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PubMed2006

Parental longevity, carotid atherosclerosis, and aortic arterial stiffness in adult offspring.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We examined the associations of parental longevity with carotid intima-media thickness, carotid plaques, and aortic arterial stiffness in adult offspring. METHODS: A population of 1117 volunteers who participated in the SUVIMAX Vascular Study (mean age, 59.7 years; 49.0% women) were included. Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV) was used to assess aortic stiffness. Carotid B-mode ultrasound examination included measurements (at sites free of plaque) of intima-media thickness at the common carotid arteries and assessment of atherosclerotic plaques in the extracranial carotid arteries. RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid plaques in subjects whose fathers had died at <65 years, in those whose fathers were alive at 65 years but who had died by 80 years, and in those whose fathers were alive at 80 years was 40.4%, 30.4%, and 28.9%, respectively (P<0.001). The multivariate odds ratios of carotid plaques in the 3 groups of paternal longevity, adjusted for conventional cardiovascular risk factors, were 1, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.48 to 0.96), and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.98), respectively. The mean common carotid arteries intima-media thickness was higher in subjects with premature paternal death in univariate (P<0.007) but not in multivariate (P=0.39) analyses. Mean PWV decreased with increasing paternal longevity in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The multivariate-adjusted means of PWV in the 3 groups of paternal longevity were 11.9+/-0.14, 11.7+/-0.12, and 11.0+/-0.12 m/s (P<0.0001), respectively. In contrast, neither B-mode ultrasound measurements nor PWV measurements were associated with maternal longevity. CONCLUSIONS: These results may indicate that there are modifications of structure and function of large arteries according to paternal longevity.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Lipoprotein particle profiles mark familial and sporadic human longevity.

BACKGROUND: Genetic and biochemical studies have indicated an important role for lipid metabolism in human longevity. Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians and their offspring have large low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles as compared with control individuals. This profile also coincided with a lower prevalence of disease. Here, we investigate whether this observation can be confirmed for familial longevity in an outbred European population and whether it can be extended to sporadic longevity in the general population. METHODS AND FINDINGS: NMR-measured lipoprotein profiles were analyzed in 165 families from the Leiden Longevity Study, consisting of 340 long-lived siblings (females >91 y, males >89 y), 511 of their offspring, and 243 partners of the offspring. Offspring had larger (21.3 versus 21.1 nm; p = 0.020) and fewer (1,470 versus 1,561 nmol/l; p = 0.011) LDL particles than their same-aged partners. This effect was even more prominent in the long-lived siblings (p < 10(-3)) and could be pinpointed to a reduction specifically in the concentration of small LDL particles. No differences were observed for HDL particle phenotypes. The mean LDL particle sizes in 259 90-y-old singletons from a population-based study were similar to those in the long-lived siblings and thus significantly larger than in partners of the offspring, suggesting that the relevance of this phenotype extends beyond familial longevity. A low concentration of small LDL particles was associated with better overall health among both long-lived siblings (p = 0.003) and 90-y-old singletons (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that LDL particle profiles mark both familial and sporadic human longevity already in middle age.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis and drosophila aging: introgression of Drosophila simulans mtDNA modifies longevity in D. melanogaster nuclear backgrounds.

Under the mitochondrial theory of aging, physiological decline with age results from the accumulated cellular damage produced by reactive oxygen species generated during electron transport in the mitochondrion. A large body of literature has documented age-specific declines in mitochondrial function that are consistent with this theory, but relatively few studies have been able to distinguish cause from consequence in the association between mitochondrial function and aging. Since mitochondrial function is jointly encoded by mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear genes, the mitochondrial genetics of aging should be controlled by variation in (1) mtDNA, (2) nuclear genes, or (3) nuclear-mtDNA interactions. The goal of this study was to assess the relative contributions of these factors in causing variation in Drosophila longevity. We compared strains of flies carrying mtDNAs with varying levels of divergence: two strains from Zimbabwe (<20 bp substitutions between mtDNAs), strains from Crete and the United States (approximately 20-40 bp substitutions between mtDNAs), and introgression strains of Drosophila melanogaster carrying mtDNA from Drosophila simulans in a D. melanogaster Oregon-R chromosomal background (>500 silent and 80 amino acid substitutions between these mtDNAs). Longevity was studied in reciprocal cross genotypes between pairs of these strains to test for cytoplasmic (mtDNA) factors affecting aging. The intrapopulation crosses between Zimbabwe strains show no difference in longevity between mtDNAs; the interpopulation crosses between Crete and the United States show subtle but significant differences in longevity; and the interspecific introgression lines showed very significant differences between mtDNAs. However, the genotypes carrying the D. simulans mtDNA were not consistently short-lived, as might be predicted from the disruption of nuclear-mitochondrial coadaptation. Rather, the interspecific mtDNA strains showed a wide range of variation that flanked the longevities seen between intraspecific mtDNAs, resulting in very significant nuclear x mtDNA epistatic interaction effects. These results suggest that even "defective" mtDNA haplotypes could extend longevity in different nuclear allelic backgrounds, which could account for the variable effects attributable to mtDNA haplogroups in human aging.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1993

Sinistrality and reduced longevity: Reichler's 1979 data on baseball players do not indicate a relationship.

