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PubMed1993

Either alpha-tubulin isogene product is sufficient for microtubule function during all stages of growth and differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans.

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans has two genes encoding alpha-tubulin, tubA and tubB, which are differentially required at distinct stages during the life cycle. The tubA gene is required during vegetative growth for mitosis and nuclear migration (B. R. Oakley, C. E. Oakley, and J. E. Rinehart, Mol. Gen. Genet. 208:135-144, 1987; P. Doshi, C. A. Bossie, J. H. Doonan, G. S. May, and N. R. Morris, Mol. Gen. Genet. 225:129-141, 1991). The tubB gene is not required for any detectable aspect of vegetative growth or asexual reproduction but is essential during sexual development prior to the first meiotic division (K. E. Kirk and N. R. Morris, Genes Dev. 5:2014-2023, 1991). In this study, we determined whether the role of each alpha-tubulin gene is to provide a specific isotype necessary for a particular microtubule function or whether either alpha-tubulin isotype, if present in sufficient quantities, can participate effectively in all types of microtubule. Strains carrying a deletion allele of tubB (tubB delta) produce no ascospores from a cross. When one copy of a plasmid containing the region upstream of the tubB gene fused to the tubA coding region was integrated into a tubB delta strain, ascosporogenesis proceeded beyond the tubB delta block and resulted in the formation of sexual spores. However, irregular numbers of spores formed in some asci during development, and the ascospores had greatly diminished viability and aberrant morphologies. These defects were nearly corrected when two additional copies of the tubA coding region were integrated into the tubB delta strain. These results indicate that the tubA alpha-tubulin isotype can form functional microtubules during sexual development in the absence of tubB protein. In a reciprocal set of experiments, we examined whether upregulation of tubB can complement the tubA4 mutation, which causes supersensitivity to benomyl during vegetative growth. When tubA4 strains integrated a plasmid containing an alcohol-inducible promoter joined to the tubB coding region and subsequently overexpressed the tubB isotype, the benomyl supersensitivity normally caused by the tubA4 allele was relieved. These results indicate that when enough tubB alpha-tubulin is supplied, strains lacking functional tubA isotype can still form microtubules which effectively carry out mitosis and nuclear migration.

Aspergillus nidulans↗
PubMed2003

The School Health Programme in Behera: an integrated helminth control programme at Governorate level in Egypt.

School Health Programmes offer the opportunity to deliver public health interventions to a great number of beneficiaries at a relatively low cost and are seen with growing interest by policy makers in developing countries and the donors' communities. In Egypt a pilot School Health Programme has been implemented for the past 6 years in Behera, the largest and most populous Governorate of the Nile Delta. The Programme integrated additional activities for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis, human fascioliasis and anaemia in the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme (NSCP), implemented in Egypt since 1988 by the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). To facilitate planning and direct actions, a strong monitoring system was also developed, that generated useful information for the schistosomiasis control programme. The practical steps adopted to develop the programme are presented and discussed. Results from three rounds of monitoring (2000, 2001, 2002) are analysed and compared with baseline data conducted in 1996, together with the cost of each activity. On the basis of the experience gained by the Behera School Health Programme a number of operational recommendations are formulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The thyA gene from Bacillus subtilis exhibits similarity with the phage phi 3T thymidylate synthase gene.

The gene encoding thymidylate synthase A (thyA) was cloned from a genomic library of Bacillus subtilis 168. The sequence of thyA was found to be highly similar to that of the phage phi 3T thymidylate synthase gene. This similarity is, however, limited to about 862 nucleotides, spanning the coding region and the adjacent 3' region. The flanking sequences are not related. An integrative plasmid containing a DNA fragment with a deletion within the coding region of thyA was constructed and used to replace the chromosomal thyA gene. Transformants unable to grow without thymidine at 47 degrees C were obtained. Genetic and physical mapping techniques were used to show that the cloned DNA fragment harbouring delta thyA was integrated at 168 degrees on the B. subtilis chromosome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Separation of isomeric lysophospholipids by reverse phase HPLC.

A reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed which resolved isomers of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) differing in the location of the aliphatic chain (sn-1 or sn-2 position) and the position (delta 6 or delta 9) or geometric configuration (cis or trans) of the olefin group in monounsaturated species. LPC isomers containing an acyl substituent at the sn-2 position eluted before their 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl LPC) counterparts. The retention times of both the sn-1 and sn-2 isomers of monounsaturated species increased in the order delta 9-cis less than delta 9-trans less than delta 6-cis. The integrated ultraviolet absorbance (203 nm) in binary mixtures of the delta 9-cis and delta 6-cis 2-acyl lysophospholipid isomers correlated with the lipid phosphorus content of corresponding column eluates (r = 0.994). Thus, the present method will facilitate synthesis of isomerically pure diradylphospholipids by providing homogeneous lysophospholipid precursors and help simplify the quantitative analysis of unsaturated lysophospholipid species.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1985

Inspiratory muscle forces and endurance in maximum resistive loading.

The ability of the respiratory muscles to sustain ventilation against increasing inspiratory resistive loads was measured in 10 normal subjects. All subjects reached a maximum rating of perceived respiratory effort and at maximum resistance showed signs of respiratory failure (CO2 retention, O2 desaturation, and rib cage and abdominal paradox). The maximum resistance achieved varied widely (range 73-660 cmH2O X l-1 X s). The increase in O2 uptake (delta Vo2) associated with loading was linearly related to the integrated mouth pressure (IMP): delta Vo2 = 0.028 X IMP + 19 ml/min (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001). Maximum delta Vo2 was 142 ml/min +/- SD 68 ml/min. There were significant (P less than 0.05) relationships between the maximum voluntary inspiratory pressure against an occluded airway (MIP) and both maximum IMP (r = 0.80) and maximum delta Vo2 (r = 0.76). In five subjects, three imposed breathing patterns were used to examine the effect of different patterns of respiratory muscle force deployment. Increasing inspiratory duration (TI) from 1.5 to 3.0 and 6.0 s, at the same frequency of breathing (5.5 breaths/min) reduced peak inspiratory pressure and increased the maximum resistance tolerated (190, 269, and 366 cmH2O X l-1 X s, respectively) and maximum IMP (2043, 2473, and 2913 cmH2O X s X min-1, but the effect on maximum delta Vo2 was less consistent (166, 237, and 180 ml/min). The ventilatory endurance capacity and the maximum O2 uptake of the respiratory muscles are related to the strength of the inspiratory muscles, but are also modified through the pattern of force deployment.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of aminophylline on regional diaphragmatic shortening after thoracotomy in the awake lamb.

Aminophylline has been reported to augment diaphragmatic contraction, although this remains a controversial finding. We studied the effect of aminophylline on regional diaphragmatic shortening, changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure (delta Pdi), and integrated regional electromyographic (EMG) activity of the diaphragm (Edi) after a right thoracotomy in nine lambs using sonomicrometry, esophageal and gastric balloons, and EMG. Sonomicrometer crystals and EMG leads were implanted into the costal and crural regions of the diaphragm through a right thoracotomy, and a tracheostomy was performed. The animals were studied while awake within 4 days after surgery. Fractional costal and crural diaphragmatic shortening was measured using the sonomicrometer; delta Pdi was calculated from esophageal and gastric pressures. Respiratory variables were measured through the tracheostomy. Data were collected during quiet breathing and during CO2 rebreathing. After control measurements, aminophylline (10 mg/kg) was administered intravenously, producing a serum concentration of 17.7 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml. Aminophylline did not augment shortening, increase delta Pdi, or overcome postoperative diaphragmatic inhibition acutely in the awake sheep after a right lateral thoracotomy. A small decrease of end-tidal CO2, from 5.2% to 4.9%, was measured at rest during aminophylline infusion, but Edi was unchanged. Although during CO2 rebreathing diaphragmatic shortening increased, the addition of aminophylline did not further augment shortening. Our data in awake lambs suggest that aminophylline does not improve diaphragmatic contraction in the acute postoperative period.

Aminophylline↗
PubMed1984

Nucleotide sequence of the transposable element IS15.

