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PubMed2005

Hypoglycemic effects of Murraya koenigii on normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits.

In past there have been many medicinal plants, which have been used in traditional medicines for their antidiabetic properties without any scientific support and pharmacological evidence. The aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves has been taken to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. This plant is promising as it is widely and regularly used as a spice for food flavoring and as such it appears to be without any side effects and toxicity. Adequate characterization of hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract has not been yet done, as no such reports are available in the literature though the activity is reported. The scientific evaluation of its hypoglycemic activity was, therefore, explored and also compared with the effect of a standard hypoglycemic drug, tolbutamide. A single oral administration of variable dose levels (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) of aqueous extract led to lowering of blood glucose level in normal as well as in diabetic rabbits. The maximum fall of 14.68% in normal and 27.96% in mild diabetic was observed after 4 h of oral administration of 300 mg/kg. The same dose also showed a marked improvement in glucose tolerance of 46.25% in sub-diabetic (AR) and 38.5% in mild diabetic rabbits in glucose tolerance test after 2 h. The findings from this study suggest that the aqueous extract of these leaves may be prescribed as adjunct to dietary therapy and drug treatment for controlling diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials.

Diabetes mellitus is caused due to deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. It is a global problem and number of those affected is increasing day by day. The plants provide a potential source of hypoglycemic drugs because many plants and plant derived compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes. Several medicinal plants have found potential use as hypoglycemic in the Indian system of medicines, including ayurveda. Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in different types of diabetes and reports occur in numerous scientific journals. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on various plant species from Indian biosphere and their constituents, which have been shown to display potent hypoglycemic activity. The use of herbs as hypoglycemic is a major avenue in Indian perspectives particularly for treating diabetes, which require to be explored more effectively as there are so many literatures available on these aspects. This paper describes the chemistry, activity and usage of the constituents isolated from these plants from India for the treatment of diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed2004

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum.

The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lycium barbarum fruit water decoction, crude polysaccharide extracts (crude LBP), and purified polysaccharide fractions (LBP-X) in alloxan-induced diabetic or hyperlipidemic rabbits were investigated through designed sequential trials and by measuring blood glucose and serum lipid parameters. Total antioxidant capacity was also assessed using trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. It was found that the three Lycium barbarum fruit extracts/fractions could significantly reduce blood glucose levels and serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations and at same time markedly increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels after 10 days treatment in tested rabbits, indicating that there were substantial hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Hypoglycemic effect of LBP-X was more significant than those of water decoction and crude LBP, but its hypolipidemic effect seemed to be weaker. Total antioxidant capacity assay showed that all three Lycium barbarum extracts/fractions possessed antioxidant activity. However, water and methanolc fruit extracts and crude polysaccharide extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than purified polysaccharide fractions because crude extracts were identified to be rich in antioxidants (e.g., carotenoids, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, nicotinic acid). Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (glycocojugates), containing several monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, were major bioactive constituents of hypoglycemic effect. Both polysaccharides and vitamin antioxidants from Lycium barbarum fruits were possible active principles of hypolipidemic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The novel hypoglycemic agent YM440 normalizes hyperglycemia without changing body fat weight in diabetic db/db mice.

To determine the relationship between hypoglycemic activity and body weight gain induced by insulin sensitizers, we compared the effects of thiazolidinedione analogs (troglitazone and pioglitazone) and the oxadiazolidinedione analog (Z)-1,4-bis4[(3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-2-yl)methyl]phen oxy¿but-2-ene (YM440) in diabetic db/db mice. Oral treatment with YM440(100 mg/kg) for 28 days decreased the blood glucose concentration (control v YM440, 418 +/- 12 v243 +/- 44 mg/dL). The hypoglycemic activity of this agent was comparable to that of troglitazone (300 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (100 mg/kg). There were no changes in food intake among the groups. Troglitazone and pioglitazone, but not YM440, significantly increased body weight gain during treatment (control, 7.2 +/- 0.5 g; YM440, 7.5 +/- 0.8 g; troglitazone, 10.9 +/- 0.8 g; and pioglitazone, 14.5 +/- 1.1 g). To further assess whether the increase in body weight by troglitazone or pioglitazone was due to adipogenesis, the weight of intraabdominal fat tissue (epididymal, retroperitoneal, and perirenal) was determined. There were no differences in the total weight of visceral fat between the control and YM440 treatment (3.53 +/- 0.23 and 3.60 +/- 0.16 g). In contrast, troglitazone and pioglitazone significantly increased the fat weight (4.31 +/- 0.13 and 4.66 +/- 0.19 g). Thiazolidinediones are known as ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a nuclear receptor responsible for adipogenesis. Troglitazone and pioglitazone activated PPARgamma and increased triglyceride accumulation and mRNA expression of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) in 3T3-L1 cells. However, YM440 had no effect on these indices for adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that the mechanism is different for the hypoglycemic action of YM440 versus the thiazolidinediones. YM440 ameliorates hyperglycemia without changing PPARgamma activity, adipocyte differentiation, or fat weight. Thus, YM440 could be a useful hypoglycemic agent for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) without affecting body weight.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2000

