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PubMed2005

Molecular typing of epidemic and nonepidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates and differentiation of V. cholerae and V. mimicus isolates by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.

AIMS: To examine the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to differentiate epidemic and nonepidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates as well as to differentiate V. cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates. METHODS AND RESULTS: By both PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and PCR-SSCP analysis of groEL-I on chromosome 1 and groEL-II on chromosome 2, V. cholerae isolates gave distinct profiles compared with V. mimicus isolates. In addition, PCR-SSCP analysis of groEL-I and groEL-II could differentiate between V. cholerae epidemic and nonepidemic isolates. Interestingly, the relationships among strains based on groEL-I from chromosome 1 and groEL-II from chromosome 2 were congruent with each other, highlighting the conserved evolutionary history of both chromosomes in this species. CONCLUSIONS: PCR-SSCP is a powerful typing technique, which has the ability to differentiate V. cholerae and V. mimicus isolates. The epidemic V. cholerae O1/O139 serogroup isolates represent a clonal complex distinct from non-O1/non-O139 isolates that can be identified by PCR-SSCP analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study highlights the effectiveness of using reliable molecular typing methods and in particular PCR-SSCP, to identify genetic variation among V. cholerae and V. mimicus isolates.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Incremental value of isolating the right inferior pulmonary vein during pulmonary vein isolation procedures in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Electrical isolation of the left superior, left inferior, and right superior pulmonary veins (PVs) is often, but not always, effective in eliminating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). The incremental clinical value of also isolating the right inferior PV has not been well defined. PV isolation by ostial applications of radiofrequency energy guided by PV potentials was performed in 176 consecutive patients (mean age 52 +/- 11 years) with PAF. The left superior, left inferior, and right superior PVs were targeted in 106 patients, and all four PVs were targeted 70 patients. Successful isolation was achieved in 96% of targeted PVs. The mean duration of follow-up was 15 +/- 7 months. At 1-year follow-up, 58% of patients in whom three PVs were isolated were free of recurrent PAF in the absence of antiarrhythmic drug therapy, compared to 73% of patients in whom all four PVs were isolated (P = 0.07). There is a trend towards a better outcome when all four PVs are isolated than when only the three major PVs are isolated. Whenever feasible, the right inferior PV should be isolated along with the other three PVs during the first ablation procedure in patients with PAF.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: comparison of isolates from avian wildlife, domestic animals, and the environment in Norway.

The molecular epidemiology of 142 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from avian wildlife, domestic animals, and the environment in Norway was investigated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and computerized numerical analysis of the data. The bacterial isolates comprised 79 isolates from wild-living birds, including 46 small passerines and 26 gulls, and 63 isolates of nonavian origin, including 50 domestic animals and 13 environmental samples. Thirteen main clusters were discernible at the 90% similarity level. Most of the isolates (83%) were grouped into three main clusters. These were further divided into 20 subclusters at the 95% similarity level. Isolates from passerines, gulls, and pigeons dominated within five subclusters, whereas isolates from domestic animals and the environment belonged to many different subclusters with no predominance. The results support earlier results that passerines constitute an important source of infection to humans in Norway, whereas it is suggested that gulls and pigeons, based on PFGE analysis, represent only a minor source of human serovar Typhimurium infections. Passerines, gulls, and pigeons may also constitute a source of infection of domestic animals and feed plants or vice versa. Three isolates from cattle and a grain source, of which two were multiresistant, were confirmed as serovar Typhimurium phage type DT 104. These represent the first reported phage type DT 104 isolates from other sources than humans in Norway.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Extended virulence genotype of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates carrying the afa-8 operon: evidence of similarities between isolates from humans and animals with extraintestinal infections.

The afimbrial AfaE-VIII adhesin is common among Escherichia coli isolates from calves with intestinal and/or extraintestinal infections and from humans with sepsis or pyelonephritis. The virulence genotypes of 77 Escherichia coli afa-8 isolates from farm animals and humans were compared to determine whether any trait of commonality exists between isolates of the different host species. Over half of the extraintestinal afa-8 isolates were associated with pap and f17Ac adhesin genes and contained virulence genes (pap, hly, and cnf1) which are characteristic of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). PapG, which occurs as three known variants (variants I to III), is encoded by the corresponding three alleles of papG. Among the pap-positive strains, new papG variants (papGrs) that differed from the isolates with genes for the three adhesin classes predominated over isolates with papG allele III, which in turn were more prevalent than those with allele II. The data showed the substantial prevalence of the enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin gene (east1) among afa-8 isolates. Most of the afa-8 isolates harbored the high-pathogenicity island (HPI) present in pathogenic Yersinia; however, two-thirds of the HPI-positive strains shared a truncated HPI integrase gene. The presence of ExPEC-associated virulence factors (VFs) in extraintestinal isolates that carry genes typical of enteric strains and that express O antigens associated with intestinal E. coli is consistent with transfer of VFs and O-antigen determinants between ExPEC and enteric strains. The similarities between animal and human ExPEC strains support the hypothesis of overlapping populations, with members of certain clones or clonal groups including animal and human strains. The presence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bovine afa-8 strains among such clones may represent a potential public health risk.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2005

Isolation and characterization of staphylococci from external auditory meatus of dogs with or without otitis externa with special reference to Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans isolates.

