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PubMed1990

[The definition and realization of a computerized archive for radiological data of scientific interest].

The general requirements are analyzed of a system designed to acquire and manage radiological data of scientific interest. These requirements consist in: easy implementation, to develop the system in the same environment where it is going to be used; easy use, to avoid excessive needs and resources for the system to be managed in practice; reduced implementation cost, in terms of resources required for its implementation; user-oriented approach, in the sense of meeting the radiologists' requirements, and flexibility, for the system to be an effective tool for the widest range of possible applications. Two actual applications of this general approach are then discussed, one relative to breast investigations data, and the other to digital procedures (US, CT, DSA, MR) data. For each application the software tools employed are analyzed, together with the archive structures and the used codes, the collecting data procedures and the programs. For the breast investigations archive the possibility of obtaining standard periodic reports is pointed out. These reports summarize the global department activity in this area during selected periods (six months-one year). They allow interesting clinical conclusions to be drawn. As for the digital procedures archive, the possibility is stressed of searching different combinations of scientific data out of tens of thousands of cases in just a few minutes.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1992

Data disclosure and data sharing in scientific research.

Data sharing is examined for its bearing on (i) quality assurance and (ii) extensions of results in scientific research as well as (iii) part of a tradition of openness in science. It is suggested that sharing can be accomplished in a simple manner that is also sufficiently flexible to fit varying individual situations by asking authors of data dependent articles and grant proposals to footnote (a) whether they are willing to make their data available to others and, if so, (b) how the data may be accessed. Appendices report results from a survey of current policies and practices in professional societies and in Federal government fund granting agencies. Emphasis is on the social and management sciences.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1999

[Delivery logbook: pertinence of the collected data for scientific exploitation].

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the data recorded in the delivery logbook are relevant and complete compared to the data registered in the patient's medical chart. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study during one month recording all the data registered by the midwives or the medical doctors in the delivery room immediately after the birth. To compare them to the information collected in the patient's medical chart. Our delivery logbook has 55 headings for each patient. During October 1998, we had 156 births. RESULTS: We had 5.3% of errors divided by missing data and erroneous entries. More precisely, we recorded 9.5% of errors in the antepartum data, 3.2% in intrapartum or postpartum events and 5.8% in the newborn information. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that medical data used for scientific projects and recorded in the delivery logbook, have to be interpreted very cautiously. It seems to be reasonable that each obstetrical unit should standardize its registration of data and carry out internal audits.

Bias↗
PubMed2006

Publishing proteomic data.

Scientific publications should provide sufficient detail in terms of methodology and presented data to enable the community to reproduce the methodology to generate similar data and arrive at the same conclusion, if an identical sample is provided for analysis. The advent of high-throughput methods in biological experimentation impose some unique challenges both in data presentation in classical print format, as well as in describing methodology and data analysis in sufficient detail to conform to good publication practice. To facilitate this process, Proteome Science is adopting a set of methodology and data presentation guidelines to enable both peer reviewers, as well as the scientific community, to better evaluate high-throughput proteomic studies.

Editorial↗
PubMed1997

Establishing an occupational exposure limit for hexavalent chromium in the European Union.

A Criteria Document for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], currently under preparation at the Institute of Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, is intended for use in setting an occupational exposure limit (OEL) for Cr(VI) in the European Union (EU). The requirement for establishing OELs, specifically known as indicative limit values, in the EU is set out in Council Directive 80/1107/EEC, amended by Council Directive 88/642/EEC. To facilitate this procedure the Commission has set up a Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits to Chemical Agents. The Committee, which is composed of independent scientific experts from member states, is responsible for reviewing available scientific data. A Criteria Document forms the basis of the scientific data considered during this process and contains an up-to-date, critical evaluation of available information which is relevant to setting an exposure limit. After consideration of the scientific data for a particular substance, the Committee advises the Commission on setting a health-based OEL. Consideration of other questions such as technical matters and socioeconomic issues occurs during later stages of the procedure, before an OEL is finally adopted. The procedure allows for consultation with interested parties. The Criteria Document for Cr(VI) contains sections on substance identification, chemical and physical properties, production and use data, recent data on occupational exposure, current methods for measurement and analysis, and toxicology. The toxicology section contains a critical evaluation of both human and animal data and forms a major part of the document. This section enables identification of critical health effects associated with exposure to Cr(VI) and consideration of dose-response relationships and provides the basis for any risk assessment and recommendation for an OEL.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1996

Scientific data-exchange in periodontology via Internet.

