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PubMed1991

Determination of the etching surface of metal frameworks in resin-bonded prostheses.

The aim of electrolytic etching of the metal framework of resin bonded retainers is a microretentive surface. The results of metal etching depend on various factors such as metal alloy, casting conditions, etching solution, and constant electrolytical conditions. Precise knowledge of the inner metal surface is necessary for an exact setting of the current density per time unit. The indirect method of copying the contours from tinfoil to graph paper reduced the error rate to a mean value of +/- 2.3 mm2. This practical method of determining the metal surface before etching can be accomplished without complicated equipment.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2026

Network methods for diagonal integration of unpaired single-cell multiomics data: a review.

MOTIVATION: Advances in single-cell sequencing have enabled multiomics profiling at unprecedented resolution; however, mass spectrometry-based single-cell proteomics (scMS) remains inherently destructive, precluding simultaneous transcriptomic capture. Unlike antibody-based methods such as CITE-seq, which permit paired profiling but are restricted to targeted protein panels, scMS provides unbiased, genome-scale coverage of the intracellular proteome yet necessitates post hoc integration of unpaired datasets. This diagonal integration challenge, where transcriptomes and proteomes are measured in separate cells lacking shared anchors, remains underserved by existing reviews, which focus predominantly on vertical integration strategies enabled by non-destructive assays. RESULTS: We survey the complete computational pipeline for constructing mechanistic proteogenomic networks from unpaired single-cell data, covering: (i) unimodal network inference such as knowledge-based approaches, probabilistic graphical models, temporal directionality inference, and generative and foundation model strategies that establish the transcriptomic scaffold; (ii) cross-modal integration architectures such as network propagation, graph neural networks (scMRDR, scmFormer, scCotag), and consensus frameworks designed explicitly for the unpaired proteomics setting; and (iii) benchmarking paradigms spanning network reconstruction (BEELINE, GRETA, CausalBench) and multi-task integration evaluation (scMultiBench, SCMMIB), with guidance on metric selection under network sparsity and class imbalance. We identify three principal axes of future development: generative proteomic translation from transcriptomic precursors, inductive prior embedding in next-generation architectures, and perturbation-based causal benchmarking. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: This is a review article; no novel software is distributed. A curated benchmark resource table, methods starter guide, and per-method bottleneck annotations are provided in the Supplementary Material.

Multiomics↗
PubMed1975

[Radioisotopic examination and diagnosis of dryness of the mouth].

The clinical and sialographic opposition between true xerostomia (with continuous disorders) and paradoxical asialia (with inter-prandial disturbance, but sparing mealtime) led the authors to analyze these patient's scintigraphic scannings. A kinetic study of excretion was carried out with gamma-camera recording of intensity and glandular activity: the information thus obtained was set down in a numerical integration block and dealt with by computer. A graph of activity was plotted for each gland showing: - a phase of ascending concentration followed by a plateau corresponding to excretion at rest; - a phase of excretion provoked by a gustatory stimulus (physiological) with a very rapidly descending graph. It is possible to establish a ratio of glandular activity/blood activity at maximum concentration and maximum excretion. From the graphs thus obtained it is possible to perfectly differentiate true xerostomia (no excretion even with stimulation) from paradoxical asialia (no plateau of excretion at rest, but stimulus effective). A better knowledge of "dryness of the mouth" should enable better adapted therapy.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1994

Representations of metabolic knowledge: pathways.

The automatic generation of drawings of metabolic pathways is a challenging problem that depends intimately on exactly what information has been recorded for each pathway, and on how that information is encoded. The chief contributions of the paper are a minimized representation for biochemical pathways called the predecessor list, and inference procedures for converting the predecessor list into a pathway-graph representation that can serve as input to a pathway-drawing algorithm. The predecessor list has several advantages over the pathway graph, including its compactness and its lack of redundancy. The conversion between the two representations can be formulated as both a constraint-satisfaction problem and a logical inference problem, whose goal is to assign directions to reactions, and to determine which are the main chemical compounds in the reaction. We describe a set of production rules that solves this inference problem. We also present heuristics for inferring whether the exterior compounds that are substrates of reactions at the periphery of a pathway are side or main compounds. These techniques were evaluated on 18 metabolic pathways from the EcoCyc knowledge base.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Computer-assisted assignment of peptides with non-standard amino acids.

