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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Theophylline mitigates the bronchoconstrictor effects of sulfur dioxide in subjects with asthma.

The objective of the study was to investigate the ability of a sustained-release (SR) theophylline tablet (Uniphyl; Purdue Frederick Co., Norwalk, Conn.) to block or mitigate sulfur dioxide (SO2)-induced bronchoconstriction in adult subjects with asthma. Eight subjects participated in a double-blind, crossover study with a 400 mg theophylline tablet or placebo once a day for a week before a 10-minute SO2 challenge. FEV1 and total respiratory resistance (RT) were measured before and after the SO2 challenge and on a different day before and after an air exposure. After exposure to SO2, average values of FEV1 dropped 16% after placebo treatment and 7% after theophylline treatment. The corresponding percentages for RT were a 37% increase after placebo and a 7% increase after theophylline treatment. Analysis of variance demonstrated a significant difference between the SO2-induced decrease in FEV1 and increase in RT after SR theophylline treatment compared with that of placebo treatment. Thus, we conclude that SR theophylline tablets, taken at this concentration for 1 week, mitigate SO2-induced bronchoconstriction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pyruvate mitigates oxidative stress during reperfusion of cardioplegia-arrested myocardium.

BACKGROUND: Cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion of the myocardium imposes oxidative stress that could potentially inactivate metabolic enzymes and compromise energy production. This study determined the impact of cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion on activities of several oxidant-sensitive enzymes, and tested whether pyruvate, a natural metabolic fuel and antioxidant, mitigates oxidant stress, protects enzymes, and bolsters myocardial energy state after reperfusion. METHODS: In situ swine hearts were arrested for 60 minutes with 4:1 blood:crystalloid cardioplegia, and then reperfused for 3 minutes with cardioplegia-free blood with or without approximately 12 mM pyruvate. Tissue metabolites and enzyme activities were measured in left ventricular myocardium snap frozen at 45 minutes of arrest and 3 minutes of reperfusion. RESULTS: The 8-isoprostane content, a measure of lipid peroxidation, sharply increased upon reperfusion, coincident with a 70% decline in redox state of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione. Aconitase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities fell during arrest; creatine kinase and phosphofructokinase were inactivated upon reperfusion. Pyruvate suppressed 8-isoprostane formation, maintained glutathione redox state, and enhanced phosphocreatine phosphorylation potential, a measure of myocardial energy state, during reperfusion. Pyruvate reactivated creatine kinase and aconitase, which are at least partially mitochondrial enzymes, but did not protect the cytosolic enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of pyruvate upon reperfusion after cardioplegic arrest mitigates oxidative stress, protects mitochondrial enzymes and increases myocardial energy state. These results support therapeutic application of pyruvate-enhanced reperfusion to prevent cardiac injury after cardioplegic arrest.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

EGCG mitigates neurotoxicity mediated by HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat in the presence of IFN-gamma: role of JAK/STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection of the central nervous system occurs in the vast majority of HIV-infected patients. HIV-associated dementia (HAD) represents the most severe form of HIV-related neuropsychiatric impairment and is associated with neuropathology involving HIV proteins and activation of proinflammatory cytokine circuits. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) activates the JAK/STAT1 pathway, a key regulator of inflammatory and apoptotic signaling, and is elevated in HIV-1-infected brains progressing to HAD. Recent reports suggest green tea-derived (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can attenuate neuronal damage mediated by this pathway in conditions such as brain ischemia. In order to investigate the therapeutic potential of EGCG to mitigate the neuronal damage characteristic of HAD, IFN-gamma was evaluated for its ability to enhance well-known neurotoxic properties of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat in primary neurons and mice. Indeed, IFN-gamma enhanced the neurotoxicity of gp120 and Tat via increased JAK/STAT signaling. Additionally, primary neurons pretreated with a JAK1 inhibitor, or those derived from STAT1-deficient mice, were largely resistant to the IFN-gamma-enhanced neurotoxicity of gp120 and Tat. Moreover, EGCG treatment of primary neurons from normal mice reduced IFN-gamma-enhanced neurotoxicity of gp120 and Tat by inhibiting JAK/STAT1 pathway activation. EGCG was also found to mitigate the neurotoxic properties of HIV-1 proteins in the presence of IFN-gamma in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest EGCG attenuates the neurotoxicity of IFN-gamma augmented neuronal damage from HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat both in vitro and in vivo. Thus EGCG may represent a novel natural copound for the prevention and treatment of HAD.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed2005

Mitigation of azinphos-methyl in a vegetated stream: comparison of runoff- and spray-drift.

