Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “peer functioning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Teacher- versus peer-mediated instruction: an ecobehavioral analysis of achievement outcomes.

In three experiments, we compared the effects of instructional arrangements that varied in: teacher versus peer mediators, methods used, levels of student academic responding generated, and content taught and tested. Instructional arrangements (i.e., tasks, structure, teacher position, teacher behavior) and students' levels of academic responding were measured by an observation system which served as an index of the independent variables. Students' accuracy on weekly spelling, arithmetic, and vocabulary tests and pre- and post-standardized achievement tests (Experiments 2 and 3 only) were the dependent variables. Results indicated that the classwide peer tutoring, compared to the teacher's procedure, produced more student academic responding and higher weekly test scores, regardless of treatment order or subject matter content (Experiment 1). The four lowest performing students in each class, in particular, benefited from peer tutoring, often performing as well as the other students. These findings were replicated in Experiments 2 and 3 wherein content taught/tested was also manipulated. Standardized test score gains were higher in those areas in which peer tutoring was used longest. Issues related to the functional analysis of instruction and achievement gain are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between social perception and peer status in children with learning disabilities.

This study was undertaken to examine the social perceptual skill deficit theory in explaining the low peer acceptance of children with learning disabilities. The quality of tests measuring social perception was also examined. Thirty 9- to 12-year-old children with learning disabilities and a matched control group were given two measures of social perception: a laboratory task and a behavior rating scale. The behavior rating scale was completed by the children's teachers. In addition, the Peer Acceptance Scale (Bruininks, Rynders, & Gross, 1974) was administered to assess peer status. Results showed that the children with learning disabilities differed significantly from their nondisabled peers on each of the three measures-the children with learning disabilities obtained lower social perception and peer acceptance scores. However, the relationships between sociometric status and social perception varied as a function of task. A small but significant correlation wa found between the behavior rating scale and peer status. The laboratory task was not correlated with either the behavior rating scale or peer status. Results are discussed in terms of the psychometric properties of laboratory versus naturalistic measures of social perception and the importance of establishing the external validity of social skill measures by correlating them with outcome measures such as peer status.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Exaggerated responsiveness to thyrotrophin releasing hormone: a risk factor in women with coronary artery disease.

Thyroid function tests were performed and thyroid antibodies and serum cholesterol concentrations measured in 12 women aged 60 years or under with severe coronary artery disease proved by coronary angiography. This group was compared with 11 women with normal coronary angiography. Ten out of the 12 women with coronary artery disease had an exaggerated response of thyroid stimulating hormone to thyrotrophin releasing hormone compared with two out of 11 controls (p less than 0.008). The mean serum cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in those with coronary artery disease than in the controls. Thyroid antibodies were present in four of those with coronary artery disease and one of the controls. There was no difference in the risk factors for coronary artery disease between the two groups except for cigarette smoking. Eleven out of 12 in the coronary artery disease group smoked cigarettes compared with four out of 11 in the control group (p less than 0.01). Minimal impairment of thyroid function is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease in women.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1987

Risk factors in schizophrenia: the Stony Brook High-Risk Project.

The goals of the Stony Brook High-Risk Project are to identify precursor patterns, environmental stressors, and protective factors that are differentially predictive of psychopathology. In phase I we assessed 219 families and 544 children aged 7-15, including 31 families and 80 children with a schizophrenic parent, 70 families and 154 children with a unipolar depressed parent, 58 families and 134 children with a bipolar parent, and 60 normal control families with 176 children. A 3-year followup was conducted on 84 percent of the sample, and an additional followup is underway. Our data include measures of: (1) psychological functioning of the parents; (2) the environment, including family functioning, marital adjustment, and parenting practices; (3) child adjustment, including peer, or teacher, parent, and self-ratings; (4) early signs or precursors to the development of schizophrenia or affective disorder, including cognitive slippage, attentional deficits, hedonic capacity, depressogenic attributional styles, and subsyndromal affective patterns. Considerable deviance in family functioning, expressed in conflict, marital discord, and parenting skills, was characteristic of the families with an ill parent, and this discord was related to child adjustment. Children with a schizophrenic parent showed multiple and extensive cognitive, attentional, and social impairments, and at the 18+ followup, 22.8 percent of them compared with 9.6 percent of the normal controls were assigned a DSM-III diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Gender differences in a clinic-referred sample of attention-deficit-disordered children.