Halpern and Coren's 1988 results concerning the longevity of sinistral and dextral baseball players have been used to support the idea that sinistrality is associated with reduced longevity. Halpern and Coren stated that they used Reichler's 1979 The Baseball Encyclopedia, which has longevity data through 1978, as their source. Apparent errors in reporting findings from that source suggested the possible value of analyzing Reichler's 1979 data. That analysis indicated findings that did not confirm Halpern and Coren's 1988 findings. Coren, however, related in 1992 that, although Halpern and Coren used Reichler as their source, they considered longevity data only through 1974. We therefore contend that the present findings represent what Halpern and Coren would have found had they considered Reichler's longevity data through 1978. Procedures used to analyze baseball player's longevity and the possible value of and potential problems with an updated baseball study are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Bioeconomic evaluation of sow longevity and profitability.

Sow production indicators, including litter size, litter weight, and the length of time that sows remained in the herd (sow longevity), were used to characterize sow performance and profitability. Sow longevity and production records from 148,568 sows in 32 commercial herds from Central Illinois from January 1995 to May 2001 were analyzed using survival and repeatability models, respectively. The factors studied included sow genetics (32 genetic lines), with eight major lines present in multiple herds, and the combination of herd and year of entry in the herd. The largest difference in longevity between the major genetic lines was approximately one parity. There were differences (P < 0.05) in the instantaneous sow removal rate or hazard from the major lines. These differences constitute evidence that sow longevity could be improved by using replacements from specific genetic lines. The net present value per sow (present value of future cash flows and the present value of the sow) was used to evaluate the effect of sow longevity and production traits on economic returns. Assuming a zero discount rate per parity, genetic lines with longer herd life resulted in greater profit than genetic lines with shorter herd life. This difference was reduced with increasing discount rates and was reversed with high discount rates and low net income per litter. These results suggest that the magnitude of the economic improvement attained through the use of sow genetic lines with longer longevity depends on the economic context under which the evaluation is made.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Genetic evaluation for longevity of Dutch dairy bulls.

Parameters needed for survival analysis of longevity records of cows to predict breeding values of their sires were estimated with data on Dutch Black and White and Red and White cows. The heritabilities of functional productive life were 0.041 and 0.036 on the log scale for Black and White and Red and White cows, respectively. Although the heritabilities and other parameters differed between both breeds, the resulting breeding values were hardly affected: the correlation between breeding values of Red and White bulls using either Red and White parameters or Black and White parameters was 0.992. Genetic correlations between the direct breeding value for functional longevity (based solely on longevity of sires' daughters) and breeding values for conformation, health, and fertility traits were calculated. Several alternative selection indices were investigated using these correlations. Based on the resulting reliabilities, it was concluded that the Dutch breeding value for functional longevity should be based on longevity, rump angle, teat placement, udder depth, feet and legs, and somatic cell count. The index was expressed on a scale with average of 100 and a standard deviation of 4 points (at 80% reliability). The economic value was Dfl. 65 per genetic standard deviation, which was 0.46 times the economic value of INET (Net Milk Revenue Index). For the breeding value for functional longevity that was first published in August 1999, slight modifications in the model were made.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Progress in the research of genes related to human longevity].

Human longevity is the result of combined actions by many factors including genetics, environment and so on. Although longevity can take its natural course, it can be extended with social and scientific advances. This review presents the recent progress in longevity studies, especially on the research of longevity related genes in model species. It also summarizes the research of longevity related genes in humans in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genome. The prospect and strategy of human longevity research is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Correlation of human longevity oscillations with sunspot cycles.

