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PubMed1985

Modifications in plasma cholesterol and apolipoproteins of hypercholesterolaemic rats induced by ethanol-soluble factors of Vicia faba.

High-fat-high-cholesterol diets containing casein or a Vicia faba bean (faba bean) protein concentrate as the protein source were given to rats for 5 weeks. When the faba bean protein concentrate or its ethanol extract was present in the diet, a marked decrease was found in the level of circulating cholesterol associated with the lower-density lipoproteins (very-low-, intermediate- and low-density lipoproteins) compared with the level found on the diets containing casein or the faba bean protein concentrate deprived of ethanol-soluble factors. Alterations in apoprotein pattern were detected after the different dietary treatments. In particular, apoA-I appeared in an unusual form with electrophoretic mobility faster than normal in all lipoprotein fractions after feeding the diets that did not lower plasma cholesterol. When the diets contained the faba bean protein concentrate or its ethanol extract, the apoA-I disappeared from the lower-density lipoproteins but its normal form and the unusual one were apparent in the high-density lipoproteins. A moderate increase in faecal excretion of acidic steroids was found after feeding the diets containing the ethanol-soluble factors, irrespective of the protein source. The results are discussed in relation to the presence of saponin and polyunsaturated lecithin in the ethanol extract of the faba bean protein concentrate.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Incorporation of methionine into a peptic partial hydrolyzate from faba bean protein isolate by plastein reaction with thermitase].

The contents of free methionine methyl esters and methionine as well as the bound quantities of methionine were determined in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the covalent incorporation of methionine into peptic partial hydrolyzate in the course of the plastein reaction with addition of L-, DL- or D-methionine ethyl esters. The plastein reaction was performed with thermitase as reenzyme. The methionine incorporation was found to take place stereospecifically. The incorporation degree of the methionine ester is influenced by a thermitase-catalyzed and a non-enzymatic ester saponification.

Endopeptidases↗
PubMed1988

Reproductive performance of hens fed field beans and potential relationships to vicine metabolism.

Field beans (faba beans, broad beans, horse beans, ackerbohnen, Vicia faba L.) depress weight of eggs when fed to laying hens. Vicine isolated from field beans has been shown to depress egg weight and hatchability when fed in large amounts. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of using three varieties of field beans, varying in tannin and total vicines content, at 20% in breeder diets on reproductive performance of hens and associated vicine transfer from the diet to the egg. Data on egg production, feed consumption, egg weight, body weight, egg quality, hatchability, and hen blood chemistry were obtained. Direct spectrophotometric and high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of field beans, egg albumen, and egg yolk were conducted. Performance of the hens was excellent on all production characteristics except that there was a nonsignificant reduction in egg weight, a significant reduction in egg shell thickness for hens fed all three types of field beans, and a highly significant reduction in hatchability of eggs from hens fed one but not the other two sources of field beans. The hatchability effect was not correlated with vicine or tannin content of the field beans and only traces of vicine were transferred to the egg by the hen from the diet. Although larger amounts of vicine depressed hatchability when injected into fertile eggs, the trace amounts found in eggs from feeding field beans did not account for the reduction in hatchability observed in this study. It is possible that the hydrolysis product of vicine, divicine or the analogous product from convicine, isouramil, or both, may be involved in toxicity, because these substances are known to be the cause of a hemolytic anemia in some humans that suffer from favism due to consumption of field beans.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

4-Chloro-6-methoxyindole is the precursor of a potent mutagen (4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-hydroxy-1-nitroso-indolin-3-one oxime) that forms during nitrosation of the fava bean (Vicia faba).

Fava beans (Vicia faba) upon treatment with nitrite under simulated gastric conditions, form a direct-acting bacterial mutagen, comparable in specific activity to the most potent known mutagens for several strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The precursor of the mutagen was isolated and identified as 4-chloro-6-methoxyindole by u.v., i.r., m.s. and n.m.r. The precursor was dechlorinated with NaBH4 and PdCl2 as the catalyst and the product obtained from this reaction was identified as 6-methoxyindole. Since synthetic 4-chloro-6-methoxyindole was not available, structure activity studies were conducted on substituted indoles. Nitrosation of 4-chloroindole closely follows the results for nitrosation of 4-chloro-6-methoxyindole. The major product of nitrosation of 4-chloroindole is 4-chloro-2-hydroxy-N1-nitroso-indolin-3-one oxime. Thus, it appears that the major nitrosation product of 4-chloroindole and of 4-chloro-6-methoxyindole is a stable alpha-hydroxy N-nitroso compound. This is the first reported case of stable alpha-hydroxy N-nitroso compounds. In the presence of N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDD), the alpha-hydroxy N-nitroso compound rearranges to an aromatic diazonium ion which couples with the diamine to form an azo dye. Studies on nitrosation kinetics indicate that the nitrosation of indoles are relatively fast reactions. Both the structural and rate studies give strong support to the hypothesis that intragastric nitrosation of fava beans yield the putative gastric carcinogen in the high-risk area in Colombia.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1988

Origin and direction of replication in mitochondrial plasmid DNAs of broad bean, Vicia faba.

