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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

A method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies bayes theorem for use in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method of probability diagnostic assignment (PDA) that uses continuous serologic measures and infection prevalence to estimate the probability of an animal being infected, using Neospora caninum as an example. ANIMALS: 196 N caninum-infected beef and dairy cattle and 553 cattle not infected with N caninum; 50 dairy cows that aborted and 50 herdmates that did not abort. PROCEDURE: Probability density functions corresponding to distributions of N caninum kinetic ELISA results from infected and uninfected cattle were estimated by maximum likelihood methods. Maximum likelihood methods also were used to estimate N caninum infection prevalence in a herd that had an excessive number of abortions. Density functions and the prevalence estimate were incorporated into Bayes formula to calculate the conditional probability that a cow with a particular ELISA value was infected with N caninum. RESULTS: Probability functions identified for infected and uninfected cattle were Weibull and inverse gamma functions, respectively. Herd prevalence was estimated, and probabilities of N caninum infection were determined for cows with various ELISA values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of PDA offers an advantage to clinicians and diagnosticians over traditional seronegative or seropositive classifications used as a proxy for infection status by providing an assessment of the actual probability of infection. The PDA permits use of all diagnostic information inherent in an assay, thereby eliminating a need for estimates of sensitivity and specificity. The PDA also would have general utility in interpreting results of any diagnostic assay measured on a continuous or discrete scale.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2002

Detection of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) strain differences using selected diagnostic methods: diagnostic implications in penaeid shrimp.

Anecdotal industry reports of Taura syndrome (TS) epizootics in a Taura syndrome virus (TSV) tolerant strain of Penaeus stylirostris and collected evidence of field TS epizootics in P. stylirostris suggested that a distinct new TSV strain might have emerged since 1994. The Ecuadorian 1992 TSV genome published in GenBank is virtually identical to the Hawaiian 1994 TSV isolate (HI94TSV) used as reference throughout this investigation. Three other geographic and year isolates of TSV from naturally occurring TS epizootics of cultured penaeid shrimp were obtained from Mexico (SIN98TSV and MX99TSV from P. vannamei and SON2KTSV from P. stylirostris). Selected TSV diagnostic methods set forth by the Office International des Epizooties were utilized as the basis for isolate analysis. By Southern blot, TSV probes P15 and Q1 reacted specifically with all the diagnostic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) fragments. Additionally, labeled RT-PCR amplicons from the TSV isolates amplified by routine diagnostic RT-PCR primers gave positive in situ hybridizations with TSV, indicating that all 4 isolates shared homology. By Western blot, immuno-dot blot, and immunohistochemistry, all TSV-purified isolates reacted with TSV polyclonal antibody (PAb). However, with TSV monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1A1 all isolates, except SIN98TSV, reacted, indicating that the difference in isolate SIN98TSV is within VP1, the target for MAb 1A1. The amino acid (AA) sequence of SIN98TSV VP1, MX99TSV VP1 and SON2KTSV VP1 has a 98% homology with the reference HI94TSV VP1. A span of 12 AAs are identified in SIN98TSV VP1 containing significant AA substitutions which may account for a conformational change of the antigenic epitope sufficient to prevent MAb 1A1 from binding. The implications of these results with respect to the antibody-based diagnosis of TSV are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic workup before laparoscopic cholecystectomy--which diagnostic tools should be used?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A prerequisite for successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the exclusion of potential risks such as cholangiolithiasis, anatomical malformations or diseases of the stomach. As there is no general agreement regarding the appropriate preoperative diagnostic workup, we compared different diagnostic methods as to their value in detecting unknown accompanying diseases and complications. METHODOLOGY: Between 9/90 and 8/93, we performed 850 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. The first 700 were included in this study. A prospective comparison was carried out of the diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy or barium meal, i.v. cholangiography and abdominal ultrasound. RESULTS: Measurement of the diameter of the common bile duct was found to be a good noninvasive method for diagnosing common bile duct stones (sensitivity 80%, specificity 99%). In combination with the history and the laboratory tests the sensitivity could be improved to 99%. The sensitivity of i.v. cholangiography in detecting common bile duct stones was 80%, the specificity 99.3%. 646/700 patients underwent preoperative endoscopy/barium meal. In 53 (8.2%) patients pathological findings were found, but only in 4 cases (0.6%) they influenced the indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In 1 patient an advanced gastric cancer was diagnosed 6 months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the preoperative barium meal did not show any pathological findings. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that routine ultrasonography in combination with history and laboratory tests prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be recommended for detecting common bile duct stones. In patients with 1 or more pathologic finding endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be performed preoperatively. A gastroscopy should be done in patients with nonspecific upper abdominal pain, history of peptic ulcer disease and persisting pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Study of the diagnostic difference between the clinical diagnostic criteria and results of immunohistochemical staining of multiple primary lung cancers.