A comprehensive peptide assignment program and its application to a cyclic peptide, cyclosporin A, are presented in this paper. A group of graph theoretical algorithms using fuzzy logic are discussed with the aid of examples from cyclosporin A. The algorithms deal with heavily overlapped peaks, recover disjointed and distorted spin coupling networks, and include strategies for sequence-specific assignment. A procedure to extend the Protein Knowledge Base for automatically assigning non-standard amino acid residues is also presented. The program is capable of completely automated assignment for small peptides (approximately 20 residues). For such molecules, it is insensitive to whether the peptide chain is cyclic or acyclic, and to whether amide protons are present or absent. For larger peptides/proteins, more user interaction is required and the sequence-specific assignment step usually must proceed through fragments smaller than the full length to avoid problems due to occurrence of a combinatorial explosion. The program can be applied as a rigorous tool to check manual assignments. The fuzzy graph theoretical concepts built in the program are illustrated with 2D proton spectra of a peptide, but may be extended to higher-dimensional spectra, other biopolymers, natural products and other organic structures.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Suicide rates and methods in different age groups: Australian data and perceptions.

OBJECTIVES: The two major aims of this study were (1) to assess senior medical students' knowledge of the age pattern of suicides in Australia, and (2) to note changes in the pattern of suicide in recent years. DESIGN: (1) Two groups of medical students were asked to graph the age distribution of Australian male and female suicides. (2) Suicide statistics (up to 1994) were provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS: (1) Only 40% of the 75 medical students were aware that suicide in Australia is much more frequent among males. Only two of the 75 drew graphs that were similar to the true pattern. (2) The male rate of suicide at age 20-40 years was almost 35 per 100000 in 1989-94; above 80 years it was nearly 40 per 100000. The female suicide rate of all age groups from 20 years to late old age was about 7 per 100000. The most striking changes in method of suicide in Australia in recent years have been the doubling of male rates of suicide by hanging and car exhaust fumes, increases being greater in younger age groups. Elderly females are more likely than younger females to use hanging as a means of suicide. CONCLUSIONS: Male suicide rates peak in young adulthood and (higher) in late old age. Senior medical students were unaware of the true age and sex patterns of suicide in Australia. Treating depressions and preventing suicides of elderly people (as well as of young people) should be top priorities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A temporal extension to the parsimonious covering theory.

In this paper, parsimonious covering theory is extended in such a way that temporal knowledge can be accommodated. In addition to causally associating possible manifestations with disorders, temporal relationships about duration and the time elapsed before a manifestation comes into existence can be represented by a graph. Precise definitions of the solution of a temporal diagnostic problem as well as algorithms to compute the solutions are provided. The medical suitability of the extended parsimonious cover theory is studied in the domain of food-borne disease.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1984

Automated computer evaluation of time-varying cryomicroscopical images.

A system has been developed to perform automatic computerized recognition, tracking, and quantitative morphological analysis of viable cells in freezing solutions. Cryomicroscopical image sequences of freezing cells are digitized and analyzed by computer. Image-processing techniques are used which are insensitive to contrast fluctuations from image to image, and which perform well even in noisy, cluttered images. The generalized Hough transform is used for shape detection, and a heuristic graph-search boundary completion algorithm is applied for shape extraction. The extracted cell shape may be analyzed for changes in cross-sectional area, perimeter length, shape deformation, and other metrics of interest. Knowledge from the shape-extraction phase is used to form a prediction of what shape the cell will be in the next image frame, and thus what to look for in the next shape-detection phase. This combination of knowledge-feedback with a powerful shape-detection technique produces an automatic, dynamic shape-recognition scheme capable of accurate recognition and analysis of the cells regardless of how deformed they may become during the freezing sequence. Example performance of the system is illustrated for a series of micrographs of freezing granulocytes.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1999

A method of estimating fetal dose during brain radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: To develop a simple method of estimating fetal dose during brain radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: An anthropomorphic phantom was modified to simulate pregnancy at 12 and 24 weeks of gestation. Fetal dose measurements were carried out using thermoluminescent dosimeters. Brain radiation therapy was performed with two lateral and opposed fields using 6 MV photons. Three sheets of lead, 5.1-cm-thick, were positioned over the phantom's abdomen to reduce fetal exposure. Linear and nonlinear regression analysis was used to investigate the dependence of radiation dose to an unshielded and/or shielded fetus upon field size and distance from field isocenter. RESULTS: Formulas describing the exponential decrease of radiation dose to an unshielded and/or shielded fetus with distance from the field isocenter are presented. All fitted parameters of the above formulas can be easily derived using a set of graphs showing their correlation with field size. CONCLUSION: This study describes a method of estimating fetal dose during brain radiotherapy, accounting for the effects of gestational age, field size and distance from field isocenter. Accurate knowledge of absorbed dose to the fetus before treatment course allows for the selection of the proper irradiation technique in order to achieve the maximum patient benefit with the least risk to the fetus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

PLNMFG: Pseudo-label guided non-negative matrix factorization model with graph constraint for single-cell multi-omics data clustering.

