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PubMed2006

Inhibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands.

Conservation scientists generally agree that many types of protected areas will be needed to protect tropical forests. But little is known of the comparative performance of inhabited and uninhabited reserves in slowing the most extreme form of forest disturbance: conversion to agriculture. We used satellite-based maps of land cover and fire occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon to compare the performance of large (> 10,000 ha) uninhabited (parks) and inhabited (indigenous lands, extractive reserves, and national forests) reserves. Reserves significantly reduced both deforestation and fire. Deforestation was 1.7 (extractive reserves) to 20 (parks) times higher along the outside versus the inside of the reserve perimeters and fire occurrence was 4 (indigenous lands) to 9 (national forests) times higher. No strong difference in the inhibition of deforestation (p = 0. 11) or fire (p = 0.34) was found between parks and indigenous lands. However, uninhabited reserves tended to be located away from areas of high deforestation and burning rates. In contrast, indigenous lands were often created in response to frontier expansion, and many prevented deforestation completely despite high rates of deforestation along their boundaries. The inhibitory effect of indigenous lands on deforestation was strong after centuries of contact with the national society and was not correlated with indigenous population density. Indigenous lands occupy one-fifth of the Brazilian Amazon-five times the area under protection in parks--and are currently the most important barrier to Amazon deforestation. As the protected-area network expands from 36% to 41% of the Brazilian Amazon over the coming years, the greatest challenge will be successful reserve implementation in high-risk areas of frontier expansion as indigenous lands are strengthened. This success will depend on a broad base of political support.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Cancer among indigenous people in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador, 1985-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To provide some of the first data on cancer incidence among indigenous people in the Amazon basin of Ecuador, and to compare that incidence with the level found among nonindigenous persons living in that same area. METHODS: From the study area 1 207 cancer cases were reported to the National Cancer Registry over the 1985-2000 period. Frequency and relative risks were calculated for the indigenous residents and for the nonindigenous residents of the area. RESULTS: Cancer of the testes and leukemia were the most common cancer types among indigenous men, and cancer of the cervix uteri was the most common among indigenous women. Indigenous men were at significantly lower risk for cancer of the stomach, skin, prostate, and lymph nodes and for leukemia than were nonindigenous men. Indigenous women were at significantly lower risk for cancer of the stomach, skin, breast, cervix uteri, and lymph nodes than were nonindigenous women. CONCLUSION: Our data from the Ecuadorian Amazon indicate the need to develop appropriate mechanisms to register the indigenous population in the national census as well as in the National Cancer Registry. Also needed are cancer early detection programs, more health education efforts, and stronger health services that are adapted to the local conditions. Future research should focus on factors that may help to explain the different cancer patterns found among indigenous persons and nonindigenous persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

An introduction to indigenous health and culture: the first tier of the Three Tiered Plan.

The objective of the present study was to prepare new doctors with an awareness of cultural and health issues to facilitate positive experiences with indigenous patients. The study incorporated the 1998 intern orientation programs in Queensland public hospitals. The study method included tier one of the Three Tiered Plan, which was implemented and audited. Indigenous liaison officers, directors of clinical training and medical education officers were surveyed prior to this implementation to determine whether any or similar initiatives had been carried out in previous years and/or were planned. Post-implementation feedback from interns was obtained by using questionnaires. Follow-up telephone interviews with the directors of clinical training, medical education officers and indigenous hospital liaison officers detailed the format and content of tier one at each hospital. The results indicate that this active intervention improved the implementation rate of tier one from nine of 19 (47%) Queensland public hospitals in 1997 to 17 (90%) in 1998. The 14 indigenous hospital liaison officers (100%) involved in the intervention perceived it as beneficial. Forty-three (67%) of interns who responded to the survey indicated they had encountered an indigenous patient within the last 2-4 months. The level of knowledge of indigenous health and culture self-reported by interns was between the categories 'enough to get by' and 'inadequate'. In conclusion, it appears that tier one has been successful and is to be a formal component of intern orientations in Queensland public hospitals. Further initiatives in indigenous health and culture targeting medical staff (i.e. tier two and tier three), are needed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

"Best intentions" lives on: untoward health outcomes of some contemporary initiatives in Indigenous affairs.