Staphylococci were isolated from the external auditory meatus in 14 (48.3%) of 29 dogs affected with otitis externa (OE dogs) and 28 (68.3%) of 41 dogs without OE (non-OE dogs). Twenty-two OE isolates were identified as belonging to 12 species, and 42 non-OE isolates were identified as belonging to 13 species. The predominant species found in both OE and non-OE isolates were S. intermedius, and S. epidermidis. Thirty-eight (59.4%) of 64 isolates were resistant to one or more of the 17 antimicrobial agents tested. Resistance to PCG and ABPC was most frequent. S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, a recent etiologic agent of canine OE, was isolated from OE and non-OE dogs. All of the 5 S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans isolates showed typical characteristics. No clear difference in the extracellular enzyme or toxin profiles, nor in the PFGE patterns, was demonstrated between the OE and non-OE isolates of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. A new PCR primer set specific for 16S rDNA was designed to identify strains of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. The amplified fragment was detected in all of the 5 isolates as well as the type strain GA 211 (=JCM 7470) and a reference strain GA 11, but was not detected in any strains of the related species, S. aureus, S. intermedius and S. hyicus. The PCR may allow a simple, rapid and precise identification of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, in addition to the standard tube test for free coagulase.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Detection of seven virulence and toxin genes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Danish turkeys by PCR and cytolethal distending toxin production of the isolates.

A total of 117 Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Danish turkeys were tested for the presence of seven virulence and toxin genes by PCR. One hundred seventeen (100%) isolates were positive for flaA, cadF, and ceuE gene primers. One hundred three (88%) isolates were positive for cdt gene cluster PCR detection (cdt gene cluster-PCR), whereas 101 (86.3%), 102 (87.2%), and 110 (94%) isolates were positive for cdtA-, cdtB-, and cdtC-PCR, respectively. Only 39 (33.3%) isolates were positive for virB11. Of 117 isolates, 114 (97.4%) produced cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) in Vero cell assays, 105 (89.7%) in Colon 205 assays, and 109 (93.2%) in chicken embryo cell assays. The CDT titers were determined in Vero cell assays. Of 117 isolates, 50 (42.7%) produced a CDT titer of 1:100, 29 (24.8%) of 1:50, and 27 (23%) of 1:5 to 1:10; 8 (6.8%) produced a CDT titer at undiluted supernatants and 3 (2.6%) produced no toxin. Twenty-nine C. jejuni isolates that were PCR negative for one or more individual cdt toxin genes also produced low or no CDT toxin. The high prevalence of the seven virulence and toxin genes demonstrates that these putative pathogenic determinants are widespread among Campylobacter isolates from turkeys and calls for further investigation for the elimination of Campylobacter infection in industrial turkey production and in industrial food chains.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Bacteria isolated from surgical infections and their susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents. Special references to bacteria isolated between April 1997 and March 1998].

The annual multicenter studies on isolated bacteria from infections in general surgery and their antimicrobial susceptibility have been conducted in 19 facilities in Japan since July 1982. This paper describes the results obtained during the period from April 1997 to March 1998. The number of cases investigated as objectives was 215 for one year. A total of 420 strains (170 strains from primary infections and 250 strains from postoperative infections) were isolated from 174 cases (80.9% of total cases). In primary infections, the isolation rate of anaerobic bacteria was higher than in postoperative infections, while in postoperative infections, those of aerobic Gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were higher than in primary infections. Among aerobic Gram-positive bacteria, the isolation rate of Enterococcus faecalis was the highest, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, which was frequently isolated from postoperative infections. Among anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, Peptostreptococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were commonly isolated from both types of infections. Among aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli was most predominantly isolated from primary infections, followed by P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae in this order, and from postoperative infections, P. aeruginosa was most predominantly isolated, followed by E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Among anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis group was the majority of isolates from both types of infections. We found neither vancomycin nor arbekacin resistant strains of S. aureus, and found no vancomycin resistant strains of Enterococcus spp. The susceptibility of P. aeruginosa against carbapenems did not decline in the year 1997, while resistance of B. fragilis group against cephems advanced increasingly.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

[Bacteria isolated from surgical infections and their susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents. Special references to bacteria isolated between April 1998 and March 1999].