AIM: When multiple synchronous or metachronous lung cancer lesions are identified, discrimination of multicentric lung cancers from intrapulmonary metastases by clinical findings is often difficult. When tissue types have the same pathological features, such as combinations of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AD) or bronchiolo-alveolar cell carcinoma (BAC), it is especially difficult to distinguish a 2(nd) primary lung cancer from a metastatic lesion. A new strategy for accurate diagnosis of multiple synchronous or metachronous lung cancer is needed because of the difficulty of histological discrimination. METHODS: Of 363 patients with primary lung cancer for which surgeries were conducted at our hospital, 7 cases were diagnosed as synchronous multiple lung cancer (BAC-BAC in 4 cases and SCC-BAC in 3 cases) and 8 cases (BAC-BAC in 2 cases, AD-BAC in 1 case, AD-AD in 1 case, SCC-AD in 1 case and SCC-SCC in 3 cases) were diagnosed as metachronous multiple lung cancer according to the clinical diagnostic criteria. This study focused on 8 cases with the combinations AD-AD, AD-BAC, or BAC-BAC. For immunohistochemical staining, we used the antibodies to 6 antigens as follows: CK-19, p53, CEA, Hup-1, PE-10, and Ki-67. RESULTS: Of 4 cases diagnosed as synchronous lung cancer according to the clinical diagnostic criteria, differing immunohistochemical stained images of the lesions were observed in 3 cases, while in the 4th case almost identical immunohistochemical stained images were obtained, which indicated the 2 lesions were the primary and metastatic focuses. Of 4 cases diagnosed as metachronous lung cancer according to the clinical diagnostic criteria, almost identical stained images were seen in 3 cases, which indicated the 2 lesions were the primary and metastatic focuses. CONCLUSION: In general, Type A and Type B in Noguchi's BAC classification, tended to be multiple synchronous or metachronous lung cancer lesions, while AD and Type C in Noguchi's BAC classification tended to be the metastatic focus. For the focuses with tissue type of BAC-BAC, the staining using CK-19, PE-10, and Ki-67 was useful in distinguishing multiple primary lung cancer from pulmonary metastasis in cases with a combination of AD and BAC.

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar↗
PubMed1990

[Use of heterophilic mononucleosis antigen in the latex diagnostic test. III. Diagnostic field studies].

The aim of this study was to evaluate usefulness of latex coated with a preparation of heterophilic mononucleosis antigen for the detection of antibodies present during a course of infectious mononucleosis. Studies were performed in district serological laboratories. Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations in conditions of routine diagnostics. Studies were performed on 656 blood serum samples collected from individuals with a clinical suspicion of infectious mononucleosis. Latex and Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn (PBD) tests were run in parallel. Out of 154 blood serum samples which contained antibodies detected by PBD test in diagnostically significant titer of 1:56 or higher, 151 were reactive in latex test in the dilution 1:5 or higher, while in the remaining three cases agglutination appeared with undiluted serum only. Out of 268 serum samples tested in latex test 167 reacted in 1:5 titer - diagnostically accepted as a significant or in higher titers. The sensitivity of latex test amounted to 98.1% and specificity was 96.9% as compared to reference Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn test. The results of our study suggest the possibility of replacing Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn test by latex test performed as a method providing the possibility of determination of the presence of heterohilic antibodies in blood serum samples and the follow up of their dynamics.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ammoniemia in portosystemic encephalopathy--diagnostic, differential diagnostic and prognostic significance].