OBJECTIVE: A shortened version of a presentation to the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, this paper raises questions regarding policy and program directions in Indigenous affairs with consequences for Indigenous health. METHOD: The author notes the inadequate Indigenous mental health database, and describes contemporary conflicts in the arena of Indigenous mental health, drawing on personal experience in clinical service delivery, policy and programme development. RESULTS: Medicalized responses to the Stolen Generations report and constructions of suicide that accompanied the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody are presented to demonstrate unforeseen health outcomes. Examples are also given of well-intentioned social interventions that, in the context of contemporary Indigenous society appear to be contributing to, rather than alleviating, harm. Problems of setting priorities that confront mental health service planners are considered in the light of past and continuing social disadvantage that informs the burden of mental disorder in Indigenous communities. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of acknowledging untoward outcomes of initiatives, even when motivated by concerns for social justice, is emphasized. The tension within mental health services of responding to the underpinning social issues versus providing equity in access to proven mental health services for Indigenous populations is considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Building community involvement in cross-cultural Indigenous health programs.

OBJECTIVE: To gain preliminary knowledge about issues identified by Native health investigators who would encourage greater community involvement in Indigenous health programs and research in Canada, Pacific Rim, and the United States. DESIGN: A pilot/feasibility study, August 2001-April 2002. SETTING: Indigenous health agencies and institutions in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six health professionals from rural and urban health centers participated, which resulted in 10 group and four individual interviews. Subjects included program managers, clinical physicians, and health researchers. Approximately 58% of the subjects self-identified as Indigenous. RESULTS: Three overarching themes emerged from the interview data: (i) integration of cultural values of family and community into health provision; (ii) emphasis on health education and prevention programs for Indigenous youth; and (iii) indigenous recognition and self-determination in health delivery and research. CONCLUSIONS: To improve and promote community involvement in primary health programs and services for Indigenous people involves a long-term social and political commitment to health protection on a national and an international level, as well as the understanding that research methodologies and health interventions must explicitly involve culturally appropriate values and behaviors that are implemented by Indigenous people.

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Patagonian wines: implantation of an indigenous strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fermentations conducted in traditional and modern cellars.

In this work we evaluate the implantation capacity of the selected S. cerevisiae indigenous strain MMf9 and the quality of the produced wines in a traditional (T) and a modern (M) cellar with different ecological and technological characteristics in North Patagonia (Argentina). Red musts were fermented in 10,000 l vats using the indigenous strain MMf9 as well as the respective controls: a fermentation conducted with a foreign starter culture (BC strain) in M cellar and a natural fermentation in T cellar. Since commercial S. cerevisiae starters are always used for winemaking in M cellar and in order to compare the results, natural fermentations and fermentations conducted by the indigenous strain MMf9 were performed at pilot (200 l) scale in this cellar, concomitantly. Thirty indigenous yeasts were isolated at three stages of fermentation: initial, middle and end. The identification of the yeast biota associated to vinifications was carried out using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 PCR-RFLP. The intra-specific variability of the S. cerevisiae populations was evaluated using mtDNA-RFLP analysis. Wines obtained from all fermentations were evaluated for their chemical and volatile composition and for their sensory characteristics. A higher capacity of implantation of the indigenous MMf9 strain was evidenced in the fermentation carried out in M cellar (80% at end stage) than the one carried out in T cellar (40%). This behaviour could indicate that each cellar differs in the diversity of S. cerevisiae strains associated to wine fermentations. Moreover a higher capacity of implantation of the native starter MMf9 with regard to the foreign (BC) one was also found in M cellar. The selected indigenous strain MMf9 was able to compete with the yeast biota naturally present in the must. Additionally, a higher rate of sugar consumption and a lower fermentation temperature were observed in vinifications conducted by MMf9 strain with regard to control fermentations, producing wines with favourable characteristics. Even when its implantation in T fermentation was lower than that observed in M one, we can conclude that the wine features from MMf9 fermentations were better than those from their respective controls. Therefore, MMf9 selected indigenous strain could be an interesting yeast starter culture in North Patagonian wines.

Argentina↗
PubMed2006

Higher pertussis hospitalization rates in indigenous Australian infants, and delayed vaccination.

This ecological study aimed to identify possible reasons for higher pertussis hospitalization rates in indigenous Australian infants. Two national datasets were analysed: the Hospital Morbidity Database and the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR). Most (52%) pertussis hospitalizations in indigenous infants occurred at 0-2 months of age, and rates in these indigenous infants were significantly higher in remote areas. Indigenous infants had higher hospitalization rates and more frequently delayed vaccination than non-indigenous infants of the same age. These data suggest that residence in a remote area, as a proxy for poorer living conditions for indigenous people, and delayed vaccination, both contribute to higher pertussis hospitalization rates in indigenous infants.