The annual multicenter studies on isolated bacteria from infections in general surgery and their antimicrobial susceptibility have been conducted in Japan since July 1982. This paper describes the results obtained in fiscal 1998 (from April 1998 to March 1999). The number of cases investigated as objectives was 225 for one year. A total of 429 strains (121 strains from primary infections and 308 strains from postoperative infections) were isolated from 183 cases (81.3% of total cases). In primary infections, the isolation rates of anaerobes and Escherichia coli were higher than in postoperative infections, while in postoperative infections, those of Gram-positive aerobes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were higher than in primary infections. On the whole, among Gram-positive aerobes, the isolation rate of Enterococcus faecalis was the highest, followed by Staphylococcus aureus with high frequency in isolation from postoperative infections. Among Gram-positive anaerobes, Peptostreptococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were predominantly isolated. Among Gram-negative aerobes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae were frequently isolated. Among Gram-negative anaerobes, Bacteroides fragilis group was the majority of isolates. In primary infections, the percentage of Gram-negative aerobes has gradually increased since fiscal 1995 or 1996 with these years as the turning point, while those of Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes have gradually declined. In postoperative infections, the percentage of Gram-negative anaerobes has increased continuously since the mid-1980s. The percentage of MRSA among S. aureus rose to 89.7%, which was the highest level since the beginning of this study. The susceptibilities of B. fragilis, which did not show apparent changes, were recognized to have decreased against cephems in fiscal 1998. Among other bacteria in B. fragilis group, development of resistance to cephems has continued on a long-term basis since the mid-1980s. E. coli and K. pneuminiae have obviously not changed in susceptibilities, however, the susceptibilities of isolated strains in fiscal 1998 against high-generation cephems, oxacephems and monobactams have declined. We found neither vancomycin-resistant nor teicoplanin-resistant strains of S. aureus and Enterococcus spp.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

[Molecular epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella typhi strains isolated in China. I. Analysis of Salmonella typhi strains isolated in China by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis].

Multilocus enzyme analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to analyse 335 isolates of S. typhi from several provinces where high morbidity of typhoid fever was observed in recent years. We analysed 7 metabolic enzymes encoded by chromosome. The results showed that all the enzyme loci were polymorphic. The average alleles per locus was 7.4 (2-19): the mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.498 (0.198 0.883). There were 147 distinctive electrophoretic types (ETs) in 335 isolates. With cluster analysis by the average-linkage method, we found that there were 22 subclones, 12 clones among all isolates studied. Most isolates in 1988 from both Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces belonged to one clone; the isolates from Guangxi Province in 1990 and parts of Hubei isolates belonged to one clone; the isolates from Hunan and Guizhou provinces during several-year period were homogeneous. However, the isolates from Xinjiang Autonomous Region were remarkebly different from other provinces, belonging to a particular clone. We also observed that the isolates from an outbreak or epidemic were from a one subclone.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation, pathogenicity, and H120 protection efficacy of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Taiwan.

Seven isolates of infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) were isolated from two breeder farms and five broiler farms in Taiwan in 1992. The cardinal signs of disease in breeders were egg production drops and watery albumen, and those in broilers were respiratory distress and renal urate deposition or death. All diseased chickens had been vaccinated with IB vaccines (mostly H120). The viruses were isolated and identified by chicken embryo inoculation and electron microscopy. The genomes of the isolates were extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction; the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggested that the genotypes of the present IBV isolates were different from the eight reference strains. One-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were inoculated with the field isolates in order to test the virulence of those isolates. Respiratory distress and depression commenced at 24 hours after inoculation. Two of the seven isolates were found to be highly virulent, causing 50% or more mortality in inoculated chicks. Vaccine protection tests showed that H120 could protect chickens against challenges with four of six field isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Is "isolated home" hypertension as opposed to "isolated office" hypertension a sign of greater cardiovascular risk?