The effectiveness of aquatic macrophytes in reducing runoff- and spray-drift-induced azinphos-methyl (AZP) input was compared in a vegetated stream. Water, sediment and plant samples were taken at increasing distances from a point of input during a spray-drift event and two runoff (10 and 22 mm/day) events. Peak concentrations of AZP decreased significantly (R2=0.99; p<0.0001; n=5) from 0.24 microg/l to 0.11 microg/l during the 10mm runoff event. No reduction took place during the 22 mm event. AZP concentrations were reduced by 90% following spray-drift input, with peak concentrations decreasing significantly (R2=0.93; p=0.0084; n=5) from 4.3 microg/l to 1.7 microg/l with increasing distance from the point of input. Plant samples taken after the spray-drift event showed increased AZP concentrations in comparison to before the event indicating sorption of the pesticide to the macrophytes. Although peak concentrations of AZP were as effectively mitigated during the 10mm runoff event as during the spray-drift event, predictive modelling revealed that maximum concentrations expected during a worst-case scenario 10mm runoff event (0 days after application) are an order of magnitude lower than what can be expected for a worst-case spray-drift and 22 mm runoff event, suggesting that spray-drift-derived pesticide concentrations are more effectively mitigated than those of runoff.

Azinphosmethyl↗
PubMed2025

Targeting the bile acid receptor TGR5 with Gentiopicroside to activate Nrf2 antioxidant signaling and mitigate Parkinson's disease in an MPTP mouse model.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by classical symptoms including bradykinesia, rest tremor and rigidity. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are recognized as pivotal factors in PD progression. Gentiopicroside (GPS), a secoiridoid derived from Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa, exhibits antioxidant and mitophagy induction properties. Nonetheless, the effects and mechanisms by which GPS mitigates neurodegeneration in PD remain to be thoroughly elucidated. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of GPS in PD models. METHODS: We established the MPTP/MPP+-induced PD models to measure the neuroprotection of GPS. Transcriptomic analysis, oxidative biochemical kits, western blot and cell immunofluorescence were conducted to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms at play. Subsequently, the targeting and activation of the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor-5 (TGR5) by GPS were measured by molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay, microscale thermophoresis (MST) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) quantitation. Finally, we verified whether the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of GPS were dependent on TGR5 by using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), pharmacological antagonist and knockout mice. RESULTS: GPS significantly attenuated dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron loss and restored motor function in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model. Whole-genome RNA sequencing and subsequent mechanistic investigations revealed that GPS enhanced the expression and facilitated nuclear entry of factor erythroid-related 2-factor 2 (Nrf2), and reduced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction stimulated by neurotoxin. Additionally, GPS could target TGR5 and prevent its downregulation in PD model. TGR5's silencing or inhibition weakened the neuroprotective effect of GPS and blocked GPS-mediated activation of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling in PD model. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of GPS in mitigating motor deficits and neurodegeneration was also abolished in Tgr5 knockout mice. CONCLUSION: These findings collectively indicated that GPS targeted TGR5 to activate Nrf2 antioxidant signaling and ultimately ameliorated the pathological progression of PD.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Application of a system dynamics approach for assessment and mitigation of CO2 emissions from the cement industry.

A system dynamics model based on the dynamic interactions among a number of system components is developed to estimate CO(2) emissions from the cement industry in India. The CO(2) emissions are projected to reach 396.89 million tonnes by the year 2020 if the existing cement making technological options are followed. Policy options of population growth stabilisation, energy conservation and structural management in cement manufacturing processes are incorporated for developing the CO(2) mitigation scenarios. A 42% reduction in the CO(2) emissions can be achieved in the year 2020 based on an integrated mitigation scenario. Indirect CO(2) emissions from the transport of raw materials to the cement plants and finished product to market are also estimated.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2006

General equilibrium effects of a supply side GHG mitigation option under the Clean Development Mechanism.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is considered a key instrument to encourage developing countries' participation in the mitigation of global climate change. Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the energy supply and demand side activities are the main options to be implemented under the CDM. This paper analyses the general equilibrium effects of a supply side GHG mitigation option-the substitution of thermal power with hydropower--in Thailand under the CDM. A static multi-sector general equilibrium model has been developed for the purpose of this study. The key finding of the study is that the substitution of electricity generation from thermal power plants with that from hydropower plants would increase economic welfare in Thailand. The supply side option would, however, adversely affect the gross domestic product (GDP) and the trade balance. The percentage changes in economic welfare, GDP and trade balance increase with the level of substitution and the price of certified emission reduction (CER) units.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and atopic dermatitis-mitigating effects of BSASM, a multicompound preparation.