This study of attention-deficit-disordered children revealed that females were more frequently retained in school and evidenced greater impairment on spatial memory tasks. Moreover, there was a trend for girls to be older at the time of referral. With age, the girls evidenced more severity across a wider array of measures, including cognitive functioning, poorer academic achievement, and more problems with peers.

Achievement↗
PubMed2026

Use of wearable technologies for physical activity promotion in older adults: A systematic review.

This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251055299), examined the use of wearable technologies for promoting physical activity (PA) in adults aged 60 years and older. Searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane) identified 2438 records, of which only six randomized controlled trials published between 2021 and 2025 met inclusion criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 36 to 551 participants and mean ages between 65 and 79 years. Given the small number of included studies, findings should be interpreted as preliminary. The studies ranged from the standalone use of commercial trackers (Fitbit, Polar, ActiGraph) to multicomponent interventions combining wearables with physiotherapist feedback, telephone counseling, web-based platforms, or interactive cognitive-motor training. Wearables used alone, as in the REACT trial, produced small or non-significant PA effects. In contrast, interventions integrating devices with personalized feedback, professional support, or digital platforms, such as PROMOTE and TASMANIA, were associated with more consistent improvements in PA, physical function, and cognitive outcomes. Multicomponent programs, such as PEER and ICMT, reported broader benefits, including cognition, balance, and reductions in sedentary behavior, though these findings derive from individual trials and require replication. Risk of bias, assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2 (RoB 2.0), was rated as "some concerns" for five studies and low for only one, mainly due to gaps in randomization reporting, missing data, and lack of preregistration. Tentatively, and based on a very limited evidence base, wearables may have greater impact when embedded within broader behavioral systems, incorporating feedback, coaching, or interactive components, rather than when used in isolation as passive monitoring tools. Adherence and psychosocial outcomes appeared related to comfort and perceived usefulness among older adults, though larger and more robust trials are needed to confirm these patterns.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Agreement between parents' and teachers' ratings of behavioral/emotional problems of children aged 4-12.

Parents' and teachers' reports of behavioral/emotional problems in 1161 children aged 4-12 from the general population and assessed via the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist were compared. Low to moderate agreement was found, with parents reporting more problems than teachers. Agreement was higher for externalizing problems than for internalizing problems and higher for children receiving special education than for those receiving regular education. Agreement was slightly higher for older than younger children. Sex of the child did not influence parent-teacher agreement. Teachers scored children higher on problems related to peer relations and on problems interfering with academic functioning, whereas parents scored their children higher on problems associated more strongly with externalizing than with internalizing syndromes.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1985

Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. XII. Smoking behaviour and its determinants in 12-18-year-old subjects.

The cross-sectional study of 1980 for atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents aimed at a wide coverage of the relevant relationships of the smoking behaviour to socioeconomic and psychosocial factors. The initiation and establishment of the smoking habits were primarily viewed as a function of the youngsters' main socializing agents: the peer group and the family. A subpopulation comprising 1,790 children and adolescents aged 12, 15 and 18 years of the total sample was included in the study on smoking behaviour. The information on smoking habits was collected in connection with the medical examination in a solitary room where the youngsters could respond undisturbed. Data on the children's families were obtained by means of a general questionnaire filled out by the parents. The prevalence of daily smoking was 1% in the 12-year-old, 10% in the 15-year-old, and 30% in the 18-year-old subjects. The best friend's behaviour was the best predictor of an adolescent's smoking behaviour, although the family had retained its role as an important model as regards the learning of smoking behaviour. Quitting school turned out to be a major event leading to an increased risk of becoming a habitual smoker. No clear associations between socioeconomic status of the family and daily smoking were found, except that farmers' children had generally lower rates of daily smoking than children from other socioeconomic groups. First contacts with tobacco formed part of a normal behaviour pattern at a certain age, and this experimentation was unrelated to a later regular habit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A professional recognition system using peer review.