BACKGROUND: The SHEAF (Self-Measurement of Blood Pressure at Home in the Elderly: Assessment and Follow-up) study is an observational study (from February 1998 to early 2002) designed to determine whether home blood pressure (BP) measurement has a greater cardiovascular prognostic value than office BP measurement among elderly (> or =60 years) French patients with hypertension. The objective of this present work is to describe the baseline characteristics of the treated patients in the SHEAF study from February 1998 to March 1999, placing special emphasis on "isolated office" and "isolated home" hypertension. METHODS: Baseline office BP measurement was assessed using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Home BP measurement was performed over a 4-day period. A 140/90-mm Hg threshold was chosen to define office hypertension, and a 135/85-mm Hg threshold to define home hypertension. RESULTS: Of the 5211 hypertensive patients in the SHEAF study with a valid home BP measurement, 4939 received treatment with at least 1 antihypertensive drug. Patients with isolated office hypertension represented 12.5% of this population, while patients with isolated home hypertension represented 10.8%. The characteristics of the patients with isolated office hypertension were similar to those of patients with controlled hypertension. However, patients with isolated office hypertension had fewer previous cardiovascular complications. In contrast, rates of cardiovascular risk factors and history of cardiovascular disease in patients with isolated home hypertension resembled those in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis suggests that patients with isolated home hypertension belong to a high-risk subgroup. The 3-year follow-up of these patients will provide prospective data about the cardiovascular prognosis of these subgroups.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Interventions for isolated diaphyseal fractures of the ulna in adults.

BACKGROUND: Isolated fractures of the shaft of the ulna, which are often sustained when the forearm is raised to shield against a blow, are generally treated on an out-patient basis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of various forms of treatment for isolated fractures of the ulnar shaft in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group trials register, MEDLINE (1976 to August 1999), EMBASE (1981 to September 1999), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (up to Issue 4, 1999), and bibliographies of trial reports. Date of the most recent search: August 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of conservative and surgical treatment of isolated fractures of the ulnar shaft in adults. Excluded were fractures of the proximal ulna and Monteggia fracture dislocations. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Independent quality assessment and data extraction were performed by all reviewers. Requests for more information were sent to trialists. Given the limited and poor quality evidence available, quantitative analysis was kept to a minimum. MAIN RESULTS: Two small trials of conservative treatment, involving a total of 106 patients were included in this review. Both trials were of poor quality. One randomised trial compared short arm pre-fabricated functional braces with long arm plaster casts. There was no statistically significant difference in the time it took for fracture union. Patient satisfaction and return to work were better in the brace group. The other quasi-randomised trial compared Ace Wrap elastic bandage, short arm plaster cast and long arm plaster cast. The large loss to follow-up in this trial makes any data analysis tentative. However the need for replacement of the Ace wrap by other methods due to pain does indicate the potential for a serious problem with this intervention. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence from randomised trials to determine which method of treatment is the most appropriate for isolated fractures of the ulnar shaft in adults. There is a need to establish the incidence of this injury and the outcome and associated costs of the various forms of treatment. Well designed randomised trials of current forms of conservative treatment are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Isolation and molecular identification of echovirus 13 isolated from patients of aseptic meningitis in Korea, 2002.

During 2002, several epidemics of aseptic meningitis were attributed to echovirus 13 in Korea. The causative agents of these outbreaks were isolated and identified using rhabdosarcoma cells, HEp-2 and Buffalo green monkey kidney cells, and a neutralization test using monospecific antiserum. Fifty-four echovirus 13 isolates were isolated from patients with aseptic meningitis in the provinces, Seoul, Kyonggi, Gwangju, Jeonju, Busan, and Ulsan. Symptoms associated with aseptic meningitis infection in patients included the occurrence of headaches and mild fever. Molecular characterization of echovirus 13 samples was achieved by sequence and phylogenetic analyses on partial VP1 sequences from 20 Korean isolates and 10 foreign isolates listed in Genbank. Minor variation was observed among the Korean isolates, which formed a unique cluster with isolates of German and Japanese origin. The marked similarities between isolates could be attributed to a relatively recent arrival of the virus in Korea. This is the first such investigation of aseptic meningitis caused by echovirus 13 on the Korean peninsula.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A method for isolating smooth muscle cells from pig urinary bladder with low concentrations of collagenase and papain: the relation between calcium concentration and isolated cell length.

The present study describes a method for isolating single smooth muscle cells from pig urinary bladder using a continuous resuspension device. Low concentrations of collagenase and papain were sufficient to obtain a high yield of viable smooth muscle cells, which remained viable for about 3-4 h as tested with fluorescein diacetate. Addition of fetal calf serum increased the lifespan of the isolated cells and the percentage of contractile smooth muscle cells, but caused spontaneous shortening of the cells. The length and volume of the isolated smooth muscle cells depended on the calcium concentration used in the isolation buffer solution. The isolated muscle cells were apparently relaxed if a calcium concentration less than 1.0 mmol/l was used in the isolation medium. In higher calcium concentrations the isolated cells were significantly shorter, probably as a result of a contraction caused by mechanical stimulation of the cells during the isolation procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Restriction endonuclease analysis of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus DNA: comparison of Northern Ireland isolates and isolates from other countries.