Broad bean (Vicia faba) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) includes three circular plasmids: mt-plasmid 1 (1,704 ntp), mt-plasmid 2 (1,695 ntp) and mt-plasmid 3 (1,476 ntp). Partially replicated circular forms of these mt-plasmids have been observed in electron microscope preparations. Restriction enzymes that cleave either mt-plasmid 2 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 3) or mt-plasmid 3 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 2) were used to generate linear forms of partially replicated mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 molecules. Analyses of these linearized replicative intermediates, observed by electron microscopy, indicated that in both mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 replication originates at a specific location and proceeds in the same, single direction around the molecules. The replication origins of mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 map close to sequences that can fold into hairpin structures.

DNA Replication↗
PubMed1982

Formation of an activated N-nitroso compound in nitrite-treated fava beans (Vicia faba).

Fava beans are prominent in the diet of the Colombian population at high gastric cancer risk. Upon nitrite treatment under simulated gastric conditions, a potent mutagen was formed as detected by a forward mutation assay using Salmonella typhimurium TM677 without microsomal activation. The promutagen was partially purified by preparative t.l.c. and normal phase h.p.l.c. of the acetone-soluble portion of a dried aqueous extract. The nitrosated promutagen fully accounted for the mutagenicity observed with whole fava beans. One gram of fresh fava beans yielded approximately 0.35 nmol of mutagen. Mutagenicity data indicated that this mutagen was more potent than N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The characteristics of the mutagen were typical of an activated N-nitroso compound, that is a compound in which the N-nitroso moiety is attached to an activating group, such as a carbonyl group. Irradiation of the mutagen yielded a Griess positive reaction. By reverse-phase h.p.l.c. photohydrolysis, a single peak could be ascribed to the mutagen. Its stability varied as a function of pH, being most unstable under alkaline conditions. Cysteine and phosphate concentration had no effect on its rate of decomposition, thereby strongly suggesting that the mutagen is an N-nitrosourea. The results obtained in this study support the hypothesis of carcinogenesis via the intragastric production of activated N-nitroso compounds.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2005

Root distribution and interactions between intercropped species.

Even though ecologists and agronomists have considered the spatial root distribution of plants to be important for interspecific interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems, few experimental studies have quantified patterns of root distribution dynamics and their impacts on interspecific interactions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interactions between intercropped plants. Roots were sampled twice by auger and twice by the monolith method in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.)/maize intercropping and in sole wheat, maize, and faba bean up to 100 cm depth in the soil profile. The results showed that the roots of intercropped wheat spread under maize plants, and had much greater root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than sole wheat. The roots of maize intercropped with wheat were limited laterally, but had a greater RLD than sole-cropped maize. The RLD of maize intercropped with faba bean at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent compared to maize intercropped with wheat. Faba bean had a relatively shallow root distribution, and the roots of intercropped maize spread underneath them. The results support the hypotheses that the overyielding of species showing benefit in the asymmetric interspecific facilitation results from greater lateral deployment of roots and increased RLD, and that compatibility of the spatial root distribution of intercropped species contributes to symmetric interspecific facilitation in the faba bean/maize intercropping.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Composition and functional properties of protein isolates obtained from commercial legumes grown in northern Spain.

Pea (Pisum sativum), faba bean (Vicia faba) and soybean (Glycine max) seeds were characterized, and protein isolates were prepared following an isoelectric point precipitation procedure. Soybean seeds showed the highest protein content (36.7%) and carbohydrate was the major constituent in the pea (59.4%) and the faba bean seeds (52.1%). Protein contents were higher than 80% in all the protein isolates. The amino acid contents in the protein isolates were, in general, higher than those in their own starting seeds. The antinutritional factor contents were reduced after the protein isolate preparation. The highest reductions achieved for tannins were 95% in the faba bean protein isolate, and for phytates (45%) and trypsin inhibitor activity (46%) in the pea protein isolate. Haemagglutinating activity was not detected in any of the protein isolates. Minimum solubility values were observed at a pH range between 4.0 and 6.0, and maximal solubilities were obtained at basic pH values. The faba bean protein isolate showed the highest water and oil absorption capacities, and the best gelling properties. The soybean protein isolate had the best foam expansion capacity. Thus, the protein isolates had an improvement in some of the characteristics compared to their original seeds with lower contents in tannins, phytates and haemagglutinating activity, but had weak functional properties.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

[Comparative study of the composition and nutritional value of the seeds and protein concentrations in legumes].