The concept of a Professional Recognition System or a Clinical Ladder is not new. In fact, many models appear in the literature and have been implemented in hospitals across the country. However, few models contain the element of peer review. This article describes the development process, structure, and function of a Clinical Ladder program at a pediatric tertiary level hospital. The program grew out of a desire and recognized need on the part of the professional nursing staff to reward outstanding nursing care. Based on the concept of peer review, it underwent many revisions and revealed many lessons that can be put to use by other persons attempting to implement such a program.

California↗
PubMed1992

Five- to fifteen-year follow-up after Fontan operation.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to estimate survival and quality of outcome and assess factors associated with outcome for patients out 5 to 15 years from their Fontan operation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 352 patients who had the Fontan operation prior to 1985. The overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival was 77%, 70%, and 60%, respectively. The following factors were significantly associated with lower survival: univentricular heart or complex congenital anomalies other than tricuspid atresia, early calendar year of operation, heterotaxia syndromes, early age at operation, increased pulmonary artery pressure, atrioventricular valve dysfunction, and higher (worse) New York Heart Association class. Reoperations were necessary for 103 of the 352 patients. At least 20% of the survivors have or have had cardiac arrhythmias requiring antiarrhythmic medication or mechanical pacemaker insertion. Between 7% and 10% of the patients have had or had protein-losing enteropathy/hypoproteinemia. At 5 years postoperatively, 122 patients (34.7%) were alive with a better New York Heart Association functional classification than preoperatively. Fifty-eight patients (16.5%) were alive and in the same functional classification, but 126 (35.8%) died within the first 5 years or were in a worse functional classification. Thirty-nine patients were doing excellently and 29 patients poorly 5 years after the operation. Of the surviving patients, 43% can do as much exercise as their peers, whereas 3% are incapable of exercise. CONCLUSIONS: To assure good functional long-term outcome in addition to survival, clinicians must exclude from selection for Fontan operation patients known to be at high risk for death or poor outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Effects of the labels "mentally retarded" and "retard" on the social acceptability of mentally retarded children.

Effects of the labels "mentally retarded" and "retard" on fifth- and sixth-grade children's attitudes toward peers were studied. Results indicated that children's attitudes (feelings and behavioral intentions) were more positive toward the target child labeled "mentally retarded" than labeled "retard." The data also showed that children's reactions to the two labels were, in part, a function of the physical appearance and academic competence of the peer being rated. Children had the most negative attitudes toward a child labeled "retard" who appeared to be "normal." In contrast, children reacted favorably to the target child labeled "mentally retarded," even when he or she was academically incompetent. Finally, boys were more negative than were girls toward the target child, especially when the child was labeled "retard." Implications for the movement to abandon the use of labels were discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed1990

LD status and achievement: confounding variables in the study of children's social status, self-esteem, and behavioral functioning.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of achievement in explaining the poor social and behavioral functioning associated with LD status, and to evaluate potential gender differences in patterns of interpersonal functioning among youth with learning disabilities (LD) and nondisabled (NLD) youth. Thirty-two students with learning disabilities (21 boys, 11 girls) were matched with same-sex, same-race classmates whose reading achievement was low (LA) or average (AA), and these groups were compared on peer ratings of liking and disliking, perceptions of self-worth and social acceptance, and teacher ratings of conduct problems, anxiety-withdrawal, and attention problems. Students with learning disabilities were less accepted and less well-liked than children in the LA or AA groups and also perceived their self-worth and social acceptance to be lower than LA or AA students. Group by Sex interactions were apparent for several of the peer rating and behavioral variables, indicating that different patterns of social and behavioral functioning distinguished LD boys and LD girls from their NLD peers. The findings highlight the potential role of low achievement in peers' dislike of LD girls and suggest the importance of investigating well-defined subgroups of youth with LD in future research.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Training social initiations to a high-functioning autistic child: assessment of collateral behavior change and generalization in a case study.