Aujeszky's disease (AD; pseudorabies) viruses isolated in Northern Ireland over a 20 year period were compared with isolates from other parts of the world using restriction endonuclease analysis of virus DNA. When the numbers of Bam H1, Kpn 1 and Sal 1 restriction sites were considered, pathogenic Northern Ireland isolates resembled viruses isolated in England, Hungary and the U.S.A. and could be differentiated from viruses isolated in Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands. The avirulent Northern Ireland isolate NIA4 and the Bartha vaccine strain were very similar to each other and could be distinguished from pathogenic isolates. While almost all the pathogenic viruses isolated in Northern Ireland from 1963 to 1983 appeared to possess the same number of restriction sites none of the viruses, even those made at the same farm during one outbreak of infection, were identical. The differences were confined to variation in the sizes of certain fragments which map in "variable" regions of the genome.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Isolated pelvic hyperthermochemotherapeutic perfusion--an experimental study on isolating efficacy.

Hyperthermochemotherapeutic perfusion model through isolated pelvic vessels was developed to evaluate the leakage of hyperthermia and drugs (such as adriamycin) from the isolated pelvic circulation to systemic circulation and its associated side/toxic effects. The isolated pelvic circulation was perfused through a femoral artery catheter with hyperthermic (48 degrees C to 55 degrees C) adriamycin solution (50 micrograms/ml) for 30 min. The efflux was drained through a femoral vein catheter. And the pelvic temperature was kept at the level of 43 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The temperature of pelvic circulation was kept at 4 degrees C to 5 degrees C greater than the systemic/core temperature. The adriamycin concentration of pelvic efflux was 12 to 46 folds of that of systemic serum. The difference between them was very significant (P < 0.001). As the perfusion pressure was increased, which kept lower than the mean systemic artery pressure, the leakage of the adriamycin from the isolated pelvic circulation to systemic circulation was increased, but there was no significant difference between them (P > 0.05). During isolated perfusion, the systemic blood dynamics remained stable and there were no organic injuries on the important organs. It was suggested that the isolating efficacy of the modality of isolated pelvic hyperthermochemotherapeutic perfusion through vessels was rather high. The hyperthermia and drugs could be effectively limited in the isolated pelvic region with minor side effects on the systemic circulation and important organs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Two unique US isolates of Pepino mosaic virus from a limited source of pooled tomato tissue are distinct from a third (European-like) US isolate.

Three strains of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) found in the US have been cloned and sequenced by RT-PCR using total RNA from infected tissue as template, and degenerate potexvirus- and PepMV species- and isolate-specific primers. Despite limited source material, the complete nucleotide sequences (6413 and 6410 nts, respectively) of two isolates, PepMV-US1 and PepMV-US2, were obtained and analyzed using total RNA from less than 0.2 g of a pooled infected tomato leaf sample from Arizona. Sequence of the 3'-end of the third isolate from infected fresh tomato fruits from Maryland (PepMV-US3) was also determined. The genome organizations of PepMV-US1 and US2 were typical of the genus Potexvirus, with the following reading frame order: ORF 1, encoding a putative replicase; ORFs 2-4, triple gene block proteins (TGBp) 1-3; and ORF 5, coat protein (CP). Gene-for-gene comparison between PepMV-US1 and US2 revealed the following amino acid identities: 91% in replicase, 89% in TGBp1, 92% in TGBp2, 85% in TGBp3, and 93% in the CP; with an overall nucleotide identity of 86%. Nucleotide sequence comparisons between US1 and US2 and the European isolates showed only 79-82% identity, whereas the identity among the European isolates was over 99%. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis indicate that PepMV-US1 and US2 are distinctly different from the European isolates, while the CP of PepMV-US3 is nearly identical to the European isolates. The results presented also suggest that TGBp1 and TGBp3 are more suitable than either the replicase or coat protein gene products for discriminating PepMV isolates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Variation in the coat protein sequence of British isolates of Turnip yellow mosaic virus and comparison with previously published isolates. Brief report.

Isolates of Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) were collected from wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) on a 400 m stretch of Dorset coastline. The coat protein genes of four isolates showed high homology in nucleotide sequence (0.970-1.000, mean 0.987). Lower levels of homology where found to previously published sequences of Australian isolates [10] (0.725-0.775, mean 0.741). The amino acid composition of the Dorset isolates showed high levels of homology (0.964-1.000, mean 0.986). Numerous amino acid substitutions occurred between the Dorset and Australian isolates (0.705-0.819, mean 0.742). Comparison with other isolates showed large genetic distances between the Dorset isolates and both European and Australian isolates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