The nutritional properties of three legumes: pea (Pisum sativum), faba bean (Vicia faba) and soya (Glycine max) have been characterized. From these seeds, protein concentrates were elaborated by wet processing and two different procedures of drying were followed (freeze-drying and alcohol washing). The composition and content of several antinutritional factors (phytates, tannins, trypsin inhibitors and lectins) were assessed in all of them. Also some functional properties regarding their potential use in food technology were evaluated, such as protein solubility at different pH, as well as water and oil absorption capacities. All the obtained concentrates showed high protein contents, nevertheless protein extraction efficiency was smaller in alcohol-washed concentrates than in the lyophilized ones. In the other hand, the concentrates obtained from pea and faba bean showed higher yields than those obtained from soya. The content of antinutritional factors were markedly reduced after the concentration process. Furthermore, the functional properties of pea and faba bean protein concentrates point out their suitability for food preparation as previously reported for soya.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2000

Does ascorbate in the mesophyll cell walls form the first line of defence against ozone? Testing the concept using broad bean (Vicia faba L.).

Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) plants were exposed, in duplicate controlled environment chambers, to charcoal/Purafil-filtered air (CFA-grown plants) or to 75 nmol mol(-1) ozone (O(3)) for 7 h d(-1) (O(3)-grown plants) for 28 d, and then exposed to 150 nmol mol(-1) O(3 )for 8 h. The concentration of ascorbate (ASC) was determined in leaf extracellular washing fluid (apoplast) and in the residual leaf tissue (symplast) after 0, 4 and 8 h acute fumigation, and after a 16 h "recovery" period in CFA. Changes in stomatal conductance were measured in vivo in order to model pollutant uptake, while the light-saturated rate of CO(2) assimilation (A:(sat)) was recorded as an indicator of O(3)-induced intracellular damage. Measurements of A:(sat) revealed enhanced tolerance to 150 nmol mol(-1) O(3) in plants pre-exposed to the pollutant compared with equivalent plants grown in CFA, consistent with the observed reduction in pollutant uptake due to lower stomatal conductance. The concentration of ASC in the leaf apoplast (ASC(apo)) declined upon O(3)-treatment in both CFA- and O(3)-grown plants, consistent with the oxidation of ASC(apo) under O(3)-stress. Furthermore, the decline in ASC(apo) was reversible in O(3)-grown plants after a 16 h "recovery" period, but not in plants grown in CFA. No significant change in the level and/or redox state of ASC in the symplast (ASC(symp)) was observed in plants exposed to 150 nmol mol(-1) O(3), and there was no difference in the constitutive level of ASC(symp) between CFA- and O(3)-grown plants. Model calculations indicated that the reaction of O(3) with ASC(apo) in the leaves of Vicia faba is potentially sufficient to intercept a substantial proportion (30-40%) of the O(3)entering the plant under environmentally-relevant conditions. The potential role of apoplastic ASC in mediating the tolerance of leaves to O(3) is discussed.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Preparation of bean curds from protein fractions of six legumes.

Chickpeas, lentils, smooth peas, mung beans, and faba beans were milled into flours and fractionated to protein and starch fractions. Compositions of the seeds, cotyledons, and flours were compared for each legume and the weight and protein recovery of each fraction analyzed. Bean curds were prepared from the protein fractions through heat denaturation of protein milk, followed by coagulation with calcium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. The effect of chickpea protein concentration and coagulant dosage on the texture of bean curds was evaluated using a texture analyzer. Textural analysis indicated that curd prepared at 2.3-3.0% protein concentration and 1.5% CaSO(4) dosage had better yield and better texture than curds prepared under other conditions. Bean curds prepared from chickpeas and faba beans exhibited the second highest springiness and cohesiveness after those from soybeans. Curds of mung beans and smooth peas, on the other hand, had the highest yields and the highest moisture contents. The protein yield of the first and second soluble extracts used for curd preparation accounted for approximately 90% of the total protein of the seeds.

Chromatography, Gas↗