The present case study used a multiple treatment design to assess the effects of two interventions--peer social initiations and target child initiations--on the social and disruptive behavior of a high-functioning autistic child. Intervention included initiation training and videotaped feedback highlighting successful and unsuccessful initiations. During Interventions 1 and 2, nonhandicapped peers were trained to initiate social interaction with the autistic child, resulting in an increase in social interaction which dramatically decreased in a reversal phase. Social interaction quickly increased again in Intervention 3 when the autistic child was trained to initiate interaction using the same procedures. During Interventions 1 and 2 no decrease in the autistic child's disruptive behaviors was observed; however during Intervention 3 these behaviors decreased to a low rate. Social validation, generalization, and maintenance of these behavior changes are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1983

Learning through observation: the effects of peer modeling on acquisition and generalization in autistic children.

The purpose of this study was to systematically determine whether low-functioning autistic children [MA of approximately half of their CA or less] could learn through observation by the use of a peer modeling procedure. Since modeling is less structured than traditional one-on-one procedures, it was also thought that modeling might facilitate subsequent generalization of tasks learned through observation. Four autistic children were taught two receptive labeling tasks. One task was taught by a traditional trial-and-error procedure, while the other task was taught by a modeling procedure wherein the models were other autistic children. Results indicated that all four children learned through observation of their peer model. Additionally, generalization and maintenance of correct responding were superior when the children learned through observation rather than by trial and error. These results are discussed in terms of the modeling literature, generalization issues, and implications for designing teaching settings for autistic children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of a double-layered support system.

This analysis focuses on the support functions of a social network consisting of the families, educational staff, and peers of 33 adolescent females. These women were lower-class school dropouts who joined the Israeli Army and--toward the end of their service--participated in a six-month intensive program of educational upgrading. The program was administered by the Israeli Army and operated by female soldiers close in age, but not in social background and education, to the program's participants. Data were collected by a semi-structured interview and analyzed in terms of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral support functions of the social network. Analysis shows that (1) whereas the educational staff and the peers provide the young women with all three types of support, their parents' is limited to some aspects of emotional support, and is conditional (to success); (2) the educational staff also induced the peers to act as supporters; and (3) as a result, the participants had access to a "double layer" of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral support, and benefited from being both recipients and providers of support, in the coping-enhancing conditions of sociocultural and situational similarity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Personality functioning and clinical presentation in early adolescence. II.

This study describes the presentation of early adolescents on clinical examination and its relation to personality function competence. As part of a longitudinal study 63 non-clinical subjects at age 13 underwent a semi-structured psychiatric interview. On the basis of their responses their phenomenology, attitudes, defence mechanisms and degree of relatedness to significant others were assessed independently and blindly by two psychiatrists. Our findings show that a significant minority of early adolescents have a definite personality function disturbance and that these adolescents differ from their more competent peers on a number of characteristics identifiable in a clinical interview. Such a relationship was observed in boys as well as girls, with girls presenting no greater amount of turmoil than boys. These results indicate that adolescents cannot be adequately described as a homogeneous group. Differences in individual personality functioning result in differences in the presentation and internal experience of the early adolescent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Delayed female sexual maturation. How to approach differential diagnosis.

Delayed sexual development is present when an adolescent girl fails to experience, at an age that is beyond the average for her peers, those pubertal events that are indexes of gonadal function. Adolescent girls whose sexual development is delayed can be divided into three groups: (1) those who have not menstruated but have well-developed secondary sexual characteristics, indicating that they have a functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian mechanism, (2) those with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics whose hypothalamus and pituitary are functional but who have ovarian failure, as indicated by high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), and (3) those with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics whose normal ovaries are not functioning because of a hypothalamic or pituitary disorder, as indicated by low or low normal serum FSH/LH levels (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism). There are, in addition, individuals with a female habitus and external female genitalia who were reared as females but have an XY karyotype and come to the physician with a complaint of delayed female sexual maturation.

Adolescent↗