We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the right (R) copy of the insertion sequence IS15 which flanks, in direct orientation, the composite transposon Tn1525. IS15-R, which is capable of independent transposition, is 1648 bp long and has short (14 bp) perfect inverted repeats at its termini. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence indicates that IS15-R results from the transposition, in direct orientation, of a smaller (820 bp long) IS, designated IS15-delta, into itself. This integration event is accompanied by the duplication of 8 bp in the target DNA. IS15-delta possesses two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF) located on opposite strands. Because of this particular structure, IS15 possesses four large ORFs which, due to the integration event, exhibit some differences with those of the parental IS15-delta.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Auditory nerve spatial encoding of high-frequency pure tones: population response profiles derived from d' measure associated with nearby places along the cochlea.

We examined a measure of discriminability in auditory nerve (AN) population responses that may underlie behavioral frequency discrimination of high-frequency pure tones in the cat. Population responses of high- (greater than = 15 spikes/s) and low- (less than 15 spikes/s) spontaneous rate (SR) AN fibers in unanesthetized decerebrate cats to 5 kHz pure tones were measured in the form of mean, mu, and standard deviation, sigma, of spike counts for 0.2 s tone bursts. The AN responses were analyzed in terms of a d'e(x, delta x) associated with adjoining cochlear places as defined in the manner of signal detection theory. We also examined sigma d'e(x, delta x), a spatial summation of the discriminability measure. The major findings are: (1) the d'e(x, delta x) function conveys information about 5 kHz pure tone frequency over a region of +/- 0.5 to 1.0 octave, or +/- 1.67 to 3.33 mm, around the characteristic place (CP), with the region being narrower at lower stimulus levels; (2) at 30 dB SPL, the integrated d'e(x, delta x) discriminability scores are similar for the apical and basal regions surrounding the CP whereas, at 70 dB SPL, the scores are higher for the apical region than for the basal region; and (3) at 50 and 70 dB SPL, the integrated d'e(x, delta x) discriminability scores of low-SR fibers were higher than those of high-SR fibers although, at 30 dB SPL, the latter were higher than the former. By using the cat cochlear frequency-place relationship and the inner hair cell (IHC) spacing, we interpret that the cat's frequency difference limen, delta f/f = 0.0088 at 4 kHz [Elliott et al., 1960, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 380-384], corresponds to a shift of cochlear excitation profile by 4.5 IHCs. From the present analysis of AN responses, we conclude that, for high-frequency pure tones, the d'e(x, delta x) code, an example of rate-place code, of frequency provides sufficient information to support the cat's behavioral frequency discrimination.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

Studies on structure-activity relationship of seiridins, phytotoxins, produced by three species of Seiridium.

The phytotoxins seiridin (SEI) and iso-seiridin (ISE), two delta alpha,beta-butenolides produced in vitro by Seiridium cardinale, S. cupressi, and S. unicorne, as well as their derivatives obtained by chemical modification of each toxin, were analyzed for their bioactivity. The effects each compound on host and non-host plants and their antimicrobial activity on bacteria were investigated. The toxicity of both seiridins (SEIs) decreased in the derivatives with modifications of the gamma-lactone ring or with acetylation of the hydroxy group of the aliphatic side chain at C-4. Shoot tissues of Cupressus macrocarpa artificially infected by S. cardinale leached electrolytes more than those of C. sempervirens and C. arizonica. Electrolyte loss from shoot tissues of cypress plants treated with each derivative also decreased for most of them. Seed germination was not affected by SEI and ISE derivatives. Inhibition of root growth of three herbaceous test plants was studied. SEI and 3,4-dihydro SEI were active to germlings of lettuce. No ISE derivative affected root growth of lettuce and oat germlings. Reduction was observed on roots of radish germlings treated with acetyl ISE or 3,4-dihydro ISE. No derivative of SEI or ISE elicited hormone-like activity as SEI did. Antibacterial activity shown by SEI and ISE at 150 microM accounted for both hydrogenated derivatives of SEI. The integrity of the delta alpha,beta-unsaturated-gamma-lactone ring and the location of the hydroxy group in the heptyl side chain are features of importance in biological activity of the two butenolides.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1990