One year prospective study of 25 cirrhotic patients with portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE) admitted to the Emergency Care Centre in Belgrade was performed in order to investigate the significance of clinical, biochemical and electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters and blood ammonia in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis of PSE. 15 cirrhotic patients without PSE (of comparable age, sex, duration and etiology of liver cirrhosis) constituted the control group. Ammonia levels were elevated in 84% of patients with PSE (112 +/- 72 mumol/l) and reached normal range within 3 +/- 0.44 days, but with no correlation to clinical improvement (p greater than 0.1). Ammonia levels correlated with the severity of PSE (p less than 0.05), but not with other biochemical parameters (prothrombin time, bilirubin, albumin, urea, creatinine, potassium). Overall mortality was 44% and was strongly correlated (p less than 0.01) to the severity of PSE. In addition, the mortality in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and PSE was higher (p less than 0.05), than in PSE precipitated by other conditions. We concluded that the ammonia may be a primary diagnostic parameter for PSE in the absence of the most important diagnostical methods (EEG, psychometric tests). Secondly, ammonia are of great diagnostic importance in patients with coma of unknown origin and can help in deciding admission priorities. The ammonia levels do not appear to be a useful prognostic factor.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1973

Standardization of diagnostic materials. 4. Diagnostic immunofluorescence.

The standardization of diagnostic immunofluorescence is a complex problem because diagnostic results are greatly influenced by interacting factors, such as the equipment, materials, and techniques for expressing and recording fluorescence. Furthermore, the characteristics of immunofluorescence reagents depend on how they are manufactured and used. The adoption of stable reference preparations of such reagents appears to be the only practicable way of standardizing laboratory test results. Several professional and regulatory organizations are actively promoting this objective. Consensus evaluation may be the best method of introducing proposed standards. Basic and applied research must provide the information needed to improve reagents and tests.Material fluorescent standards are proving helpful in standardizing fluorescence emission, but the most promising development is the use of insolubilized antigens to provide standards for more relevant immunological-fluorescence comparisons.Several important direct and indirect diagnostic immunofluorescence tests and reagents currently used in microbiological, histological, and pathological examinations require standardization. The medical profession should insist that commercial reagents be adequately characterized and that manufacturers supply the data necessary for their safe and informed use.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1982

Patient exposure and radiation risk in Bulgarian diagnostic nuclear medicine. I. Survey of diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures in Bulgaria in 1980.

For the estimation of population exposure and radiation risk due to diagnostic nuclear medicine in Bulgaria a nationwide survey for 1980 was made of the number and type of radiopharmaceutical applications, administered activity and age and sex distribution of the examined patients. The total number of diagnostic applications was 116418 (40,5% males and 59,5% females), i.e. 13.1 applications per 1000 inhabitants. The total administered activity of all 44 radiopharmaceuticals used in vivo was about 2.1 TBq (or 56 Ci). The age and sex distribution of the examined patients was similar to that in other countries: only 17.4% of all patients were within the reproductive age, 52.7% were over 45 years old. In comparison with the situation in other developed countries it is noted that the number of diagnostic applications of 131I-iodide was relatively high in the year of the survey performed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Study on Japan Rheumatism Association diagnostic criteria for early rheumatoid arthritis. 1. Application of the American Rheumatism Association diagnostic criteria to Japanese patients with early rheumatoid arthritis].