For effective management of atopic dermatitis (AD), it is important to introduce a therapeutic agent, which although having the fewest side effects, has the greatest anti-inflammatory effect. In the course of screening anti-inflammatory agents, we obtained BSASM, a mixture of several plant extracts. This study was designed to investigate the AD-mitigating effect of BSASM in patients, as well as its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in an in vitro experiment. The anti-inflammatory effects of BSASM were evaluated by the level of production of proinflammatory cytokines. Clinical evaluation was also done using eczema area severity index (EASI) score in AD patients. BSASM inhibited LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB promoter. In addition, LPS-induced an increase of IL-8, and the TNF-alpha production in THP-1 cells was also inhibited. These results suggest that BSASM has an anti-inflammatory activity. A clinical study in patients with AD showed that BSASM induced a reduction of EASI score, degree of pruritus, and TEWL on both the antecubital fossa and abdomen. Besides, BSASM had no irritative or allergic effects. Based on these results, we conclude that BSASM has anti-inflammatory and AD-mitigating effects.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Screening of surfactants for harmful algal blooms mitigation.

Screening experiments were conducted in order to find promising synthetic surfactants for harmful algal blooms (HABs) mitigation. The chemically synthesized surfactant cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) showed characteristics of relatively high inhibition efficiency, high biodegradability and low cost. The motility inhibition ratios of 10 mg/L CAPB on Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Alexandrium tamarense were about 60% after 5 min. The biodegradation test indicated that the half-life of CAPB in seawater was shorter than one day and 90% was biodegraded after five days under the initial concentration of 100 mg/L at 25 degrees C. Further cell lysis experiments revealed the selective lysis effect of CAPB on different HAB organisms. More than 90% of C. polykrikoides lysed at the concentration of 10 mg/L CAPB after 24 h and at 15 mg/L CAPB after 4 h, whereas the lysis effect of CAPB on A. tamarense was slight, no more than 10% after 2 h interaction with 50 mg/L CAPB. This research provided preliminary data for CAPB as a candidate in harmful algal blooms mitigation and pointed out unresolved problems for its practical application in the meantime.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Local delivery of a viral vector mitigates neutralization by antiviral antibodies and results in efficient transduction of rabbit liver.

Antiviral antibodies within the human population remain a barrier to the effective clinical use of viral gene transfer vectors. We have asked whether local, balloon catheter-mediated delivery of a viral vector to the rabbit liver using a hepatic vein might mitigate the neutralizing effects of antiviral antibodies. We have compared directly the ability of adenovirus (Ad2) encoding nuclear-localized beta-galactosidase to infect the rabbit liver after local and systemic delivery in both the presence and the absence of defined anti-Ad2 antibody titers. In naive rabbits, local delivery resulted in higher beta-galactosidase expression compared to systemic delivery. In the presence of passively administered anti-Ad2 antibodies, local delivery resulted in expression levels that were comparable to those obtained in naive rabbits by systemic delivery. Local delivery also resulted in the majority of expression originating from hepatocytes, even in passively immunized animals, a result that could not be duplicated using the systemic approach. Since systemic delivery of adenovirus in naive animal models results in transgene expression levels often regarded as therapeutic, these results predict that local hepatic vein delivery of a viral vector is a clinically practical approach to mitigate neutralizing antiviral antibodies and generate therapeutic levels of transgene expression.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1998

Heat treatment mitigates calcification of valvular bioprostheses.