Pharmacological identification of the K(+) currents mediating the hypoglycemic hyperpolarization of rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones.

Hypoglycemia (zero glucose) initially depolarized the membrane and increased the spontaneous firing of rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones (more than 50%) intracellularly recorded in an in vitro slice preparation. Under single-electrode voltage-clamp mode (V(h) -55 mV), this transient phase correlated with an inward current of -18 pA. In all the cells tested (n=30), an inhibition fully developed over 16.9 min of hypoglycemia and was associated with a hyperpolarization of the membrane (7.7 mV) or outward current (95.6 pA). Upon re-application of a control solution (glucose 10 mM) a rebound hyperpolarization/outward current developed. The depression of firing was only seen when the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) contained less than 1 mM glucose. In addition, the period of time required to block the spontaneous activity decreased, by diminishing the extracellular concentration of glucose from 1 to 0 mM. The hypoglycemia-induced outward current was associated with an increase in membrane conductance and reversed polarity at -100.4 mV, close to the reversal potential of K(+). The post-hypoglycemic outward current was not associated with an increase in membrane conductance and did not reverse. The K(+)-ATP channel blockers, tolbutamide (300 microM-1 mM) and glibenclamide (3-30 microM) reduced the hypoglycemia-induced inhibition. In addition, the blocker of the Ca(++)-activated K(+)-channels, charybdotoxin (100-400 nM) partially counteracted the hypoglycemic hyperpolarization. Furthermore, barium (100-300 microM) fully antagonized the hypoglycemia-induced inhibition. The post-hypoglycemic hyperpolarization/outward current was not observed in cells treated with the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase pump inhibitor strophanthidin (1-3 microM). Our data suggest that midbrain dopaminergic cells respond to glucose deprivation with a hyperpolarization generated by the opening of several K(+) channels (sulphonylurea-sensitive, charybdotoxin-sensitive and sulphonylurea and charybdotoxin-insensitive) and by the activation of the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase pump after the hypoglycemic period.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Normal pressure hydrocephalus in diabetic patients with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic coma.

The pathophysiology of brain damage induced by severe hypoglycemia is still unknown. We experienced a case with type 1 diabetes and recurrent severe hypoglycemic coma who showed a central brain atrophy and an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid flow, suggesting normal pressure hydrocephalus. Following this case, the CSF flow was studied using 111In-DTPA cisternography in six consecutive diabetic patients admitted for repeated episodes of hypoglycemic coma. All the patients showed the central brain atrophy on computed tomography and four of them (67%) had the ventricular reflux, with delayed clearance of 111In-DTPA. Two patients with abnormal CSF flow showed cognitive dysfunction by WAIS or WAIS-R. In contrast, none of five randomly selected diabetic patients, without hypoglycemic coma showed abnormal CSF flow. Our results suggest the presence of normal pressure hydrocephalus in diabetic patients with recurrent hypoglycemic coma. It may associate with the cognitive dysfunction.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Hypoglycemic effect of the water extract of Piper sarmentosum in rats.

The hypoglycemic effect of the water extract of the whole plant of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (Piperaceae, Thai name: Chaplu) was examined in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In an oral glucose tolerance test, a single oral administration of the water extract at doses of 0.125 and 0.25 g/kg significantly lowered the plasma glucose level in the normal rats. A reference drug, glibenclamide, at a dose of 5 mg/kg (per os, p.o.) also showed a significant hypoglycemic effect in the normal rats. In contrast, a single oral administration of the water extract at these doses and glibenclamide did not significantly lower the plasma glucose level in the diabetic rats. However, the repeated oral administration of the water extract at a dose of 0.125 g/kg for 7 days produced a significant hypoglycemic effect in the diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o.) also caused significant hypoglycemia in the diabetic rats. These results demonstrated that the water extract of whole plant of Piper sarmentosum has a hypoglycemic effect in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of 5, 7,3'-trihydroxy-3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone from Brickellia veronicaefolia.

