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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Distribution of cerebral degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. A clinico-pathological study.

Seven cases of Alzheimer's disease were studied in detail from a clinical and neuropathological point of view. The degenerative process was mapped with regard to regional variations in the intensity, extent and consistency of focal accentuations. The degeneration was regularly found to be most pronounced in certain areas: maximal cortical degeneration occurred in the medial temporal (limbic) area and, in the lateral hemisphere, consistently within a field expanding from the posterior inferior temporal areas to the adjoining portions of the parieto occipital lobes. In addition, the posterior cingulate gyrus was severely involved. On the other hand certain areas were notably and consistently spared or less involved, mainly the anterior cingulate gyrus and the calcarine and central sensory motor areas (primary projection areas). The frontal lobes occupied an intermediate position, being less severely involved than is usually reported. The clinical symptoms correlated well with this pattern of degeneration. Thus groups of symptoms such as memory dysfunction, emotional and personality alterations, and some symptoms of the Klüver-Bucy syndrome, were referable to the limbic lesions. The cortical lesions of the temporo-parieto-occipital association cortex correlated with the symptoms of agnosia, aphasia and apraxia, which were recorded in all cases. The relative sparing of the primary projection areas correspond well to findings of retained motility and perception even in later stages of the disease. The relative sparing of the frontal lobes and the anterior cingulate gyrus was related to the preservation of habitual personality traits. The pattern described may be related to ontogenetic features, and the tendency to focalization to the age of disease onset. The role of genetic factors and of other diseases is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Influence of allelic polymorphism on the assembly and surface expression of class II MHC (Ia) molecules.

Cell surface Ia expression was examined following transfection of murine alpha and beta class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes into L cells. Although haplotype-matched (e.g., Ak beta Ak alpha) gene pairs yielded high expression in primary transfectants, haplotype-mismatched pairs (e.g., Ak beta Ad alpha) gave unexpectedly low expression. RNA analysis revealed a requirement for greater A beta, and particularly A alpha transcript levels in haplotype-mismatched vs. haplotype-matched transfectants with similar levels of membrane Ia. A beta allelic control of this assembly/expression process was mapped to the NH2-terminal (beta 1) domain, the locus of high intraspecies polymorphism. These data on the effects of allelic variation on Ia levels provide a possible explanation for the strong linkage disequilibrium of A alpha and A beta genes and may account for the current molecular organization of the I region of the MHC.

Alleles↗
PubMed1984

The genesis of bifid T waves: experimental demonstration in isolated perfused rabbit hearts.

In an attempt to elucidate the genesis of bifid T waves, we recorded transmembrane potentials of subepicardial ventricular muscle fibers simultaneously with a bipolar ventricular electrogram in isolated, perfused rabbit hearts, and the timing of the two apices of the T wave (aT1, aT2) was correlated with ventricular repolarization. The following results were obtained. (1) In seven of the nine hearts in which the repolarization process was mapped on the anterior and posterior surfaces of both ventricles, the 80% repolarization times of the left and the right ventricles were scattered around aT1 and aT2, respectively, and their average values closely corresponded to Q-aT1 and Q-aT2 intervals. This suggested that aT1 and aT2 depended on repolarization of the left and the right ventricles, respectively. (2) In one heart, aT1 appeared to reflect repolarization of the posterior ventricular wall, and aT2 that of the anterior wall. (3) In the remaining heart, aT2 coincided with repolarization of the anterobasal portion of the right ventricle, and aT1 that of the remaining portions of the ventricles. Even when ventricular repolarization was modified by low K+, low Ca2+ or procainamide perfusion, or by premature atrial stimulation, the close temporal correlation of the left and right ventricular repolarization with the two apices of the T wave was maintained. Selective cooling of the perfusate in either the left or the right coronary artery resulted in the production of bifid T waves in which aT2 coincided with the delayed repolarization of the cooled ventricle. We conclude that either physiologically or pathologically delayed repolarization in certain portions of the ventricles is most likely the cause of bifid T waves.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1975

Ultrasonic and radionuclide scanning in pancreatic disease.

Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas is rendered difficult by the echogenic characteristics of the organ, by its depth, by the overlying gas, and by bony structures and anatomic variations. The reintroduction of gray-scale imaging promises to simplify the technique and expand its usefulness. The 75Se-/-selenomethionine scan is a reliable test when performed after effective pancreatic stimulation with a scintillation camera that permits the angulation required to separate pancreas from liver. Gallium-67-citrate may be important for both mapping inflammatory processes and imaging some tumors. Retrograde pancreatography has developed into a rather reliable and sensitive method of visualizing pancreatic duct abnormalities. Angiography remains the most reliable technique for finding small lesions, while computerized axial tomography appears a promising modality in the near future. In acute pancreatitis, gallium scanning may find a place alongside plain films, GI series, and echography. Chronic pancreatitis appears best studied by pancreatography, possibly with selenomethionine scanning as a function study and echography to find associated mass lesions. Pseudocysts are most easily located by ultrasound examination. Screening for pancreatic carcinoma is done most effectively with selenomethionine scanning when the index of suspicion is low and with pancreatography or arteriography when it is high. Echography is useful for localization for aspiration biopsy and for sequential evaluation of therapeutic response. Islet-cell tumors are best found by angiographic studies.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Subsite mapping of enzymes: collecting and processing experimental data--a case study of an amylase-malto-oligosaccharide system.

Two research groups have independently developed the theory and experimental methodology for quantitatively assessing substrate monomer-subsite binding-energies for depolymerases. When the two approaches are applied to the same enzyme-substrate system they yield surprisingly divergent results. This paper outlines the application of the two approaches to an amylase-maltooligosaccharide system and points out the more important areas of disagreement. We show that by proper data-management, the conflicts between the tow laboratories are basically resolved. The complexities of the subsite model demand extensive data-gathering and exacting data-processing and verification that the computed model-parameters can faithfully reproduce the experimental data.

Amylases↗
PubMed1988

Understanding the central processing limit in consistent-mapping visual search tasks.

Effects of load (i.e., the number of stimuli in the display) have been observed in multiple-frame studies using a consistent mapping of stimuli to responses (e.g., Fisher, 1982, 1984). In a series of four experiments, it is shown that these effects are not the consequence of differences across the high- and low-load conditions in either decision noise or peripheral masking. Additionally, it is shown that of two modes of limited capacity (a limited-channel and divided-capacity model) considered as possible explanations of load effects in tasks where subjects are required to locate a target, only one--the limited-channel model--is consistent with the results from all three location tasks. Finally, it is argued that the limited-channel model predicts not only the behavior observed in the four consistent-mapping experiments reported in this article but also the behavior observed in several related consistent-mapping tasks (Kleiss & Lane, 1986; Shiffrin & Gardner, 1972).

Attention↗
PubMed2026

Radiomics as a spatial context for treatment decision-making in head and neck cancer.

Radiomics has been widely explored as a non-invasive biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), yet its clinical role remains unclear. Tissue-based biomarkers differ in their susceptibility to spatial sampling. Biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression, immune-cell infiltration, necrosis, and immune exclusion may exhibit substantial spatial heterogeneity, whereas HPV/p16 status and some genomic alterations are generally more stable across the tumor. Nevertheless, localized sampling may incompletely capture heterogeneity in selected clinical contexts. This mismatch becomes clinically relevant when treatment decisions, particularly for chemoradiotherapy, immunotherapy, or de-escalation, are based on potentially non-representative biopsy findings. In this narrative review, we argue that the role of radiomics is not to outperform established biomarkers, but to contextualize them by capturing spatial heterogeneity related to hypoxia, necrosis, stromal architecture, and immune exclusion. We synthesize current evidence linking radiomic features to these biological processes and map them to specific clinical decision points, including larynx preservation, immunotherapy stratification, and recurrence assessment. Rather than serving as a standalone predictor, radiomics may provide complementary spatial information that helps identify situations in which biopsy-derived biomarkers should be interpreted with caution. Although current evidence is largely retrospective, radiomics offers a pragmatic framework for integrating spatial information into biomarker-guided clinical workflows.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

The locus of repetition priming of spoken word production.