BACKGROUND: Several techniques have been proposed to mitigate calcification of glutaraldehyde-preserved bioprostheses. None has been fully satisfactory. Knowing that heat induces significant molecular changes, we investigated the potential benefit of the heat treatment of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues. METHODS: Samples of porcine valves and bovine pericardium treated in 0.625% glutaraldehyde were submitted to temperatures from 37 degrees to 70 degrees C for 2 to 12 weeks and then implanted subcutaneously in newborn rats for 3 months. In a second protocol, nine heat-treated porcine valve bioprostheses and seven control porcine valve bioprostheses were implanted in the mitral position in sheep for 20 weeks. RESULTS: Spectrophotometry and x-ray analysis comparing heat-treated versus non-heat-treated tissues showed the following: porcine valve: 6.7+/-2.3 microg Ca/mg (n = 8) versus 239.9+/-2.9 /g Ca/mg (n = 8); bovine pericardium: 19.5+/-8 microg Ca/mg (n = 6) versus 108+/-10.3 microg Ca/mg (n = 8); and porcine valve bioprostheses: 0 versus ++. CONCLUSIONS: Heat treatment of glutaraldehyde-treated bioprostheses significantly mitigated calcification in both subcutaneous and mitral position.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Risk-mitigating beliefs, risk estimates, and self-reported speeding in a sample of Australian drivers.

PROBLEM: Research suggests that people who engage in risk-taking behaviors often hold specific beliefs that can mitigate or reduce their perceptions of risk associated with those behaviors. METHOD: A scale was developed (Speeding Risk Belief Scale (SRBS)) to assess beliefs about speeding-related risk and predict self-reported speeding in a random-digit telephone survey of 800 South Australian drivers between the ages of 16 and 50. RESULTS: The scale was internally consistent, and path analyses showed it to be associated with self-reported speeding, both directly and indirectly through participants' estimates of speeding-related risk. DISCUSSION: Origins of risk-mitigating beliefs and the extent to which they may be causally linked with speeding are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This research has strong implications for the conduct of countermeasure campaigns that disseminate information on speeding-related risk.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Mitigation of chlorpyrifos runoff using constructed wetlands.

Constructed wetlands have been proposed as a potential best management practice (BMP) to mitigate effects of pesticide-associated agricultural runoff. Wetland mesocosms (14 m x 59-73 m) were amended with chlorpyrifos to simulate a storm runoff event at concentrations of 73, 147 and 733 microg/l. Water, sediment and plant samples collected weekly for 12 weeks indicated that chlorpyrifos rapidly sorbed to sediment and plant material, with approximately 47-65% of measured chlorpyrifos mass retained within the first 30-36 m of wetland mesocosms. Of the measured mass, approximately 55% and 25% were retained by sediments and plants, respectively. A field-scale evaluation of a constructed wetland's mitigation capability was performed in the Lourens River watershed of Cape Town, South Africa. Results indicate that the wetland was able to retain and considerably decrease the concentration (and hence toxicity) of chlorpyrifos and suspended sediment entering the receiving waterbody (Lourens River). This research provides fundamental answers concerning constructed wetland capabilities that are necessary for constructing field-scale systems within agricultural watersheds.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Results and conclusions of the Austrian radon mitigation project 'SARAH'.

The Austrian radon mitigation joint research project SARAH (supported by the Austrian Ministry of Economy and the Government of Upper Austria), a 2-year follow-up study of the Austrian National Radon Project (ONRAP), was started in 1996. The objectives of the research project were to find simple, cost-effective experimental methods for the characterisation of the radon situation in dwellings and to evaluate technically and economically the implementation of state of the art remedial actions for Austrian house types. After an intercomparison exercise of the assigned radon measuring instruments and detectors five houses were closely examined in regions with elevated radon levels in the federal state of Upper Austria. In this research work for the first time an extended Blower-Door method (which is conventionally used for determining the tightness of buildings) was successfully applied to radon diagnosis of buildings. In this paper the methods used for the radon diagnosis, the applied mitigation measures and the related technical and economical aspects are discussed. In conclusion of the results of this project a common strategy for solving the radon problem in Austria in the future is presented briefly.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2001

Mitigation of bioprosthetic heart valve degeneration through biocompatibility: in vitro versus spontaneous endothelialization.