Hypoglycemic activity-guided fractionation together with chemical analysis led to the isolation of one flavone (5, 7,3'-trihydroxy-3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone) from the chloroform extract of the leaves of Brikkellia veronicaefolia. Identification was based on spectroscopic methods. The isolated flavone was tested for hypoglycemic activity in normal and alloxan-diabetic CD1 mice (25-30 g) were administered in doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight. The blood glucose levels were determined before and 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 24 hours after drug administration. The results showed that the flavone produces a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal as well as in diabetic mice. Comparison was made between the action of the flavone and a known hypoglycemic drug as tolbutamide (50 mg/kg). The flavone was found to be slow and less effective than tolbutamide.

Alloxan↗
PubMed1978

Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of some substituted 2-arylthiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium salts.

A series of substituted 2-arylthiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium salts (1a-q) was prepared by known methods and tested for hypoglycemic activity in 48-h fasted rats. Two compounds, 2-phenylthiazolo- and 8-methyl-2-phenythiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium perchlorate (1a and 1q), showed consistent hypoglycemic activity in this screen, demonstrating that a high degree of structural specificity was required for hypoglycemic activity. At higher doses the hypoglycemic activity of 1a and 1q was associated with elevated levels of hepatic triglycerides.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Tyrphostin-8 enhances transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis in Caco-2- cells and inreases hypoglycemic effect of orally administered insulin-transferrin conjugate in diabetic rats.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of tyrphostin 8 (T-8), a GTPase inhibitor, on transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated transcytosis of insulin-transferrin (In-Tf) conjugate in cultured enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and on gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of In-Tf in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Caco-2 cells and diabetic rats were used as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively. TfR-mediated transcytosis was measured using 125I-In-Tf. The absorption of insulin in diabetic rats was demonstrated by the hypoglycemic effect. Rat blood glucose level was determined using a ONE TOUCH blood glucose monitoring system. RESULTS: T-8 increased apical-to-basolateral transport of In-Tf conjugate by enhancing TfR-mediated transcytosis in filter-grown Caco-2 cell monolayer, and this enhancement was higher and faster than the previously reported brefeldin A (BFA)-induced effect. The measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) during the transport study showed that T-8 was less destructive on the cell tight junction than BFA. The GI absorption of In-Tf was evaluated by its hypoglycemic effect after oral administration in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The glucose-lowering effect of orally administered In-Tf in STZ-induced diabetic rats was improved by either T-8 or BFA. However, the effect of T-8 was more potent than that of BFA, especially at 7 h after administration. Either non-conjugated insulin or insulin-human serum albumin (In-HSA) conjugate by itself or in combination with T-8 did not show any hypoglycemic effect after oral administration, indicating that T-8-enhanced hypoglycemic activity of In-Tf was due to a selective enhancement of TfR-mediated transcytosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that T-8 could be used to increase the GI absorption of insulin as a transferrin conjugate. T-8, as an enhancer of TfR-mediated transcytosis, is better than the previously reported BFA. T-8 produces a higher increase on the transport of In-Tf and a lower toxicity on epithelial cells. Our findings provide an alternative approach to promote the GI absorption of insulin, as well as other peptide or protein drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Linogliride fumarate, representing a new class of oral hypoglycemic agent for diabetes.

This study presents the first multiday therapy trial of linogliride fumarate, a representative of a new class of oral hypoglycemic agents. Linogliride demonstrated a significant hypoglycemic activity in 26 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus receiving 1 week of therapy. In a dose range of 150 to 400 mg b.i.d., fasting glucose levels fell from 237 +/- 52 mg to 199 +/- 59 mg by day 7 (P less than 0.01). Eight-hour glucose AUCs fell from 2121 +/- 617 mg/dl/8 hr baseline to 1781 +/- 631 mg/dl/8 hr on day 7 of treatment (P less than 0.01). This was associated with a significant increase in insulin AUC from 380 +/- 327 to 610 +/- 417 on day 7 (P less than 0.01). Thus its initial action appears to be by an insulin secretagogue mechanism. No patient had any major adverse effect. This initial study indicates that linogliride fumarate is an effective hypoglycemic agent that significantly lowers fasting and postprandial glucose levels with short-term use. Linogliride fumarate represents a new group of hypoglycemic agents that may be shown to have therapeutic utility.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Studies on hypoglycemic effects of fruit pulp, seed, and whole plant of Momordica charantia on normal and diabetic model rats.