Naming of a pictured object is substantially facilitated when the name has recently been produced in response to a definition or read aloud. The first experiment shows this to be so when over one hundred trials have intervened, and when the subjects can name the pictures quickly and accurately in the absence of priming. The locus of the effect must be in lexicalization processes subsequent to picture identification and is unlikely to be mediated by recovery of an episodic trace. Two further experiments show that prior production of a homophone of the object's name is not an effective prime, (although slower responses are somewhat facilitated when the homophones are spelled the same). Hence the facilitation observed for repeated production of the same word cannot be associated with the repetition of the phonological form per se. We conclude that the facilitation must be associated with retrieval of the semantic specification or the process of mapping of that specification to its associated phonological representation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A novel bipartite splicing enhancer modulates the differential processing of the human fibronectin EDA exon.

EDA is a facultative type III homology of human fibronectin encoded by an alternative spliced exon. The EDA+ and EDA- mRNA forms show a cell type specific distribution with their relative proportion varying during development, aging and oncogenic transformation. We have previously demonstrated that an 81 bp nucleotide sequence within the exon itself is essential for differential RNA processing. Fine mapping of cis acting elements within this region has been carried out to identify possible target sites for the modulation of alternative splicing. There are at least two short nucleotide sequences involved. Element A (GAAGAAGA) is a positive modulator for the recognition of the exon, its deletion results in constitutive exclusion of the EDA exon. Element B (CAAGG) is a negative modulator for exon recognition, its deletion results in constitutive inclusion of the EDA exon. This bipartite structure of the splicing enhancer is a novel feature of the mammalian exons.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1989

Scintigraphic assessment of regional cardiac adrenergic innervation.

To assess the feasibility of noninvasively imaging the regional distribution of myocardial sympathetic innervation, we evaluated the distribution of sympathetic nerve endings, using 123I metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), and compared this with the distribution of myocardial perfusion, using 201Tl. Twenty dogs were studied: 11 after regional denervation, and nine as controls. Regional denervation was done by left stellate ganglion removal, right stellate ganglion removal, and application of phenol to the epicardial surface. Computer-processed functional maps displayed the relative distribution of MIBG and thallium in multiple projections in vivo and excised heart slices in all animals. In six animals, dual isotope emission computed tomograms were acquired in vivo. Tissue samples taken from innervated and denervated regions of the MIBG images were analyzed for norepinephrine content to validate image findings. Normal controls showed homogeneous and parallel distributions of MIBG and thallium in the major left ventricular mass. In the left stellectomized hearts, MIBG was reduced relative to thallium in the posterior left ventricle; whereas in right stellectomized hearts, reduced MIBG was in the anterior left ventricle. Phenol-painted hearts showed a broad area of decreased MIBG extending beyond the area of phenol application. In both stellectomized and phenol-painted hearts, thallium distribution remained homogeneous and normal. Norepinephrine content was greater in regions showing normal MIBG (550 +/- 223 ng/g) compared with regions showing reduced MIBG (39 +/- 44 ng/g) (p less than 0.001), confirming regional denervation. Combined MIBG-thallium functional maps display the regional distribution of sympathetic innervation. This new ability to noninvasively map the distribution of sympathetic nerves with simultaneous comparison to regional perfusion may provide important new insights into mechanisms, whereby an imbalance in sympathetic activity may relate to clinical disorders.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed1985

Serial movement timing and musical experience.

Musicians and non-musicians were compared on a serial movement-timing task incorporating six continuous 11-cm segments. The serial pattern was structured for both spatial and temporal symmetry. There were seven subjects in each group and 50 test trials were analyzed for timing error. The non-musicians were less accurate and more variable for certain parts of the pattern. The findings supported the view that musical practice can assist the process of mapping internal representations of serial relations to novel spatio-temporal patterns of movement.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.