BACKGROUND: Glutaraldehyde-related cytotoxicity and transanastomotic ingrowth inhibition prevent the spontaneous endothelialization of bioprosthetic heart valves. In order to evaluate the ability of improved biocompatibility to reduce tissue degeneration, conventionally fixed aortic root prostheses were both glutaraldehyde-detoxified and in vitro endothelialized. METHODS: Entire aortic roots were fixed in 0.2% glutaraldehyde (GA) (control group) and either detoxified in acetic acid-buffered urazole (0.1 M) or detoxified and in vitro lined with cultured, autologousjugular vein endothelial cells. The valved roots were inserted in the distal aortic arch of 15 juvenile Merino sheep for a period of 12 weeks. Upon explant, leaflets, sinuses and aortic wall of the prostheses were analysed by SEM to assess the surface endothelium, histologically regarding tissue inflammation, and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the content of tissue calcium. RESULTS: There was no endothelium on control grafts, except for a short anastomotic pannus. The detoxified group showed an incomplete patchy endothelium on the aortic wall but hardly any on the leaflets, whereas, the in vitro lined group had aortic wall, sinuses and most of the leaflets confluently endothelialized. Tissue inflammation was prominent in the control group and least expressed in the endothelialized group (p < 0.05). Detoxification significantly reduced leaflet calcification. In the aortic wall, both detoxification and endothelial lining were required to significantly mitigate calcification. CONCLUSION: In the 12 week circulatory sheep model, the calcium mitigating effect of detoxification was more pronounced than that of in vitro endothelialization. Nevertheless, there was a distinct overall benefit if detoxification was combined with endothelialization.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Constructed wetlands for mitigation of atrazine-associated agricultural runoff.

Atrazine was amended into constructed wetlands (59-73x14x0.3 m) for the purpose of monitoring transport and fate of the pesticide to obtain information necessary to provide future design parameters for constructed wetlands mitigation of agricultural runoff. Following pesticide amendment, a simulated storm and runoff event equal to three volume additions was imposed on each wetland. Targeted atrazine concentrations were 0 microg/l (unamended control), 73 microg/l, and 147 microg/l. Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected weekly for 35 days from transects longitudinally distributed throughout each wetland and were analyzed for atrazine using gas chromatography. Between 17 and 42% of measured atrazine mass was within the first 30-36 m of wetlands. Atrazine was below detection limits (0.05 microg/kg) in all sediment and plant samples collected throughout the duration of this study. Aqueous half lives ranged from 16 to 48 days. According to these data, conservative buffer travel distances of 100-280 m would be necessary for effective runoff mitigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of the effectiveness of downward water sprays for mitigating gaseous chlorine releases in partially confined spaces.

Water sprays are sometimes used as a means of mitigating accidental releases of chlorine gas. This paper gives results of a series of small-scale experimental field tests on the mitigation of chlorine gaseous releases (about 1kg/min) by various downward water sprays. The releases were from a cylinder of liquefied chlorine located in a storage shed. The shed could be configured to simulate confined and semi-confined installations used at public swimming pools. The water sprays were located in the shed. During these tests, different types of spray nozzles and storage configurations were tested under various atmospheric conditions, in order to select the best water spray. It was shown that the best chlorine downstream concentration reduction (factor 3-5 at 10m) was achieved with a flat fan water spray for the semi-confined configuration. Poor absorption in water was observed (<1%). The highest absorption (roughly 5%) was obtained with a fog water spray for the confined configuration. This is expected since chlorine is a low soluble gas. It has been evidenced for the confined configuration, that even if reduction of concentration has been observed (factor 2), downstream concentration remains very high (>10,000ppm), and above critical level of toxicity. Consequently, the use of water sprays in this case without additives to promote absorption seems to be inefficient.

Absorption↗
PubMed2003

Long-term recombinant porcine somatotropin (PST) treatment mitigates the responses to subchronic lipopolysaccharide in swine.

The effect of multiple lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges in swine undergoing long-term treatment with porcine somatotropin (PST) was determined. Changes in aspartate serine transaminase (AST) occurred only at 24h following the first LPS challenge dose (P<0.05), while PST treatment moderated any change from occurring. Nonesterified free fatty acid (NEFA) levels were elevated in PST treated animals for the first 3 days following daily LPS treatment (P<0.05), while LPS treatment alone had no effect on plasma NEFA levels. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) levels were unchanged by LPS following the initial LPS challenge, but were decreased following the second challenge dose (P=0.014). These changes were long lasting, with a return to normal PUN levels not evident until Day 6. The PST treatment mitigated changes in PUN (P<0.05) when LPS was administered. Haptoglobin plasma levels, along with lipid peroxide production were not affected by LPS challenge or PST administration. LPS challenge reduced the levels of immunoreactive heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) throughout the entire challenge period (P<0.001). PST-LPS animals had normal levels of this protein. The results of the present study demonstrate that long-term PST treatment mitigates the adverse effects of subchronic LPS administration.

Animals↗