The development of single-cell multi-omics sequencing technologies has enabled the simultaneous analysis of multi-omics data within the same cell. Accurate clustering of these cells is crucial for downstream analyses of complex biological functions. Despite significant advances in multi-omics integration approaches, current methodologies exhibit two major limitations. First, they inadequately incorporate prior biological knowledge from various omic layers. Second, these methods often conduct independent dimensionality reduction on individual omic datasets, thereby failing to capture the intrinsic complementary information and potentially overlooking crucial cross-platform interactions. Motivated by these, this study investigates a non-negative matrix factorization model called PLNMFG, which integrates the unified latent representation learning that retains the features between and within omics and the cluster structure learning that retains the intrinsic structure of the data into one joint framework. Specially, PLNMFG performs adaptive imputation to handle dropout events and uses prior pseudo-labels as constraints during the process of collective non-negative matrix factorization, as a result, a more robust latent representation that preserves the double similarity information is obtained. Graph Laplacian constraint is applied during clustering which further preserves structure characteristic of multi-omics data. In addition, the weight of each omic is adaptively learned based on the omic contribution. A series of experiments on 8 benchmark datasets show that our model performs well in terms of clustering accuracy and computational efficiency.

Single-Cell Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Gray-scale skeletonization of small vessels in magnetic resonance angiography.

Interpretation of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is problematic due to complexities of vascular shape and to artifacts such as the partial volume effect. We present new methods to assist in the interpretation of MRA. These include methods for detection of vessel paths and for determination of branching patterns of vascular trees. They are based on the ordered region growing (ORG) algorithm that represents the image as an acyclic graph, which can be reduced to a skeleton by specifying vessel endpoints or by a pruning process. Ambiguities in the vessel branching due to vessel overlap are effectively resolved by heuristic methods that incorporate a priori knowledge of bifurcation spacing. Vessel paths are detected at interactive speeds on a 500-MHz processor using vessel endpoints. These methods apply best to smaller vessels where the image intensity peaks at the center of the lumen which, for the abdominal MRA, includes vessels whose diameter is less than 1 cm.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Developmental dyslexia: a motor-articulatory feedback hypothesis.

Reading is mediated by parallel and widely distributed modular systems. There are, therefore, multiple loci in these systems where dysfunction may lead to developmental dyslexia. However, most normal children learn to read using the alphabetic system. Learning to use this system requires awareness that words are comprised of a system of speech sounds (phonological awareness) and the knowledge of how to convert letters (graphemes) into these speech sounds (phonemes). Most dyslexic children have deficient phonological awareness and have difficulty converting graphemes into phonemes. Studies of patients with acquired lesions who are unable to convert graph-emes into phonemes, as well as positron emission tomographic studies of normal subjects, suggest that the left inferior frontal lobe is important in phonologic reading. Phonetic gestures are represented in the brain as invariant motor commands that program the articulators. Phonologic reading may activate the left inferior frontal lobe because grapheme-to-phoneme conversion requires activation of these motor-articulatory gestures. Dyslexic children are unaware of the position of their articulators during speech. The inability to associate the position of their articulators with speech sounds may impair the development of phonological awareness and the ability to convert graphemes to phonemes. Unawareness of their articulators may be related to programming or feedback deficits.

Auditory Pathways↗
PubMed2000

Verbal and visual causal arguments.

The present paper analyzes how verbalizations and visualizations can be used to justify and dispute causal claims. The analysis is based on a taxonomy of 27 causal arguments as they appear in ordinary language. It is shown how arguments from spatio-temporal contiguity, covariation, counterfactual necessity, and causal mechanisms, to name only a few, are visualized in persuasive uses of tables, graphs, time series, causal diagrams, drawings, maps, animations, photos, movies, and simulations. The discussion centers on how these visual media limit the argumentative moves of justifying, disputing, and qualifying claims; how they constrain the representation of observational, explanatory, and abstract knowledge in the premises of causal arguments; and how they support and externalize argument-specific inferences, namely generalizations, comparisons, mental simulations, and causal explanations.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Automatic derivation of initial match points for paired digital images of skin.