Australia↗
PubMed2004

Exploring the pathways leading from disadvantage to end-stage renal disease for indigenous Australians.

Indigenous Australians are disadvantaged, relative to other Australians, over a range of socio-economic and health measures. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)--the irreversible preterminal phase of chronic renal failure--is almost nine times higher amongst Indigenous than it is amongst non-indigenous Australians. A striking gradient exists from urban to remote regions, where the standardised ESRD incidence is from 20 to more than 30 times the national incidence. We discuss the profound impact of renal disease on Indigenous Australians and their communities. We explore the linkages between disadvantage, often accompanied by geographic isolation, and both the initiation of renal disease, and its progression to ESRD. Purported explanations for the excess burden of renal disease in indigenous populations can be categorised as: primary renal disease explanations;genetic explanations;early development explanations; and socio-economic explanations. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these explanations and suggest a new hypothesis which integrates the existing evidence. We use this hypothesis to illuminate the pathways between disadvantage and the human biological processes which culminate in ESRD, and to propose prevention strategies across the life-course of Indigenous Australians to reduce their ESRD risk. Our hypothesis is likely to be relevant to an understanding of patterns of renal disease in other high-risk populations, particularly indigenous people in the developed world and people in developing countries. Furthermore, analogous pathways might be relevant to other chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. If we are able to confirm the various pathways from disadvantage to human biology, we will be better placed to advocate evidence-based interventions, both within and beyond the scope of the health-care system, to address the excess burden of renal and other chronic diseases among affected populations.

Australia↗
PubMed2000

Heterogeneity of Taiwan's indigenous population: possible relation to prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals.

Taiwan's 9 indigenous tribes (Tsou, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Atayal, Saisiat, Ami, Puyuma, Yami) are highly homogeneous within each tribe, but diversified among the different tribes due to long-term isolation, most probably since Taiwan became an island about 12,000 years ago. Homogeneity of each tribe is evidenced by many HLA-A,B,C alleles having the world's highest ever reported frequencies, e.g. A24 (86.3%), A26 (18.8%), Cw10 (36.8%), Cw7 (66%), Cw8 (32.1%), B13 (27.9%), B62 (37.4%), B75 (18%), B39 (53.5%), B60 (33.3%), and B48 (24%). Also, all of these tribes have HLA class I haplotype frequencies greater than 10%, with A24-Cw7-B39 in Saisiat (44.5%) being the highest, suggesting Taiwan's indigenous tribes are probably the most homogeneous ( the "purest") population in the world. A24-Cw8-B48, A24-Cw10-B60 and A24-Cw9-B61 found common to many Taiwan indigenous tribes, have also been observed in Maori, Papua New Guinea Highlanders, Orochons, Mongolians, Inuit, Japanese, Man, Buryat, Yakut, Tlingit, Tibetans and Thais. These findings suggest Taiwan's indigenous groups are more or less genetically related to both northern and southern Asians. Principal component analysis and the phylogenetic tree (using the neighbor-joining method) showed close relationship between the indigenous groups and Oceanians. This relationship supports the hypothesis that Taiwan was probably on the route of prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals that most likely took place along the coastal lowland of the Asian continent (which is under the sea today). Cultural anthropology also suggests a relationship between Taiwan's indigenous tribes and southern Asians and to a lesser extent, northern Asians. However, the indigenous groups show little genetic relationship to current southern and northern Han Chinese.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Current incidence, treatment patterns and outcome of end-stage renal disease among indigenous groups in Australia and New Zealand.

The changes in rates of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among indigenous populations have profound consequences for those individuals affected and for health-care providers. By using data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) Registry, we examined the current incidence, treatment and outcomes of ESRD among indigenous groups in Australia and New Zealand. All patients who began renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Australia or New Zealand between October 1991 and September 2000 were included. Rates of ESRD, RRT modalities, renal transplantation and mortality were the outcomes examined. End-stage renal disease rates among indigenous groups in Australia and New Zealand exceeded non-indigenous rates up to eightfold. The median age of indigenous ESRD patients was younger (51 vs 60 years, P < 0.0001), and there was an excess of comorbidities, particularly diabetes. For Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, and New Zealand Maori patients, mortality rates across all modalities of RRT were 70% higher than non-indigenous rates. Indigenous people were less likely to receive a renal transplant prior to dialysis treatment, less likely to be accepted onto the cadaveric transplant waiting list, and less likely to receive a well-matched transplant. The poorer outcomes among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, and New Zealand Maori patients did not appear to be explained by the different comorbid conditions or age. Whether the outcomes reflect unmeasured differences in disease burden or treatment differences is not known. Tackling this problem will involve a spectrum of people and approaches, from tertiary care providers and RRT to local staff and preventative programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A comparative heat inactivation study of indigenous microflora in beef with that of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella serotypes and Escherichia coli O157:H7.