The aim of the present paper was to study the current state of electronic scientific data-exchange in the field of dentistry and particularly in the specialty of periodontology. The use of electronic communication is unquestionably growing in all areas of life and has established itself in almost all areas of sciences and research. The potential use of Internet resources in the area of periodontology is the main topic of this paper. An overview explains the Internet system, its history, its structure, and the necessary hardware and software to use it. Text-orientated software and graphic interfaces like the World Wide Web will be described. Examples will be included to describing the basic services of Internet. The pros and cons of Internet use will be discussed and a preview of possible future developments in the field of communication for scientifically-oriented information will be included. This paper indicates that modern periodontal therapy and research may be enhanced by the use of Internet resources.

Communication↗
PubMed1989

Making use of patient survey data.

Scientific measurement and management of patient satisfaction is a necessary part of retaining satisfied customers. This, the first in a series of three articles on patient surveys, shows how to use a general statistical model to quantify the patient experiences that most affect perceptions of quality or satisfaction and the likelihood of patients returning to your hospital.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2003

[Analgesic physical therapy. Present clinical data].

Analgesic electrotherapy is now based on more consistent scientific data; the biological action of the electric current, of the electromagnetic radiations and of the mechanical vibrations is better approached. But the randomized control trials still provide contradictory results concerning the analgesic efficiency of the cryotherapy, the TENS, the pulsed electro-magnetic fields, the ultrasound and laser therapy, the shock waves; iontophoresis, short waves, microwaves, infrasound vibrations are very few investigated. The analgesic electrotherapy cannot be recommended nor prohibited; physical agents represent only therapeutic options. On the basis of the scientific data and of their personal experience, the therapists can use them. More controlled clinical investigations of higher methodological levels are still required.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1999

Impact of segmental grafts on pediatric liver transplantation--a review of the United Network for Organ Sharing Scientific Registry data (1990-1996).

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the relative impact of segmental grafts from cadaveric and living donors on outcomes in 3,409 pediatric transplants (<18 years) between 1990 and 1996. METHODS: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Scientific registry data from 1990 to 1996 was performed. RESULTS: Liver grafts consisted of 2,636 whole grafts (WLG), 246 liver donor grafts (LDG), 89 split liver graft (SLG), and 438 reduced-size grafts (RSG). Although the number of pediatric transplants were unchanged between 1990 and 1996, segmental grafts made up an increasing proportion from 14.5% to 29.2%, and WLG decreased proportionately. The increase among segmental grafts occurred for LDG (threefold), followed by SLG (53%) and RSG (50%). One-year graft and patient survival rates for 3,409 transplants were 69.7% and 81.9%, respectively and were significantly higher (P<.001) in nonhospitalized patients than in hospitalized patients (79.8% and 91.3% v 61.0% and 73.7%). LDG graft survival (75.9%) was comparable with WLG(70.9%) but significantly better at 1 year than SLG (60.3%, P = .007) and RSG (61.1%, P = .001), even after excluding retransplants and ICU patients. Patient survival rates were not different statistically between groups. A separate analysis of outcomes in recipients less than 1 year of age suggested significantly better graft and patient survivals for LDG (83.3% and 89.4%) than for WLG (62.3% and 76.5%) and RSG (62.7% and 75%). CONCLUSIONS: Segmental liver grafts from cadaveric and living donors constitute an increasing proportion of pediatric transplants. Survival rates of cadaveric segmental graft are inferior to those of live donor segmental grafts even after adjustment for medical condition. Live donor grafts demonstrate consistently superior graft and patient outcomes in pediatric recipients less than 1 year of age, and should be promoted aggressively as a solution to the critical shortage of size matched grafts in small recipients.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acupuncture. A review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acupuncture plays an important role in today's multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of pain. Its initial use, around the fifth century B.C., was based on the fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine. Because of the lack of sound, supportive scientific data, the validity of such practice is controversial. METHODS: A general review of this subject is presented including the history and classical theory behind acupuncture, needling techniques, precautions and complications, and types of acupuncture. Furthermore, in search of more scientific data, a review of several basic and clinical research articles was undertaken to evaluate a possible scientific basis for the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. Problems and limitations of adequately designed clinical trials were also addressed. RESULTS: Several lines of evidence support the endorphin-mediated mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. High- or low-frequency stimulation induced by electrical acupuncture has been shown to release different types of endorphins. To date, there are flaws in the conventional, scientific, clinical research methods applied to the evaluation of acupuncture practice for treatment of pain. Some guidelines and suggestions for future clinical trials are presented. CONCLUSION: Scientific data on acupuncture have been accumulating over the years, but further adequately designed clinical studies are necessary to provide additional validity for this treatment modality.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2004