An examination of past human mortality trends revealed that the mean longevity of birth cohorts from 1740 to 1900 for United States of America (U.S.) Congressional Representatives exhibited oscillations that coincided with the 9- to 12-year sunspot cycle. Cohort mean longevities were 2-3 years greater during times of low sunspot activity than at peak activity. This phenomenon was confirmed in data from members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament and from University of Cambridge alumni. An additional longevity oscillation with a longer period was visible in the data and may also be related to sunspot cycles. The amplitude and frequency modulations in the longevity and sunspot oscillations aligned when a 20-year phase shift was incorporated. This shift requires the existence of a lag between solar changes and the affected birth cohorts. Several possible causes of the effect are discussed, in particular: radiation on primordial germ cells in developing embryos; influenza epidemics and pandemics; and weather. The size of the longevity oscillation requires that the solar effect must be considered in studies that examine longevity trends and risk estimation.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1995

Lines of mice selected for reproductive longevity.

Two lines of mice selected for reproductive longevity were compared with one unselected control line to examine longevity and lifetime performance such as number of parturitions during lifetime. Mice were pair mated at about 8 weeks of age and cohabited throughout life. Litter size was reduced to eight at birth in selected line 121 and unselected control line 221, but not in selected line 141. At generation 16, the average number of days from mating to the last parturition was 240.8, 243.0 and 134.6 for lines 121, 141 and 221, respectively. Selected lines 121 and 141 had 80% and 93%, respectively, greater number of parturitions during their lifetimes than the control line. Mean litter size at the early stage of reproduction was similar in the selected and control lines, but persistency of reproduction differed markedly. The average number of young born alive per breeding pair during a lifetime was 77.2, 82.8 and 45.9 for lines 121, 141 and 221, respectively. Data from the short-lived half of the mouse lines showed that mean lifespan was 17% longer in the selected lines 121 and 141 (377.5 and 436.5 days, respectively) than the control line 221 (346.8 days), and phenotypic and genetic correlations between reproductive longevity and lifespan were in the neighbourhood of 0.75 and 0.25, respectively. It was concluded that reproductive longevity was improved through selective breeding and lifespan increased as a correlated response to selection for increased reproductive longevity. The mouse lines derived from this study represent a unique mammalian model for studying various aspects of aging and longevity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling seed longevity in rice ( Oryza sativa L.).

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling seed longevity in rice were identified using 98 backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from a cross between a japonica variety Nipponbare and an indica variety Kasalath. Seeds of each BIL were kept for 12 months at 30 degrees C in dry conditions to promote loss of viability. To measure seed longevity, we performed an additional aging-processing treatment for 2 months at 30 degrees C maintaining seeds at 15% moisture content. We measured the germination percent of these treated seeds at 25 degrees C for 7 days as the degree of seed longevity. The germination of BILs ranged from 0 to 100% with continuous variation. Three putative QTLs for seed longevity, qLG-2, qLG-4 and qLG-9, were detected on chromosome 2, 4 and 9, respectively. Kasalath alleles increased the seed longevity at these QTLs. The QTL with the largest effect, qLG-9, explained 59.5% of total phenotypic variation in BILs. The other two QTLs, qLG-2 and qLG-4, explained 13.4 and 11.6% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. We also verified the effect of the Kasalath allele of qLG-9 using chromosome segment substitution lines. Furthermore, QTLs for seed dormancy were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7 and 11. Based on the comparison of the chromosomal location of QTLs for seed longevity and seed dormancy, these traits seem to be controlled by different genetic factors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Elevated mitochondrial superoxide promotes longevity through a mitochondria-to-nucleus kinase signaling pathway.

The reactive oxygen species superoxide is generated by mitochondria during the process of producing energy. While superoxide can cause oxidative damage to the cell, we and others have shown that a mild increase in mitochondrial superoxide extends longevity in multiple model organisms. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, we identified transcriptional changes in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase deletion mutants (sod-2 worms) using RNA sequencing. sod-2 mutants exhibit a number of changes in nuclear gene expression resulting from elevated mitochondrial superoxide suggesting that mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling is contributing to their longevity. Gene ontology enrichment analysis demonstrated that genes involved in innate immunity and cuticle formation are significantly upregulated in sod-2 worms. To identify kinases involved in this lifespan-extending pathway, we completed a targeted RNA interference screen to examine the contribution of selected kinases to sod-2 longevity. From this screen, we found 25 kinases which are required for the long lifespan of sod-2 mutants including mak-2, which has a role in a kinase signaling pathway involved in axon regeneration. Disruption of mak-2 specifically reduces sod-2 lifespan but not wild-type longevity and also decreases resistance to multiple exogenous stressors. In examining other genes that act with mak-2 in established signaling pathways, we identified a SEK-3/PMK-3/MAK-2/CEBP-1 signaling pathway that is specifically required for sod-2 longevity but not wild-type lifespan. Combined these results suggest a novel role for kinases with established roles in axon regeneration in promoting longevity through a mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling pathway.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

The influence of high versus normal impedance ventricular leads on pacemaker generator longevity.