AIMS: Thermal inactivation of a mixture of five strains of Listeria monocytogenes, four strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and eight serotypes of Salmonella were compared with that of indigenous microflora in 75% lean ground beef. METHODS AND RESULTS: Inoculated meat was packaged in bags that were completely immersed in a circulating water bath and held at 55, 57.5 and 60 degrees C for predetermined lengths of time. The surviving cell population was enumerated by spiral plating heat-treated samples onto tryptic soya agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract and 1% sodium pyruvate. D-values, determined by linear regression, in beef were 77.49, 21.9, and 10.66 min at 55, 57.5, and 60 degrees C, respectively, for indigenous microflora (z = 5.81 degrees C). When either of the three pathogens were heated in beef, their D-values calculated were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of indigenous microflora at all temperatures. The slope of the thermal death time curve for L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and indigenous microflora were similar. Using a survival model for nonlinear survival curves, the D1-values at all temperatures for L. monocytogenes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with those for Salmonella serotypes, E. coli O157:H7 or indigenous microflora. However, higher recovery of a subpopulation of the indigenous microflora in beef exposed to heating at 55, 57.5 or 60 degrees C resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) D2-values at all three temperatures, compared with those of the three pathogens at the same test temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: If the thermal process is designed to ensure destruction of indigenous microbial flora, it should also provide an adequate degree of protection against L. monocytogenes, Salmonella serotypes or E. coli O157:H7. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results of this study will assist the retail food industry in designing acceptance limits on critical control points that ensure safety, without introducing pathogens in a retail food environment, against L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in cooked ground beef.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Microstructure and thermal characteristics of Thai indigenous and broiler chicken muscles.

The microstructure and thermal characteristics of Thai indigenous (Gallus domesticus) and broiler chicken (commercial line CP707) biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles were determined. Perimysium thicknesses were 14.2 microm for biceps femoris muscle and 7.10 microm for pectoralis muscle of indigenous chicken muscles, thicker than those of broiler muscles, which were 9.93 microm for biceps femoris muscle and 3.87 microm for pectoralis muscle (P < 0.05). Five endothermic peaks with peak transition temperatures (Tp) of 54.9, 61.7, 65.4, 70.6, and 76.1 degrees C were obtained for broiler pectoralis muscle, whereas only 3 endothermic peaks (Tp of 56.6, 62.6, and 74.9 degrees C) were obtained for broiler biceps femoris muscle. Thai indigenous biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles had endothermic peaks with Tp ranges of 53.5 to 54.8, 60.7 to 61.9, and 75.9 to 76.9 degrees C. The fiber diameters of Thai indigenous chicken muscles were greater (P < 0.05) than those of the broiler, 31.7 vs. 20.4 microm for biceps femoris muscle and 28.9 vs. 26.6 microm for pectoralis muscle, respectively. After cooking at 80 degrees C for 10 min, the fiber diameter of indigenous chicken muscles significantly decreased while those of the broiler significantly increased. The mean of sarcomere lengths of the raw muscles ranged from 1.56 to 1.64 microm and decreased to 0.92 to 1.32 microm (P < 0.001) for broiler muscles and 1.22 to 1.35 microm (P < 0.001) for indigenous chicken muscles after cooking. The perimysium and endomysium of broiler muscles melted after cooking at 80 degrees C, however, only slight disintegration was observed in these tissues in the indigenous chicken muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Indigenous health: update on the impact of diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With respect to chronic diseases such as diabetes and its complications, indigenous populations are known to suffer from poor health outcomes in comparison with whites. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent epidemiologic and intervention studies that have occurred in the areas of diabetes and renal disease among indigenous populations. RECENT FINDINGS: The burden of diabetes is increasing among younger indigenous groups with epidemic levels of end-stage kidney disease. As dialysis therapy has contributed to prolong life among indigenous patients, cardiovascular disease has now become the leading cause of mortality in these populations. Clear preventive intervention strategies to improve rates of progression to end-stage kidney disease are not prevalent nor are they emerging over time. Access to kidney transplantation is also reduced among indigenous populations in Australia, New Zealand, the USA and Canada. Reasons for this disparity are unclear but likely multifactorial. SUMMARY: Diabetes and its complications have produced a health crisis among indigenous populations. The impact on healthcare systems in countries where these indigenous populations reside will be substantial unless significant efforts are made to improve diabetic renal disease outcomes in the near future.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Indigenous peoples and the morality of the Human Genome Diversity Project.