The Clinical Research Committee of the Japan Rheumatism Association is planning to formulate the diagnostic criteria for early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have analysed 123 contemporaneously and consecutively registered patients with early RA and 61 control subjects with rheumatic diseases other than RA (non-RA). As the first step of the works, these 184 patients were applied to the criteria of ARA in 1985 and 1987 for the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of each items. Consequently, we found that the two ARA criteria were not sufficiently sensitive as the diagnostic criteria for patients studied in this work. Therefore it would be necessary to formulate a new diagnostic criteria for the patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Validation of the U.K. diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in a population setting. U.K. Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis Working Party.

One reason why so little is known about the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is lack of suitable diagnostic criteria. A simple list of diagnostic criteria for AD for use in epidemiological studies has recently been developed by a U.K. working party. These have performed well in hospital validation studies of subjects with skin diseases. This study sought to validate the newly proposed criteria for AD in a population setting by conducting a cross-sectional survey of 695 schoolchildren aged 3-11 years in three randomly selected primary schools in West Lambeth, London. As a point prevalence measure, the U.K. criteria had a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 93%, and a positive predictive value of 47% when compared with a dermatologist's examination findings. Subsequent analysis suggested that most children classified as false positives had suffered from AD in the last year, but were inactive at the time of examination. When adjusted for these cases, the sensitivity and specificity increased to 80 and 97%, respectively, corresponding to positive and negative predictive values of 80 and 97%, respectively. The U.K. diagnostic criteria for AD appear to work well as a 1-year period prevalence measure in London schoolchildren. Further validation in adults and other countries are needed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The evaluation of the complexity of clinical-diagnostic in-patient processes within the framework of diagnostically associated groups].

A new method for the differentiation of patients within diagnostically related groups is proposed, which differentiates the patients with consideration for the complexity, resource capacity, and cost of the therapeutic and diagnostic process. The intensity of drug therapy expressed through the number of drugs prescribed to a patient during hospitalization is regarded as an integral characteristic of the complexity and resource capacity of the process of management of a patient. The proposed criterion of treatment multiplicity (complexity) includes not only medical, but economic information as well. The informative value and high selective capacity of the treatment complexity criterion are demonstrated. The authors present the results of comparative analysis of the complexity grading and disease staging methods, the latter one being based on grouping patients within diagnostically related groups by the severity of condition.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of diagnostic imaging tests: diagnostic probability estimation.

In the evaluation of a diagnostic imaging test for the diagnosis of a particular illness in a particular category of patients, the test should be construed as leading to a test result in the sense of a set of descriptive readings from the image(s), not interpretation of these; and in the evaluation of the test, therefore, the first challenge is the translation of each test result (set of readings) into the corresponding probability that the illness is present. This interpretive translation should not be subjective, nor should it be based on an objective algorithm founded on clinical judgments. Instead, a suitable diagnostic probability function (of the elements in the test result) should be derived empirically by logistic regression analysis of suitable data. We illustrate this alternative outlook by reanalysis of the data from the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Intellectual disabilities, depressive episode, diagnostic criteria and Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD).

BACKGROUND: Depressive episode is one of the most common types of psychiatric illness that occurs in adults with intellectual disabilities. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was undertaken using Medline, PsychLIT and hand-searching of key journals. This paper reviews the evidence and integrates findings, to report how evidence relates to the development of the new Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation[DC-LD] depressive episode criteria. RESULTS: This area is better researched than many others, providing evidence on clinical symptomatology and presentation. In view of the lack of utility of standard diagnostic criteria developed for use with the general population, and set within the historical context, there are clearly identified reasons for the introduction of DC-LD. The depressive episode category has been informed by the evidence, and field trials showed excellent validity compared with the gold standard of learning disabilities psychiatric assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The DC-LD depressive episode category may improve clinical diagnosis and facilitate research. Its usefulness and limitations are yet to be determined in detail.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of nosologically informative data sets that address key diagnostic issues facing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) and International Classification of Diseases, eleventh edition (ICD-11) substance use disorders workgroups.