Extracts of Momordica charantia fruit pulp, seed, and whole plant were tested for their hypoglycemic effects on normal and diabetic rat models. The results show that during the oral glucose tolerance test the peak blood glucose values in rats are obtained much earlier (15-45 min) than in human subjects (around 60 min). Pulp juice of M. charantia lowered fasting blood glucose levels in normal rats (p < 0.05 at 120 min); the effect was more pronounced with the saponin-free methanol extract of the pulp juice (p < 0.05 at 60 min and p < 0.01 at 120 min). The pulp juice also had a significant hypoglycemic effect in the glucose-fed normal rats when the extract was fed 45 minutes before the oral glucose load [percentage increments over basal value (M +/- SE): 85 +/- 10 in the control group vs. 54 +/- 7 in the pulp juice group, p < 0.01]. In the IDDM model rats the pulp juice had no significant effect on blood glucose levels either in fasting or postprandial states. In the NIDDM model rats the saponin-free methanol extract of juice produced a significant hypoglycemic effect both in fasting (p < 0.05 at 120 min) and in postprandial states (sum of percentage increments over basal value: 140 +/- 26 in the control vs. 71 +/- 7 in the pulp juice group, p < 0.05). Methanol extracts of seed and of whole plant, and saponin-free methanol extract of whole plant produced no hypoglycemic effects in normal or IDDM model rats either in fasting or in postprandial states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Reduced hypoglycemic episodes and improved glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes using insulin glargine and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a new long-acting basal insulin, insulin glargine (IG), in children with type 1 diabetes. Study design Data from 114 subjects, age 2 to 18 years (mean, 12.2 years; 54 boys, 60 girls), were collected for 9 months before and 9 months after IG treatment. During IG therapy, all subjects received morning neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (given with insulin lispro; Humalog) to provide daytime insulin coverage. The numbers of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemic events, hemoglobin A1c values, body weight, and daily insulin dose were recorded at each clinic visit. RESULTS: The mean (+/-1 SEM) frequency of nonsevere hypoglycemic events per week decreased from 2.0+/-0.1 to 1.3+/-0.1 (P<.001). Severe hypoglycemic episodes were reduced from a total of 22 in the 9 months before IG to nine in the 9 months after IG. Severe nocturnal events were similarly reduced from 14 to four episodes. The mean (+/-1 SEM) hemoglobin A1c levels were 9.6+/-0.1% (baseline), 9.4+/-0.1% at 3 months (P=.18), 9.3+/-0.1% at 6 months (P=.03), and 9.3+/-0.1% at 9 months (P=.01). CONCLUSION: Insulin glargine therapy can reduce hypoglycemic episodes in children and adolescents with suboptimal glucose control without jeopardizing glycemic control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The hypoglycemic effect of Phyllanthus sellowianus fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Phyllanthus sellowianus Müller Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine as a hypoglycemic and diuretic agent. The present study describes the hypoglycemic effect of fractions obtained from the stem barks of P. sellowianus using a bioassay-guided fractionation protocol and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice. The aqueous extract was partitioned between dichloromethane and butanol to yield the dichloromethane (D), butanol (B) and the remaining aqueous (A) fractions. Fractions B and A, administered at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o., caused a significant reduction in blood glucose concentration at 6 and 9 h, while the same dose of fraction D was ineffective. The reduction in blood glucose levels obtained with the B and A fractions was similar to that observed with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) which was used as a reference for the hypoglycemic activity. Phytochemical analysis of fractions B and A revealed the presence of flavonoid compounds, of which rutin and isoquercitrin were the major constituents, respectively. The possible involvement of these flavonoids in the hypoglycemic effect of the active fractions is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Hypoglycemic effect of water extract of the root of Pandanus odorus RIDL.