DNA sequences from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera capable of autonomous replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A Sau3AI digest of total DNA from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera was cloned with the yeast-integrating plasmid YEp24 delta EcoRI and the capacity for autonomous replication (ARS) was assayed in yeast. From eighty clones, five mitoticaly unstable yeast transformants were picked up, recombinant plasmids from these clones were recovered with Escherichia coli, mapped, hybridized with total DNA of S. fibuligera and tested to mitotical stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experiments suggested the existence of DNA sequences from dimorphic Saccharomycopsis fibuligera with ARS activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

The Golgi sialoglycoprotein MG160, expressed in Pichia pastoris, does not require complex carbohydrates and sialic acid for secretion and basic fibroblast growth factor binding.

MG160, a type I membrane sialoglycoprotein of the medial cisternae of the rat Golgi apparatus, shows high homology (over 90%) with CFR, a fibroblast growth factor receptor, and ESL-1, an E-selectin ligand of the cell surface of murine myeloid cells. When Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected with a cDNA lacking the transmembrane and C-terminus cytoplasmic domain of MG160 (delta TMCT), a fully processed protein of 160 kDa apparent molecular mass was recovered in the culture medium. When these cells were treated with tunicymycin, a 130- to 140-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated from the culture medium. A construct lacking the signal sequence, the single transmembrane, and the cytoplasmic domains of MG160 (delta TMCT-) was integrated at the HIS Pichia pastoris genome site using the expression vector pPIC 9 which possesses a yeast compatible signal sequence (Invitrogen). Recombinant protein accumulated in the medium to approximately 10 mg/L. The yeast recombinant protein lacked complex carbohydrates and sialic acid but bound 125I bFGF. Similarly, rat MG160 subjected to deglycosylation by peptide:N-glycosidase F (PNGase) bound 125I bFGF.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1996

Platelet-activating factor and nitric oxide mediate microvascular permeability in ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Increased microvascular permeability is a hallmark of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesized that platelet-activating factor (PAF) and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the extrvasation of macromolecules in I/R injury. To block endogenous PAF, we used a PAF-receptor antagonist (WEB 2086; 2 mg/kg, i.v). To inhibit endogenous nitric oxide, we employed L-NG-monomethyl arginine (10(-5) M L-NMMA), a NO synthase inhibitor. We assessed microvascular permeability to FITC-dextran 150 by measuring changes in integrated optical intensity (delta IOI) using computer-assisted image analysis in the hamster cheek pouch. We examined one area of ischemia and one control area in each pouch. Ischemia was induced for 2 hr and was followed by 1 hr of reperfusion. Six groups were investigated. Group 1 (n = 5) had no pharmacologic intervention; Group 2 (n = 5) received WEB 2086 15 min before reperfusion; Group 3 (n = 5) received WEB 2086 at reperfusion; Group 4 (n = 5), WEB 2086 was infused 15 min after the onset of reperfusion. Group 5 (n = 3) received topical L-NMMA (30 min prior to reperfusion and continuously for the remainder of the experiment). Group 6 (n = 3) received both L-NMMA (as in Group 5) and WEB 2086 (administered 15 min after reperfusion). In Group 1, I/R increased the mean (+/- SEM) delta IOI value from 61.5 +/- 11.1 to 127.2 +/- 26.1. WEB 2086 inhibited the increase in delta IOI at each time point. Similarly, the groups given L-NMMA alone and L-NMMA + WEB 2086 showed no difference between ischemic and control groups. Our data demonstrate that (1) PAF and nitric oxide are involved in the permeability changes associated with the microvascular dysfunction of ischemia-reperfusion injury; (2) inhibitors of PAF and nitric oxide synthase are effective in attenuating macromolecular extravasation when given during ischemia or after initiation of reperfusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates.

