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Results for “learning and memory”

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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1967

Magnesium pemolone: lack of facilitation in human learning, memory, and performance tests.

Either a placebo or 25 or 37.5 milligrams of magnesium pemoline was administered on a doubleblind basis to three intelligencematched groups of normal, adult males. Learning and 24-hour retention tests included verbal learning, motor learning, and classical conditioning. Short-term memory tests were administered through both the visual and auditory modalities. Arm-hand steadiness and visual reaction time performance tests were included. The only measures revealing significant group differences showed the performance of subjects given pemoline was inferior to that of subjects given a placebo.

Central Nervous System Stimulants↗
PubMed1993

Effects of psychoactive drugs or stress on learning, memory, and performance as assessed using a novel water maze task.

A novel water maze was used to assess the potential performance-disrupting effects of psychoactive drugs and stressors (4 mg/kg amphetamine sulfate; 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg diazepam; 30 mg/kg caffeine; 5 or 30 mg/kg atropine sulfate; 15 min of either intermittent foot-shock, forced running, or immobilization). The task utilized a traditional type of maze with walls and doorways set inside a pool. The apparatus could easily be reconfigured to present different mazes of approximately equal difficulty by opening or closing multiple doorways. Performance was measured by number of errors and time required to swim from the "start" to "finish" (a raised platform not in the rat's line of sight). After initial maze training, rats were divided into two groups. One group ran three daily trails through the same maze each day; this group was used to assess memory. The second group was challenged to swim three consecutive trials in a new maze configuration each day as a measure of learning. On any given day, rats from both groups received the same treatment. Drug or stress treatments were interspersed with vehicle or no-treatment trials days. The new maze task was more sensitive than the well-learned maze to the performance disrupting effects of amphetamine, caffeine, and diazepam, while atropine had no significant effect on performance on either maze. Foot-shock stress impaired performance on both mazes, while the other stressors had no significant effect.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

The effects of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus on behavior, emotional memory, and learning in rats.

Status epilepticus (SE) can cause spatial learning, memory, and behavioral deficits; however, little information is available, especially regarding the effects of such seizures on emotional memory and learning functions. We investigated the effects of SE on emotional memory, learning, and behavior in mature rats over short and long periods. SE was induced in 50- to 60-day-old rats (P50-P60) using intraperitoneal injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, n = 20); control rats received saline (n = 10). All animals were tested with elevated T-maze and open-field tests on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 180th days after SE to evaluate emotional memory, learning, and behavior. The number of fecal boli increased, and one-way escape latency was long in a short period after SE. PTZ-induced SE causes transient memory deficits, which is related to unconditioned fear, but it did not cause any persistent abnormalities of behavior, emotional memory, and learning in mature rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Disruption of drug-dependent learning (memory retrieval) using an ethanol drug state: a replication.

Eight groups (n = 8 per group) of rats were trained to escape foot shock by turning in the correct direction in a T-maze and 24 h after reaching criterion all groups were tested with no foot shock. The four experimental groups were given alternating drug and nondrug test days while the four control groups always experienced the same drug state in training and in testing. Two experimental groups (transfer) heard a 1 kHz tone that was simultaneously paired with foot shock during training, and the tone continued to be sounded on all test trials. These two groups responded significantly (P less than 0.05) above random level with low response latencies on all days of testing, regardless of drug state. The other two experimental groups (DDL) did not receive the tone, and these groups demonstrated dissociated performance. The present study, using 2400 mg/kg ethanol, replicated the DDL and memory retrieval results of our previous chlordiazepoxide studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of tuftsin and its analog on learning, memory and exploratory behavior in rats].

On Wistar male rats the influence of tetrapeptide tuftsin and its analogue TP-1 (300 mkg/kg, i/p) on animals behaviour was studied. It is shown that administration of peptides increases the rat's exploratory activity. Activating influence of TP-1 was continued for 6 h. Daily multiple administration of tuftsin or TP-1, 15 min prior to the beginning of experiments facilitates the learning and stability of conditioned reaction with food reinforcement. Experimental animals react significantly weaker than the control ones to emotionally negative influence, produced by a sharp reduction of the amount of alimentary reinforcement control.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The sectored foraging field: a novel design to quantify spatial strategies, learning, memory, and emotion.

Although Norway rats are naturally gregarious, males typically live alone at some point during adulthood. Different social ecologies often require different learning strategies and also modulate response to stressors and gonadal development. To measure effects of the social environment on the interaction between cognition and emotion during aging, we focused on a natural learning context and devised the sectored foraging field, a progressively difficult spatial navigation task. Here, we describe how this apparatus and protocol permits multiple learning strategies in a minimally stressful environment, enabling finely graded analyses of cognition and emotionality. Male Sprague-Dawley rats living alone throughout adulthood adopted a sex-typic discernible spatial strategy. In contrast, males housed in group contexts utilized an algorithmic kinesthetic strategy, repeating the same motor action until they found food. Removal of food and distal, but not local cues, elicited anxious alertness, particularly in group-housed males. Cognitive performance of group-housed rats subsequent to food and cue removal was significantly impaired, yet enhanced in isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Influence of an interpolated non-related motor task on short- and long-term memory learning and retention of a gross motor skill.

A control group of young men (N = 28) continuously practiced climbing a free-standing ladder for 20 1-min. "trials" separated by 1-min. rests; after a 1-wk. layoff they practiced 5 additional trials. The learning trend, of the exponential form, y = c - a1e -kx1 - a2e -kx2 was not affected by the layoff. Another group (N = 28) performed the skill in the same manner, except that prior to the layoff the 1-min. Rests were replaced with practice on the pursuit rotor task. This caused a cumulative learning deficit and forgetting during the layoff. Progressive improvement in 5 post-layoff trials (without the rotor) established relearning and overcame the deficit. These effects were statistically significant. They were thought to be caused by the rotor practice interfering with just-learned ladder skill consolidation, so that the gain in skill was not processed into long-term memory.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Inducible and reversible enhancement of learning, memory, and long-term potentiation by genetic inhibition of calcineurin.

The threshold for hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity and memory storage is thought to be determined by the balance between protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mediated by the kinase PKA and the phosphatase calcineurin. To establish whether endogenous calcineurin acts as an inhibitory constraint in this balance, we examined the effect of genetically inhibiting calcineurin on plasticity and memory. Using the doxycycline-dependent rtTA system to express a calcineurin inhibitor reversibly in the mouse brain, we find that the transient reduction of calcineurin activity facilitates LTP in vitro and in vivo. This facilitation is PKA dependent and persists over several days in vivo. It is accompanied by enhanced learning and strengthened short- and long-term memory in several hippocampal-dependent spatial and nonspatial tasks. The LTP and memory improvements are reversed fully by suppression of transgene expression. These results demonstrate that endogenous calcineurin constrains LTP and memory.

Animals↗