As pacemaker generator longevity is dependent on current consumption and resistance of the pacing lead, the use of a high impedance pacing lead theoretically results in an extension of battery longevity. Therefore, the effect of high versus standard impedance ventricular leads on generator longevity was studied. In 40 patients (21 women, age 73 +/- 13 years) with a standard dual chamber pacemaker indication, a bipolar standard impedance ventricular lead was implanted in 20 patients, the remaining patients received a bipolar high impedance lead in a randomized fashion. All patients received identical pacemaker generators and atrial leads. The estimated longevity of the generator was calculated automatically by a programmed pacemaker algorithm. After a mean follow-up of 39 +/- 4.8 months, no significant differences were observed with respect to mean pacing and sensing thresholds of the atrial and ventricular leads in both groups. However, the high impedance leads displayed a significantly higher impedance and a significantly lower current drain as compared to standard impedance leads (1,044 +/- 139 vs 585 +/- 90 Omega, and 2.2 +/- 0.4 vs 4.3 +/- 1.1 mA). The extrapolated generator longevity was significantly longer in the high impedance lead group, as compared to the standard impedance lead group (107.3 +/- 8.5 vs 97.6 +/- 9.0 months; P = 0.02). In conclusion, implantation of a high impedance lead for ventricular pacing results in a clinically relevant extension of generator longevity.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Sublethal effects of insecticides on adult longevity and fecundity of German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

The effects of sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, and hydramethylnon on adult longevity and fecundity of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), were investigated. Longevity of males declined linearly with increasing doses of insecticide. An LD50 of cyfluthrin decreased male longevity by 52%, whereas an LD50 of hydramethylnon reduced male longevity by 81%. Longevity of females increased linearly with increasing sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos, whereas all doses of both cyfluthrin and hydramethylnon decreased longevity of females. Fecundity increased linearly with increasing sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos. Number of oothecae formed, oothecae hatched, and number of offspring produced in each ootheca increased with increasing sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. In contrast, fecundity declined with increasing sublethal concentrations of cyfluthrin and hydramethylnon. Formation of the first ootheca occurred approximately 8 d after mating for untreated females but generally longer with sublethal concentrations of all insecticides. The period between oothecae hatch and the formation of subsequent oothecae increased with successive oothecae in all treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Mutant alleles at the rugosus loci in pea affect seed moisture sorption isotherms and the relations between seed longevity and moisture content.

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutant near-isogenic lines (RRrbrb, rrRbRb, rrrbrb) with lower starch but higher lipid contents, brought about by lesions in the starch biosynthetic pathway, had seed moisture sorption isotherms displaced below that of the wild type (RRRbRb). The negative logarithmic relationship between seed longevity and seed storage moisture content (%, f.wt basis), determined in hermetic storage at 65 degrees C, also differed: longevity in the mutant near-isogenic lines was poorer and less sensitive to moisture content than in the wild type (i.e. C(W) was lower). The low-moisture-content limit (m(c)) to this relation also differed, being lower in the mutant near-isogenic lines (5.4-5.9%) than in the wild type (6.1%). In contrast, all four near-isogenic lines showed no difference (P >0.25) in the negative semi-logarithmic relationship between equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) and seed longevity. It is concluded that the effect of these alleles at the r and rb loci on seed longevity was largely indirect; a consequence of their effect on seed composition and hence on moisture sorption isotherms. However, this explanation could not be invoked at moisture contents below m(c) where differences in longevity remained substantial (RRRbRb double that of rrrbrb). Hence, these mutant alleles affected seed longevity directly at very low moisture contents.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Is there a role for oligosaccharides in seed longevity? An assessment of intracellular glass stability.

We examined whether oligosaccharides extend seed longevity by increasing the intracellular glass stability. For that purpose, we used a spin probe technique to measure the molecular mobility and glass transition temperature of the cytoplasm of impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) seeds that were osmo-primed to change oligosaccharide content and longevity. Using saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that the rotational correlation time of the polar spin probe 3-carboxy-proxyl in the cytoplasm decreased, together with longevity, as a function of increasing seed water content, suggesting that longevity may indeed be regulated by cytoplasmic mobility. Osmo-priming of the seeds resulted in considerable decreases in longevity and oligosaccharide content, while the sucrose content increased. No difference in the glass transition temperature was found between control and primed impatiens seeds at the same temperature and water content. Similarly, there was no difference in the rotational motion of the spin probe in the cytoplasm between control and primed impatiens and bell pepper seeds. We therefore conclude that oligosaccharides in seeds do not affect the stability of the intracellular glassy state, and that the reduced longevity after priming is not the result of increased molecular mobility in the cytoplasm.