[Experiences in scientific use of data from cancer registries].

Epidemiological cancer registries have now been established in all federal states of Germany. Though some are still in an initial phase and completeness has not yet generally been achieved, the use of the data for scientific purposes appears feasible. The examples presented in this paper demonstrate that scientific projects have already been conducted or are ongoing. However, the experiences also demonstrate that lack of completeness and partially the legal regulations on access to the data may hamper the use considerably. Efforts must now focus on (a) achieving completeness, e. g., by making the reporting system more efficient and (b) harmonizing the legal regulations on cancer registration among the federal states and fitting them to practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Social justice, federal paternalism, and feminism: breast implants in the cultural context of female beauty.

In April 1992 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced it was restricting the availability of silicone gel-filled breast implants to women enrolled in clinical trials. All candidates for breast reconstruction, but only a "very limited" number of augmentation candidates, would have access to the implants. This policy has been criticized as paternalistic, sexist, and unjustified by scientific data. I examine these charges and conclude that controversy surrounding the scientific data weakens the FDA's paternalistic mandate and that its policy of treating reconstruction and augmentation candidates differently results in increased social injustice and perpetuates cultural biases concerning female beauty and women's rights to control their bodies. I also argue that these cultural biases shape women's subjective experience of their physical selves and should not, contrary to some feminist arguments, be viewed as precluding their giving informed consent to breast surgery.

Breast Implants↗
PubMed2003

Current status of developmental neurotoxicity: an industry perspective.

The chemical industry, along with the rest of society, shares the fundamental goal to protect the health and safety of children. Most of the existing testing programs for environmental chemicals primarily address the adult organism. Developmental neurotoxicity testing (DNT) studies are especially designed to address the specific risks of the developing nervous system. At time, DNT studies are not a regulatory requirement (US EPA) for all pesticides, however, these studies are recommended for and are now being required as Tier II studies for compounds which have shown evidence of neurotoxicity, endocrine modulation or in some cases developmental or reproduction toxicity. Laboratories, which are going to conduct this type of study, should have broad experience in reproduction toxicology and neurotoxicology studies. The DNT study includes a so called 'behavioral testing battery' to examine the development of autonomic, motor, sensory, and cognitive functions, where tests are performed at different time-points to cover important developmental stages of the nervous system. The development of the structure of the nervous system is carefully examined by neuropathological and morphometric examinations at two time points to detect morphologic abnormalities and growth defects. Critical issues concerning the conduct and interpretability of DNT study data include experience in the handling and logistics of large number of animals, historical control data, lack of scientific data of certain developing processes and uncertainties concerning the choice of the best methodical approaches.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of food ethics in food policy.

