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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Somatic and visceral inputs to the thoracic spinal cord of the cat: marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn.

1. Single-unit electrical activity has been recorded from fifty-five neurones whose recording sites were located in or immediately adjacent to the marginal zone (lamina I) of the lower thoracic spinal cord (T8-T12) of anaesthetized or decerebrate cats. Their responses to stimulation of somatic and visceral afferent fibres and the sizes of their cutaneous receptive fields have been analysed and compared with the responses and receptive fields of neurones recorded throughout the spinal grey matter. 2. Neurones were classified according to their responses to innocuous stimulation of their somatic receptive fields (i.e. brushing and stroking) or to noxious stimulation (i.e. pinching, squeezing and/or heating above 45 degrees C). 52% of all the neurones recorded in lamina I were driven exclusively by noxious stimulation of the skin (nocireceptive); 33% were driven by both noxious and innocuous stimulation of the skin (multireceptive) and 15% were driven exclusively by innocuous stimulation of the skin (mechanoreceptive). 3. Visceral afferent inputs to these neurones were tested by supramaximal electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral splanchnic nerve (15 V, 0.2 ms, 0.3 Hz). Two types of neurone were distinguished according to their responses to visceral stimulation: (i) somatic neurones, driven only by stimulation of somatic afferent fibres and (ii) viscero-somatic neurones, driven by stimulation of somatic and visceral afferent fibres. Of the neurones recorded in lamina I, 33% were somatic and 67% were viscero-somatic. This proportion was very similar to the percentages of somatic and viscero-somatic neurones recorded throughout the grey matter (37 and 63%, respectively). 4. Viscero-somatic neurones in lamina I had somatic receptive field properties similar to those of viscero-somatic neurones of the entire spinal cord. Half of them were multireceptive, 39% were nocireceptive and 11% were mechanoreceptive. However, somatic neurones in lamina I had receptive field properties different from those of somatic neurones from other laminae: no multireceptive somatic neurones were recorded in lamina I; the vast majority (78%) were nocireceptive and 22% were mechanoreceptive. 5. The majority of somatic and viscero-somatic neurones in lamina I had small somatic receptive fields but, even in this group of cells, viscero-somatic neurones had larger receptive fields than somatic cells. 6. Ascending axonal projections in both dorsolateral funiculi and in the contralateral ventrolateral quadrant were tested in eighteen lamina I neurones. Only one neurone was found to project to the cervical cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Genetic parameters for milk somatic cell scores and relationships with production traits in French Lacaune dairy sheep.

Records from 94,445 and 45,499 French Lacaune dairy ewes in first and second lactations, respectively, were used to estimate genetic parameters for somatic cell scores. Somatic cell count data came from an extensive recording scheme and sample testing that began in 1999 using the flocks enrolled in the official milk recording system. Somatic cell count data were from 2 to 4 test days per lactation. Lactation average and single test-day somatic cell scores were considered in multitrait sire models. The heritability estimate of lactation somatic cell score was close to 0.13 and similar for first and second parity. Heritabilities of somatic cell scores increased from first to fourth test day (from 0.07 to 0.11 in first lactation and from 0.05 to 0.13 in second lactation). Genetic correlations between somatic cell scores were high, usually more than 0.91, but lower between first test day and later test days in first lactation (0.64 to 0.88). The genetic correlations between lactation somatic cell score and milk yield, between lactation somatic cell score and fat content, and between lactation somatic cell score and protein content were 0.18, 0.04, and 0.03 in first lactation, respectively. The genetic antagonism between test day somatic cell score and milk yield measured in first lactation increased from beginning to the end of the lactation (0.05 to 0.23). This antagonism was slightly lower for somatic cell score in second lactation (from 0.09 to 0.14, and 0.08 for lactation mean). Environmental correlations in first lactation between lactation somatic cell score and milk yield, between lactation somatic cell score and fat content, and between lactation somatic cell score and protein content were -0.18, 0.13, and 0.30, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Somatic presentation of psychiatric morbidity in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Twenty per cent of new illnesses in general practice, and 3% of consecutive attenders, are incident cases of 'pure' somatization. AIM: This study set out to estimate the prevalence of consultations by patients with psychiatric morbidity who present only somatic symptoms (somatic presentation), and to compare this with the likely prevalence of pure somatization. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of consecutive general practice attenders was carried out. Psychiatric morbidity was measured using the general health questionnaire. Pure somatization was defined as medical consultation for somatic symptoms that were judged by a psychiatrist during an interview to be aetiologically attributable to an underlying psychiatric disorder but which were not recognized as such by the patient. RESULTS: Of attenders 25% were identified as somatic presenters. Of the somatic presenters interviewed one in six were estimated to be pure somatizers, which would extrapolate to 4% of attenders. Though all somatic presenters were probable cases of psychiatric disorder, subjects in this group had lower scores on the general health questionnaire than those who presented with psychological symptoms. General practitioner recognition of psychiatric morbidity was significantly lower among somatic presenters than for other subjects with psychiatric morbidity. CONCLUSION: General practitioner recognition of psychiatric morbidity could be improved for all types of somatic presentation, regardless of the aetiology of patients' somatic symptoms. There is a danger that concentrating attention on pure somatization may mean that psychiatric morbidity in the more common undifferentiated form of somatic presentation will be overlooked.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Early and late gene expression programs in developing somatic cells of Volvox carteri.

In situ hybridization was used to resolve details of the temporal and spatial aspects of expression of a number of cell-type-specific genes of Volvox carteri. In confirmation of earlier results obtained by Northern-blot analysis, this study revealed that accumulation of transcripts of somatic genes was largely restricted to the somatic-cell lineage. In extension of the previous study, two distinct gene expression programs during somatic-cell development were more fully defined: "early" somatic genes were expressed in the somatic-cell lineage even before visible differentiation began, whereas "late" somatic genes were not expressed until after somatic cells had been visibly differentiated for more than a day and had already reached the presenescent-adult stage of development. We postulate that products of the early somatic genes may be involved in generalized somatic functions that are required throughout somatic-cell development, whereas the late somatic gene products may be involved in more specialized processes that characterize mature, parental somatic cells. The most significant finding of the present study is that transcripts of early somatic genes are significantly more abundant in presumptive somatic cells than in presumptive gonidia during embryonic stages, while the two cell types are linked by a network of cytoplasmic bridges. The fact that the two cell lineages can establish and maintain different transcript populations despite the extensive cytoplasmic continuity that exists between them is somewhat surprising and must be taken into account in future attempts to elucidate the way in which dichotomous differentiation is initiated in the organism.

Animals↗