Oligosaccharides↗
PubMed1966

Effect of gibberellic Acid on elongation and longevity of coleus petioles.

The effects of gibberellic acid on the longevity and elongation of variously aged, debladed petioles of Coleus blumei were studied, with particular reference to the hypotheses 1) that auxin increases longevity by increasing growth, and 2) that gibberellic acid acts by increasing the endogenous levels of auxin.Gibberellic acid, substituted for the leaf blades, significantly decreased longevity of younger petioles, as measured by days or hours to abscission. Gibberellic acid also decreased the longevity resulting from 0.1% indoleacetic acid. This is the opposite of the effect expected if it is increasing auxin levels in the petiole.In its effect on elongation of younger petioles, however, gibberellic acid did act in the direction expected if it were increasing effective levels of auxin in the petiole. The elongation rate from 0.1% gibberellic acid plus 0.1% indoleacetic acid in lanolin was as large or larger than that for 1.0% indoleacetic acid.Petioles which were 10 or more weeks old (i.e., at positions 5+ below the apical bud were not affected by 0.1% gibberellic acid in either longevity or rate of elongation, with or without 0.1% indoleacetic acid. Since 1.0% indoleacetic acid increases both longevity and elongation rate of these petioles over 0.1% indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid is clearly not acting on older petioles as if it were increasing effective auxin levels).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

The impact of automatic threshold tracking on pulse generator longevity in patients with different chronic stimulation thresholds.

Automatic adjustment of the stimulation output of pacemakers to changing stimulation thresholds using the Autocapture feature increases patient safety and decreases energy consumption. This study examined the impact of Autocapture on pulse generator longevity in patients with different chronic stimulation thresholds. Eighty patients (mean age 79 +/- 9 years; 37 men, 43 women) with Pacesetter Regency SR+ pacemakers were included in the study. Data were collected before discharge of the patients from the hospital, 6-12 weeks postimplant, and then every 6-12 months. Pulse generator longevity was calculated theoretically, assuming 100% stimulation with a stable threshold, at a pacing rate of 65 +/- 6 beats/min and 1% backup pulses. Theoretical pulse generator longevity was calculated for low (< 1 V), intermediate (> or = 1 V and < 2 V), and high (> or = 2 V) stimulation thresholds. Pulse generator longevity was compared among three groups: (A) Autocapture programmed On, (B) Autocapture programmed Off, (C) theoretical calculations using thresholds of patients in group A with the stimulation voltage programmed at twice pacing threshold, or at a minimum of 2.4 V. The mean follow-up time since implantation was 19 +/- 8 months. The calculated longevity benefits for patients in group A were 36%, 59%, and 30% compared to group B, and 19%, 32%, and 49% compared to group C in patients with low, intermediate, and high chronic stimulation thresholds, respectively. Theoretical calculations based on chronic stimulation thresholds in our patient population with Regency SR+ pacemakers suggest that Autocapture may markedly prolong pulse generator longevity in patients with a broad range of long-term pacing thresholds.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[The research of related factors affecting the longevity of double chamber cardiac pacemaker].

OBJECTIVE: To research the related factors affecting the dual chamber cardiac pacemaker (PM) longevity, and provide the clinical basis for the PM reasonable application and design. METHODS: From 1991, 71 patients with AVB or SSS who used 9 kinds of dual-chamber PM were followed up. Every installed PM's related parameters, such as sensing electric current, resistance and pacing electric voltage, which may affect the PM longevity voltage had been recorded regularly. At the end point of survey, according to the related parameters of patients and PMs, the 71 patients were grouped into several groups. Then the related parameters were analyzed by statistical methods. RESULTS: The average of PM service life is 111 months +/- 19 months. Patient's basal heart rate, battery capacity, pacing electric voltage, pacing frequency, resistance, threshold value, pulse width and sensing electric current had all affected the PM's longevity (all P < 0.05) counted by Wilcoxon (Gehan) test. Sensing electric current (P = 0.000, RR = 3.072, 95% CI = 2.130 - 4.429), pacing electric voltage (P = 0.040, RR = 2.121, 95% CI = 1.126 - 3.998) and resistance (P = 0.049, RR = 1.786, 95% CI = 1.007 - 3.169) were the important predicting indictors of the PM longevity by Cox'proportional hazard risk regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Sensing electric current, pacing electric voltage and resistance are the important affecting factors of the PM longevity. Patient's basal heart rate, battery capacity, pacing frequency, threshold value and pulse width have influence of different degree on dual-chamber PM longevity.

Adult↗