Computerized matching of skin images has been suggested as a means of screening for changes indicative of malignant melanoma. Matching or "registering" each lesion in a pair of images plays an important role in this process. Point-pattern matching algorithms based upon correlation or geometric transformations of the image pairs have been shown to be effective for this registration but require knowledge of one or more "initial match" points which are known to be the same on both images. A method is described for automatically finding these initial match points with a high degree of success. Our algorithm uses the so-called "Gabriel graph" representation of the paired images to select sets of probable matching points. Performance of the algorithm has been measured in realistic trials, using images of patients with large numbers of pigmented lesions. Results show that the single best match chosen is correct greater than 99% of the time, while over 93% of the first three consecutive matches will be chosen correctly. It is likely that these results can be improved through the use of additional nonpositional information or additional image processing.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

A pattern catalogue of surgical interventions for computer-supported operation planning.

In this paper we present a new operation planning system which was evaluated in the clinic for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial-Surgery at the University of Heidelberg. In opposite to commercial systems our goal was, that the system considers the complete surgical intervention and not only a single procedure of it. A second goal was, that the system enables managing of complex operations, independent of which way the intervention will be intraoperatively performed (without technical support, with passive navigation support or active support by robots). Our system supports the surgeon during the preoperative planning as well as during the intraoperative execution phase. Therefore we developed a course model by which the managing of surgical interventions is possible. The focus of this paper is on this course model. At first we introduce instruction graphs and describe the structure of each activity observing its attributes and their context. Additionally, various surgical scopes will be presented which enable the surgeon to select one view among different ones of the individual operation procedures in accordance to medical and technical knowledge as well as in accordance to different degrees of abstraction. At last we demonstrate operation patterns, used as expert knowledge.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2026

Evolution of maize recombination landscape during domestication.

Despite the plethora of knowledge about the benefits of meiotic recombination and numerous theoretical studies examining how recombination rates evolve, there is a general lack of empirical support and consensus across species. To fill this knowledge gap, we characterized the evolution of recombination landscape in maize during its domestication from teosinte and related the observed changes to established theoretical frameworks. Through examining recombination in experimental populations of maize and teosinte and the population genomics approach of identifying historical recombination events using ancestral recombination graph inference to generate saturated maize and teosinte recombination maps, we found that during domestication, maize experienced a 12% increase in its genome-wide recombination rate. Furthermore, maize evolved higher recombination rates on the long arms of chromosomes in regions closer to centromeres, where recombination is generally very low. The repatterning of crossover events came from changes in global crossover positioning rather than alterations in cis-acting chromatin factors. Consequently, we found evidence of selection acting on trans-acting recombination modifiers affecting crossover interference and controlling the interference-dependent class I crossover pathway. We show that CO repatterning was likely beneficial for maize fitness, as significant recombination rate increases were predominantly in gene-rich regions, which harbor domestication-related variation. This work suggests genomic and mechanistic processes leading to the evolution of meiotic recombination landscape in response to directional selection pressure and provides evidence for the evolutionary advantage of recombination.

Zea mays↗
PubMed1986

A graphical method for forecasting radiation exposure from multi-aged fallout from nuclear weapons.

After a nuclear attack it may be necessary for emergency workers, such as firemen, utility workers and medical personnel, to perform urgent tasks in areas highly contaminated by radioactive fallout. To assist the control of radiation exposure of these workers, it will be useful to provide means to forecast radiation exposures both inside and outside the fallout shelter. The method described in this paper is intended for use during the first few days to weeks after the attack, after which time more sophisticated methods may become available. This method requires only a radiation-rate meter, special graph paper, and a timepiece. Communications with Emergency Operating Centers or other sources of information are not necessary. The method permits the determination of the age of fallout and future exposure rates for a location that might be subjected to a number of different fallout clouds, without requiring knowledge of the weapon yields or times of detonation. This method will provide results with less accuracy if different-aged fallout clouds arrive simultaneously. The method is self-correcting so that if the actual decay rate is different than that which is assumed, the forecasted rates will have less error than results obtained by previous methods.

Nuclear Warfare↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Symbolic anatomic knowledge representation in the Read Codes version 3: structure and application.

The Read Thesaurus (Version 3 of the Read Codes) is a controlled medical vocabulary produced during the Clinical Terms Projects with the involvement of over 2,000 health care professionals from all United Kingdom specialties. In addition to allowing the transfer of clinical information in a meaningful way, it supports analysis of this information and provides a basis for the development of shareable medical knowledge bases. The thesaurus includes a comprehensive, dynamic set of over 7,000 gross anatomic concepts richly linked in a network with over 16,000 operative procedures and 40,000 disorders. The representation of anatomic concepts aims to balance the requirements for expressivity, clearness, and simplicity. The underlying directed acyclic graph hierarchy is independent of the alphanumeric code and enables continued refinement and expansion. A template table allows semantic definition, qualification, and linkage of concepts.

Anatomy↗