L-dopa failed to decrease growth hormone levels, bromocriptine produced a modest decline in growth hormone within two hours of ingestion. The patient had also experienced secondary amenorrhea with sub-normal follicle-stimulating-hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, both of which demonstrated a prolonged sluggish response to an injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); this response suggested hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, possibly on the basis of a tumor involving both pituitary and hypothalamus. Sellar polytomography demonstrated an enlarged sella with dorsal erosion and an asymmetric floor. Computerized tomography of the brain visualized a suprasellar mass extending into the hypothalamus. These findings suggest a hypersecretion of hypothalamic releasing factors, pituitary hormones, or both as an etiology for the endocrinopathy in this patient, and lend support to the theory that the endocrinopathies associated with the Albright syndrome result from over-production of hypothalamic-releasing hormones or autonomous secretion of pituitary hormones from an adenoma.

Acromegaly↗

[Growth hormone level dynamics in acromegaly in response to glucose load and measured bicycle ergometry].

The work is based on the materials of clinical examination of 67 patients with acromegaly. Study of the hypothalamo-hypophysial reaction in respect to the growth hormone secretion in patients with acromeglay revealed correlation between the clinical picture indicating the progress of the disease and pointing to the activity of the process according to the results of glucose load and dosaged veloergometry test. Dosaged physical exercise can be used to determine the activity of the process in patients with acromegaly accompanied by disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism when glucose load was contraindicated.

Acromegaly↗

[Evaluation of pituitary functional periodicity by harmonic analysis. I) Circadian somatotropin secretion in acromegaly].

STH circadian secretion has been investigated in 11 acromegalic patients. The physiological STH nocturnal surge is not present in acromegaly, but when data are evaluated by Fourier's cosines analysis, a rhythmicity is however found also in acromegaly. The characteristics of harmonics, namely periodicity, amplitudes and phases, are largely different in respect to pattern of normal subjects, where the rhythmicity is represented by an harmonics with 24-hour periodicity.

Acromegaly↗

Papilledema in two patients with acromegaly and intrasellar pituitary tumors.

Two patients had bilateral papilledema complicating acromegaly. Both patients had enlarged blind spots, but otherwise visual fields were normal. Suprasellar extension of the pituitary tumors was diligently sought with the use of visual field examination, pneumoencephalography, internal carotid arteriography, and computed axial tomography, and tumor extension did not exist. Transphenoidal and transethmoidal routes were used to perform partial hypophysectomies in these patients. The procedure was completely successful in one patient and partially successful in the other patient. After hypophysectomy, papilledema resolved in both patients. This beneficial effect may be the result of anatomical changes, the reduction in growth hormone levels, or both. These observations suggest that the acromegaly may be different from papilledema that occurs secondary to suprasellar expansion of pituitary tumors.

Acromegaly↗

[Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in acromegaly].

The functional state of parathyroid glands and calcitonin-produced thyroid C-cells was studied in 25 patients with acromegaly. 14 subjects were in the active stage of the disease and 11 persons developed clinical remission. The study on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) basal levels was performed by radioimmunoassay, using the standard test-sets of DRG K degrees (USA). It was shown that acromegaly is characterized by the secondary hyperparathyrosis occurrence, accompanied by a typical disorder of functional interactions between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. During the stabilized stage of the disease PTH and CT basal levels decrease, not reaching, however, normal values. Besides, the active form of hypercalcitoninemia manifestation, depending on the disease duration, was found out.

Acromegaly↗

The treatment of acromegaly by transsphenoidal surgery.

Pituitary tumors were removed transsphenoidally in 32 patients with acromegaly. Ten patients had high prolactin (PL) levels as well as elevated growth hormone (GH) levels. In 24 patients, GH levels were lowered to 5 ng/mL or less and remained low. The PL level was reduced to normal in eight patients. Of three patients with postoperative GH levels of 6 to 10 ng/mL, one patient remains in this range but two have relapsed. Five patients showed only a partial lowering in GH level. Pituitary irradiation lowered the level further. Hypopituitarism developed in four patients. Permanent diabetes insipidus occurred in one patient and meningitis developed in another. They subsequently recovered. There were no deaths. Abnormal GH responses to hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and levodopa returned to normal following surgery. Transsphenoidal tumor removal appears to be an effective treatment for acromegaly.