Certain developments in the agricultural and food sciences have far-reaching implications for society and the environment, which suggest the need to examine their ethical acceptability as a standard component of technology assessment. Such considerations have led to the emergence of a new academic discipline, food ethics. The present paper describes how ethical theory may be applied to the analysis of the impacts of prospective food biotechnologies to assess potential effects on four 'interest groups', i.e. consumers, producers, treated organisms and the biota (fauna and flora). The principles which structure the framework used, i.e. the ethical matrix, are adapted to the field of agriculture and food from those applied in medical ethics. Use of the ethical matrix is illustrated by applying it to the specific case of bovine somatotrophin, the genetically-engineered protein hormone which is injected into lactating cattle to increase their milk yields. Ethical analysis is seen to depend on a number of critical requirements, i.e. scientific data, non-scientific evidence and predictions, suitably-qualified assessors ('competent moral judges'), the 'world-views' of the assessors and application of the precautionary principle to cope with 'uncertainty'.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Communicating occupational and environmental issues.

Effective health risk communication is an important tool that can prevent or modify the inappropriate public reactions that often accompany occupational and environmental health issues and allegations. The public perception of the magnitude or significance of risk is influenced by factors other than scientific data. The goal of risk communication therefore is more than just imparting scientific facts. It is about ensuring that the public fully understand risk and that they are enabled to make informed decisions under conditions of uncertainty. How people perceive risk, and their values and feelings toward occupational and environmental health issues, are as important considerations for risk communication as are numerical or factual scientific data. Occupational and environmental health scares often occur because of complexities such as the multidimensionality of risk, trust or mistrust in sources of information, technological revolution, the reliance of the public on the media for health information and the public desire for information and the truth. If, as health professionals, we are to address effectively both real and perceived occupational and environmental health issues, we need to be aware of the major advances that have been made in the use of risk communication in recent years.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

The object technology framework: an object-oriented interface to molecular data and its application to collagen.

We describe the Object Technology Framework (OTF) software system developed at the University of California, San Francisco Computer Graphics Laboratory for creating C+2 classes that facilitate rapid biomolecular application development and the application of the OTF to collagen modeling. C+2 class libraries for accessing and manipulating data from standard scientific data sources can be generated using the program genlib and its class library toolkit Molecule, thereby facilitating development of new applications. Use of the OTF for generating ideal collagen structural models (gencollagen) is described. The source code for the OTF is freely available at http:/(/)www.cgl.ucsf.edu/off/ to interested application developers.

Collagen↗
PubMed2026

Pithos - a scalable and&#xa0;secure data container for&#xa0;FAIR-compliant research data management in&#xa0;life sciences.

Modern research techniques have led to exponential growth in the volume and complexity of scientific data. Consequently, managing these volumes securely and efficiently has become a major challenge. While all research domains face these challenges, life science research is particularly affected because current approaches often rely on a large set of different file formats, with metadata stored in separated databases or spreadsheets. This leads to fragmented datasets, orphaned data, and compromised research reproducibility. Traditional solutions also force researchers to choose between security and accessibility, with encrypted files preventing selective access and indexed formats lacking adequate security for sensitive data. These limitations are particularly problematic in large-scale genomic studies where researchers must decompress multi-gigabyte files to access specific regions, creating computational bottlenecks and inefficient network usage when working with cloud-stored datasets. We introduce Pithos, a next-generation file format specifically designed for scientific data management in distributed cloud environments. The format uses content-defined chunking to enable efficient deduplication across distributed storage systems, thereby reducing storage costs and bandwidth requirements. The append-only structure ensures data immutability and allows for incremental updates without compromising content. Benchmark results show that Pithos outperforms existing solutions in read and write performance, with comparable or improved storage efficiency.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature.

The use of anabolic steroids by athletes is controversial. On the one hand, many athletes believe that steroids improve athletic performance and thus provide an advantage to those who use them. On the other hand, the medical and scientific communities believe that inadequate scientific data exist to support the claim that anabolic steroids can improve athletic performance while overwhelming scientific data demonstrate their deleterious effects. Therefore, a large information and credibility gap concerning anabolic steroids exists between the athletes and the medical and scientific communities. We believe that this gap can be closed if both groups are better informed about anabolic steroids. We provide a detailed review of the literature on anabolic steroids that provides to the reader the information needed to make an informed decision on the relative risks and benefits of anabolic steroids to the athlete.

Anabolic Agents↗