AIMS: Over the past two decades, many nosological issues have been addressed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) substance use disorders workgroups. Even with those efforts, there are key issues that have not been resolved and must be revisited, or addressed de novo, by the workgroups. These lingering points are broad, due to the array of substances classified under the diagnostic umbrella of substance use disorders. They include substantive issues ranging from dimensional approaches, similar criteria for each substance, cut-points and thresholds, distinct abuse and dependence classifications, new criteria and drugs, to less substantive ones, such as the adjectives used to describe the severity of the behaviors. RESULTS: This paper describes the characteristics of the data sets that will be needed to resolve the key nosological issues. Ten points are described: (1) data must be true to nomenclature under study; (2) flexible regarding rearrangements of scoring algorithms; (3-4) able to assess substances individually and retain former versions of the criteria; (5) not rely on shortened versions; (6) utilize samples that are generalizable; (7) make diagnoses with transparent algorithms; (8) combine mixed methods for corroborating data; (9) utilize assessments that collect reliable and valid diagnoses and criteria; and (10) stretch the limits by allowing for new discoveries. CONCLUSIONS: This paper describes each of these and gives examples of the limitations and strengths of data for the purpose of defining a useful, unified concept of addictive behaviors.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Family functioning perceived by patients and their family members in three Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV diagnostic groups.

The aim of this study was to clarify the difference in the perception of family functioning measured on the Family Assessment Device (FAD) by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV diagnoses (i.e. schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) and by raters (patients and family members). The subjects were 70 psychiatric outpatients paired with their family members (i.e. principal caretaker), divided into three groups based on the patient's diagnosis of schizophrenia (24 pairs), major depressive disorder (28 pairs) or bipolar disorder (18 pairs). They rated their perceived family functioning on the FAD. There was no significant difference in perceptions of family functioning between the three groups of family members, while there were differences between the patient groups in some FAD dimensions. Perceptions of family functioning were not significantly correlated between the schizophrenic patients and their family members. The perceptions of family functioning were correlated more strongly between patients and their family members in the bipolar group than between patients and family members in the other two diagnostic groups. As for the FAD Problem Solving dimension, the schizophrenia patients saw it more negatively than did their family members, whereas the depressive patients saw it more positively than did their family members. These results might reflect psychopathological characteristics of each disorder. When clinicians evaluate the family functioning of psychiatric patients, it is important to consider the diagnoses of patients as well as who assesses it.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparative performance of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific serologic assays from Meridian Diagnostics and MRL diagnostics.

MRL Diagnostics and Meridian Diagnostics have recently designed herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-specific enzyme immunoassays for HSV-2 antibody detection. Blood donor sera were assayed for HSV-2 antibodies by both methods. The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency were 97.9, 95.4, and 95.9% for the MRL assay and 83.2, 98.2, and 95.5% for the Meridian assay, respectively.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1990

Collaborative evaluations of diagnostic tests: experience of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group.

Multicenter, collaborative studies offer an effective way to meet the growing need for timely and generalizable clinical evaluations of imaging technologies. This article discusses issues of study design, statistical analysis, organization, and day-to-day group operation for collaborative prospective clinical evaluations. It draws significantly on the authors' experience with the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group, a cooperative group funded by the National Cancer Institute, which conducts comparative studies of the ability of diagnostic imaging modalities to enable the staging of various types of cancer including that of the prostate gland, lung, pancreas, colon, and rectum. The results from 2 1/2 years of the experience of this group hold promise for the importance of this approach to the future growth of radiologic research.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1992

[The role of the department of functional diagnosis in an interregional diagnostic center in improving the diagnostic process in cardiovascular diseases at the polyclinic stage].

Experience gained by one of the departments of the interregional diagnostic center (DC) provides evidence in favour of its setting up within the public health system. Owing to the department of functional diagnosis of the center, the outpatients can be examined skillfully, whereas previously only hospitalization was of help. Successful functioning of the department and perfection of its work require at least two conditions. The first one lies in sufficient equipment of the DC with up-to-date facilities and outfits, and the second one in the presence of good specialists, their desire and strivings for constant perfection of the available diagnostic methods and for introduction into medical practice of the new ones.

Ambulatory Care↗