Acromegaly↗

Acromegaly associated with transient overproduction of growth hormone in a dog.

A 6-year-old female crossbred Belgian Shepherd Dog with features of acromegaly was monitored for almost 4 years. The history of frequent and excessive administration of a progestational agent suggested that the progestational drug induced the acromegaly. During the monitoring period. soft tissue changes diminished and there was normalization of several factors: plasma growth hormone concentration, response of plasma insulin and glucose to an oral glucose load, and response of plasma glucose hormone to the injection of insulin.

Acromegaly↗

Acromegaly: unravelling a complex disease.

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by growth hormone hypersecretion and is usually caused by a pituitary macroadenoma. It is associated with significantly increased patient morbidity and mortality. Molecular biological studies have implicated a causative role for oncogenic mutations (activating Gs alpha mutations and/or chromosomal 11q13 deletions) in less than 50% of cases. The cause(s) in the remaining 50% is speculative. Epidemiological evidence indicates that biochemical cure is achieved when mean GH levels are 5mU/l or less during a day-profile. This GH value correlates well with that required to normalize the serum IGF-1 concentration, a GH-dependent peptide which can be used to monitor the disease activity in acromegaly. Treatment must be carried out under the supervision of a dedicated endocrinologist and tailored to patients needs. The success of any treatment modality (surgery/pituitary irradiation/medical) depends on adenoma size and the extent of pretreatment GH hypersecretion. A combination of therapies is usually required to achieve satisfactory control of adenoma growth and GH hypersecretion. Octreotide, a synthetic analogue of native somatostatin, is particularly effective in controlling GH hypersecretion in this condition and the widespread introduction of a long-acting depot preparation is eagerly awaited. The development of true GH deficiency as a result of treatment is potentially worrying in view of its possible contribution to the increased incidence of cardiovascular mortality associated with hypopituitarism.

Acromegaly↗

Complete remission of acromegaly with medical treatment.

A 40-year-old patient with a ten-year history of acromegaly had persistent disease despite prior treatment with conventional pituitary radiotherapy and two transsphenoidal hypophysectomies. Initial evaluation showed characteristic acromegalic features, hypertension, amenorrhea, inappropriate diaphoresis, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus despite isophane insulin suspension daily. Growth-hormone levels were high and did not suppress with glucose load. Treatment with bromocriptine was associated with prompt improvement in glucose intolerance, with elimination of insulin requirement within 72 hours of institutions of this therapy. Blood pressure normalized; inappropriate diaphoresis disappeared. Within three months ovulatory menses were noted to resume for the first time in ten years. There was progressive improvement in the soft-tissue changes of acromegaly. The growth-hormone levels fell within three hours after the first dose of bromocryptine and remained suppressed throughout her six-month course of therapy.

Acromegaly↗

Acromegaly. Clinical and biochemical features in 500 patients.

This prospective study defines the clinical and biochemical features of acromegaly in a large cohort of patients. There was no difference in sex distribution, and for men and women the mean ages at diagnosis (40 +/- 12 and 40 +/- 14 yr, respectively) were similar. Nearly three-quarters of patients were overweight and some 12% severely overweight; the frequency and severity of obesity also was not different between the sexes. Half of patients were hypertensive or were taking anti-hypertensive drugs. Neither GH nor insulin levels were significantly different between normotensive and hypertensive patients. Acral growth and facial coarsening, soft tissue swelling, and excessive perspiration were present in the majority (98%) of patients. Mean serum GH, Sm-C, and PRL levels did not differ between the sexes. Sm-C levels correlated with mean GH concentration (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), both variables inversely related to age. With each decade of life, mean GH and Sm-C levels declined by 7.6 +/- 0.2 ng/mL and 0.5 +/- 0.2 U/mL, respectively. Impaired glucose tolerance was diagnosed in 36% and frank diabetes mellitus in 30% of patients. Hyperprolactinemia was noted in 18% of patients. Galactorrhea was noted in 43 (9%) patients, most of whom were female; the mean GH levels of patients with galactorrhea (60.1 +/- 13 ng/mL) were higher than those of patients without (35.4 +/- 2.6 ng/mL, p = 0.02). Acromegaly appears to afflict men and women equally with a preponderance of presentation in the fourth decade of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acromegaly↗