In addition to the aim of mapping and sequencing one human's genome, the Human Genome Project also intends to characterise the genetic diversity of the world's peoples. The Human Genome Diversity Project raises political, economic and ethical issues. These intersect clearly when the genomes under study are those of indigenous peoples who are already subject to serious economic, legal and/or social disadvantage and discrimination. The fact that some individuals associated with the project have made dismissive comments about indigenous peoples has confused rather than illuminated the deeper issues involved, as well as causing much antagonism among indigenous peoples. There are more serious ethical issues raised by the project for all geneticists, including those who are sympathetic to the problems of indigenous peoples. With particular attention to the history and attitudes of Australian indigenous peoples, we argue that the Human Genome Diversity Project can only proceed if those who further its objectives simultaneously: respect the cultural beliefs of indigenous peoples; publicly support the efforts of indigenous peoples to achieve respect and equality; express respect by a rigorous understanding of the meaning of equitable negotiation of consent, and ensure that both immediate and long term economic benefits from the research flow back to the groups taking part.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

Phenomenological research among Canadian and United States indigenous populations: oral tradition and quintessence of time.

Researchers conducting phenomenological studies among indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada have identified a seamless link between phenomenology and indigenous oral tradition. Phenomenology is compatible with indigenous peoples, because it is synchronous with holistic indigenous cultural lifeway and values. Phenomenology, as a research method, assists indigenous people in reproducing, through narrative communication, features of the past, present, and future. In the narrative process, this method elicits significant implicit meaning of indigenous culture and assists with recording the essence of experiences and events of indigenous societies. A product of the telling of narrative stories is the capacity to reflect on change that will enhance health in a holistic and culturally acceptable manner.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Challenges faced by Indigenous nursing students and strategies that aided their progress in the course: a descriptive study.

Marked improvements in Indigenous health can be achieved by increasing the participation of Indigenous people in the health professions. Currently in Australia the participation by Indigenous people in the health professions is low and the Indigenous people of Australia continue to have poor health outcomes. This qualitative study utilised interviews with 22 Indigenous students enrolled in undergraduate nursing degrees across Australia, to explore the challenges they faced and uncover the strategies they had found helpful to their progress in the course. The findings indicate that students are challenged by financial hardship, staff insensitivity to cultural issues, discrimination, lack of Indigenous mentors, poor study skills, lack of adequate educational preparation, lack of resources, and ongoing family commitments. Strategies identified as particularly helpful to tenure within the course include specific Indigenous support units, adequate financial support, interested academics, Aboriginal Tertiary Assistance Scheme (ATAS) tutors, support from family and friends, and support from other students.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Indigenous self-determination in an age of genetic patenting: recognizing an emerging human rights norm.

This Note explores how the law can help indigenous people obtain meaningful control of their genetic material. Part I will briefly discuss the background of genetics, life patents, and indigenous groups. Part II sets out the domestic common law and international human rights law and demonstrates that neither currently provide adequate protection for indigenous peoples. Part III considers the human right of self-determination in the context of indigenous research and patenting, and illustrates that an emerging international norm recognizes an indigenous people's right to control their genetic material. Part IV argues that Congress should pass legislation to adequately meet the human rights needs of indigenous peoples generated by the rapid advancement of biotechnology. This Note concludes that congressional action to protect indigenous peoples is consistent with domestic and international law, and is a natural advancement of human rights and responsible state action.

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Indigenous healers in the North West Province: a survey of their clinical activities in health care in the rural areas.

The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical conditions brought to indigenous healers by people in the rural areas in search of health care. The demographic variables and preventive, promotive, curative and follow-up activities of indigenous healers were investigated. Data were collected from a simple random sample of 35 indigenous healers. A questionnaire designed by Mogoba (1984) for investigation of training and functioning of traditional doctors in Southern Africa was modified and used to collect data. Findings showed that indigenous healers deal with the same health problems confronting formal health workers, especially in the paediatric field. Infertility, mental illness problems and sexually transmitted diseases ranked high in the adult conditions brought to the healers. There seem to be conditions that can be handled only by the indigenous healers due to their cultural nature. Findings also show that the services of indigenous healers are not confined to any specific group or social class within black population.

Adult↗