This conference reviewed the potential scope of application of recently developed techniques for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain. The most successful technique is based on the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to magnetic effects caused by the modulation of the oxygenation state of hemoglobin, which is induced by local variations in blood flow during task activation. Typically, the MRI signal increases by a few percentage points during brain activation because blood flow and oxygen supply sharply increase. Brain activation images with excellent combined spatial and temporal resolution have been obtained noninvasively using visual, sensorimotor, or auditory stimuli, or during higher-order cognitive processes such as language or mental imagery. Although sensitive to misregistration artifacts and macroscopic vessels, MRI permits both the direct correlation of function with underlying anatomy and repeated studies on the same person. It may become the method of choice for studies of mental and cognitive processes, presurgical mapping, monitoring recovery from stroke or head injuries, exploration of seizure disorders, or monitoring the effects of neuropharmaceuticals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Courage and curiosity: surgeon-explorers in Australia and New Zealand. Part II. The science of the outback. The Herbert Moran Lecture concluded.

After the broad brush of the topographical features of Australia and New Zealand had been mapped, the process of fine-tuning the geographic details of these countries continued. In parallel with this, a great wave of detailed scientific exploration proceeded and it was to these expeditions that medical men brought special skills. Surgeons played a special role because of the need of their practical skills in the field. Dozens of expeditions were commissioned throughout the nineteenth century. The aim of some was to search for minerals and document the fertility and water supply for pastoral and agricultural lands. Others had as their major raison d'etre the documentation of the many groups of animals and plants which populated these domains new to Western science. Surgeons and physicians were valued not only for their professional skills in the field, but for the pursuit of botany, zoology and geology, and in many cases for ethnological studies as well.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1991

Effect of physiological and pathological aging processes on topographic bit-mapped cognitive evoked potentials in presenile subjects.

Bit-mapped multicomponent CNV complex and reaction time (RT) were recorded and measured in 24 presenile patients with initial symptoms of very mild to moderately severe primary mental deterioration without depression, and in 10 age-matched controls. All patients underwent CT and MRI examinations, EEG spectral analysis and a battery of psychometric test. Significant group differences were obtained for measures of some post-S1 ERP and CNV components, particularly of the post-S1 N1b, P300 and early and late pre-S2 CNV. P300 with increased latency, no significant CNV activity, very prolonged RTs, EEG slowing down and diffuse brain atrophy were observed in the majority of patients with probable presenile Alzheimer's dementia. These results suggest that CNV/RT and EEG activity changes similar to those observed in our patients may constitute a valuable clue for the study of brain dysfunction in the early stage of presenile idiopathic cognitive impairment.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

A rhythmically discharging neuron in the earthworm ventral cord nerve as identified by lucifer yellow-CH injection.

In the process of mapping the ganglionic neurons in the earthworm ventral nerve cord by simultaneous recording and Lucifer Yellow-CH injection or by backfilling, a rhythmically discharging neuron with a continuous train of 100 cps over the entire recording period was encountered at the dorsal side of the cord near the base of the 2nd-3rd nerves, with its axon extending toward the 2nd-3rd contralateral nerves. It could not be determined whether branches of this axon entered these contralateral nerves. The rhythmic discharge could not be recorded extracellularly from the nerves or from the cord by suction or hook electrodes, nor did the cell respond to either intra- or extracellular stimulation through the recording and injection microelectrode. Although contralateral neurons have been described in histological works, this neuron may not be identifiable one of them until its relationship with other neurons becomes clear.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Detection of enzootic territories and exploration of tularemia epizootics in different types of natural foci of this infection by serological examination of bird pellets and the excrements of beasts of prey.

Serological analysis (reaction of antibody neutralization) of pellets of birds and excrements of beasts of prey for the presence of tularemia microbe antigen is an efficient method of detection and investigation of epizootics in all types of natural foci of the infection and also for the exploration of new focal territories. The method permits with small expenditure of labour and within a short time, to collect material characterizing the epizootic process on a large territory. Tularemia epizootics, both having taken place in the past and ruinning at the moment of observation, are detected. It is possible to carry out the observations even in the years of a reduced number of the main carriers of the agent of tularemia and thus to trace the continuity of the epizootic process. The obtained data permit to establish the essential characteristics of the epizootic process. Detailed maps of the foci can be drawn and territories of stable preservation of infection detected.

Animals↗