Hypoglycemic effect of water extract of the root of Pandanus odorus RIDL. (Thai name: Toei-hom, Pandanaceae) was examined in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In the hypoglycemic test without glucose load, an administration of the extract at doses of 0.125-0.5g/kg p.o. did not affect significantly the plasma glucose level in normal rats, whereas the extract significantly lowered the plasma glucose level at a dose of 0.5g/kg p.o. in diabetic rats. In oral glucose tolerance test, an administration of the extract at a dose of 0.5g/kg p.o. significantly lowered the plasma glucose level in normal rats. The extract at doses of 0.5 and 1.0g/kg p.o. also significantly lowered the plasma glucose level in diabetic rats. A reference drug, glibenclamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg p.o. showed a significant hypoglycemic effect in both normal and diabetic rats. Repeated administration of the extract at doses of 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg p.o. for 7d produced a significant hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg p.o.) also caused a significant hypoglycemia in the diabetic rats. LD50 (95% confidence limit) after intraperitoneal injection was 1.87 (1.26-2.76)g/kg in male and female rats and 1.62 (1.18-2.24)g/kg in male and female mice, respectively. The LD50 after oral administration was over 8 g/kg in both sexes of rat and mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacological sequential trials for the fractionation of components with hypoglycemic activity in alloxan diabetic mice from ginseng radix.

Three methods of fractionation of ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER) components for a survey of hypoglycemic principle in alloxan diabetic mice were conducted and three groups of hypoglycemic principle in alloxan diabetic mice were conducted and three groups of components tested; fat-soluble components, ginseng saponins and a third component with hypoglycemic activity. Pharmacological sequential trials of the fractionation yielded a most active fraction which was about 100-fold more effective than the original water-soluble extract of the ginseng radix. The ED50 value was 0.4 mg/kg in lowering the blood level of glucose in alloxan diabetic mice. It was demonstrated that some ginseng fractions inhibited epinephrine-induced transient hyperglycemia in mice, increased glycogen content in rat liver, decreased the blood level of acetone bodies in alloxan diabetic mice, and inhibited the release of free fatty acid from rat epididymal fat pad. The results showed that hypoglycemic components existed in a new component of ginseng radix which is different from saponin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypoglycemic effect of methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae) green fruits in normal and diabetic mice.

Diabetes mellitus is a debilitating hormonal disorder in which strict glycemic control and prevention of associated complications are of crucial importance. This study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of methanolic extract of mature, green fruits of Musa paradisiaca (MEMP) in normal (normoglycemic) and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated, diabetic (hyperglycemic) mice, using chlorpropamide as the reference antidiabetic agent. MEMP (100-800 mg/kg p.o.) induced significant, dose-related (p < 0.05-0.001) reductions in the blood glucose concentrations of both normal and diabetic mice. Chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p.o.) also produced significant (p < 0.01-0.001) reductions in the blood glucose concentrations of normal and diabetic mice. The results of this experimental study indicate that, in the mammalian model used, MEMP possesses hypoglycemic activity. Although the precise mechanism of the hypoglycemic action of MEMP is still unclear and will have to await further studies, it could be due, at least in part, to stimulation of insulin production and subsequent glucose utilization. Nevertheless, the findings of this experimental animal study indicate that MEMP possesses hypoglycemic activity, and thus lends credence to the suggested folkloric use of the plant in the management and/or control of adult-onset, type-2 diabetic mellitus among the Yoruba-speaking people of South-Western Nigeria.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract.

Previous studies in our laboratories and elsewhere have shown that some members of Anacardiaceae family possess antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects in man and mammalian experimental animals. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to examine the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antidiabetic properties of the stem-bark aqueous extract of Mangifera indica Linn., M. indica a member of the Anacardiaceae family, in rats and mice. The stem-bark powder of M. indica was Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and used. The analgesic effect of the plant's extract was evaluated by the hot-plate and acetic acid test models of pain in mice, while the antiinflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the stem-bark extract were investigated in rats, using fresh egg albumin-induced paw edema, and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus, respectively. Morphine (MPN, 10 mg/kg i.p.), diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg i.p.), and chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p.o.) were used respectively as reference analgesic, antiinflammatory, and hypoglycemic agents for comparison. M. indica stem-bark aqueous extract (MIE, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced dose-dependent and significant (p<0.05-0.001) analgesic effects against thermally and chemically induced nociceptive pain stimuli in mice. MIE (50-800 mg/kg i.p.) also significantly (p<0.05-0.001) inhibited fresh egg albumin-induced paw edema, and caused significant (p<0.05-0.001) hypoglycemic effects in rats. It is suggested that the analgesic effects of MIE (50-800 mg/kg i.p.) may be peripherally and centrally mediated. The different chemical constituents of the plant, especially the polyphenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, mangiferin, and other chemical compounds present in the plant may be involved in the observed antiinflammatory, analgesic, and hypoglycemic effects of the plant's extract. However, the results of this experimental animal study lend pharmacological credence to the suggested folkloric uses of the plant in the management and control of painful, arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, as well as in the management of adult-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in some rural African communities.

Albumins↗