The use of high-performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of glycosaminoglycan disaccharides has been hampered by the inability to isocratically resolve the chondroitinase digestion products 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose (delta Di-HA) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose (delta Di-OS). To overcome this limitation, we have developed a solvent system capable of resolving delta Di-HA, delta Di-OS, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-sulfo-D-galactose (delta Di-6S), and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose (delta Di-4S). Integrator responses were linear from 1 microgram down to 25 ng for delta Di-HA, delta Di-OS, and delta Di-4S and down to 100 ng for delta Di-6S. This method was used to examine changes in the content of urinary hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates isolated from normal individuals and from patients with Lowe Syndrome, Werner Syndrome, and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. We confirmed that the HPLC method gave results comparable to colorimetric methods.

Chondroitin↗
PubMed2004

Ability of restorative and fluoride releasing materials to prevent marginal dentine demineralization.

The study aimed to define the in vitro secondary caries inhibiting potential of restorative materials currently used in dental practice. Class V restorations were prepared in extracted human third molars and immersed in a demineralizing solution (lactic acid, pH 4.5) at 37 degrees C for 2 days to simulate secondary caries formation. The bonding and the restorative systems tested in the study were: Scotchbond 1+Z 250 (Group A), Scotchbond 1+F 2000 (Group B), ABF+APX (Group C), ABF+F2000 (Group D). Perimarginal dentine, immediately close to the margin of the restoration, and exposed dentine, at approximately 0.5 mm from the margins of the restoration, after exposure to the acid solution, were investigated; protected dentine, at approximately 4 mm from the margin in a varnish-covered area, was analysed as control. Polarized light microscopy and contact transverse microradiography (TMR) were employed. The output parameters were lesion shape and size (depth in microm) of the exposed dentine, dentine mineral volume%, and integrated mineral loss (Delta Z, in %volmicrom) of the lesions. Compomers (Groups B and D) showed a thinner demineralization of the outer lesions, a less demineralization along the perimarginal dentine (inner lesion) and more caries inhibition zones or CIZs (Delta Z positive values) compared to composites (Groups A and C). In conclusion, Groups B and D materials seemed to partially counteract the marginal demineralization induced by an acid solution and favourably influence the formation of CIZs along the restorations. On the contrary, composites did not show a protective effect, probably due to an insufficient marginal seal and the lack of fluoride release.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunogenicity of a Salmonella typhi CVD 908 candidate vaccine strain expressing the major surface protein gp63 of Leishmania mexicana mexicana.

Attenuated Salmonella typhi are attractive for use as live vector vaccines to express protozoal antigens and deliver them to the human immune system. The gene encoding the mature form of Leishmania mexicana mexicana gp63 under control of tac promoter was integrated into the delta aroC locus of the chromosome of attenuated delta aroC, delta aroD S. typhi strain CVD 908. After oral immunization of BALB/c mice with two 1 x 10(9) colony forming unit doses given 21 days apart, CVD 908 omega (delta aroC::Ptac-gp63) elicited a broad T cell-mediated immune response against L. m. mexicana gp63 as demonstrated by: (1) lymphoproliferative response to fixed whole L. m. mexicana promastigotes; (2) activation of IL-2 (but not IL-4)-producing lymphocytes; (3) appearance of cytotoxic T cells against mouse mastocytoma cells expressing gp63. This T-cell mediated immune response was associated with significant protection in F1 (BALB/cXC57Bl/6) mice challenged in their footpads with a wild type strain of L. m. mexicana.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Dielectric response of modified Hubbard models with neutral-ionic and Peierls transitions.

The dipole P(F) of systems with periodic boundary conditions in a static electric field F is applied to one-dimensional Peierls-Hubbard models for organic charge-transfer (CT) salts. Exact results for P(F) are obtained for finite systems of N=14 and 16 sites that are almost converged to infinite chains in deformable lattices subject to a Peierls transition. The electronic polarizability per site, alpha(el)=(partial differential P/partial differential F)0, of rigid stacks with alternating transfer integrals t(1+/-delta) diverges at the neutral-ionic transition for delta=0 but remains finite for delta>0 in dimerized chains. The Peierls or dimerization mode couples to charge fluctuations along the stack and results in large vibrational contributions alpha(vib) that are related to partial differential P/ partial differential delta and that peak sharply at the Peierls transition. The extension of P(F) to correlated electronic states yields the dielectric response kappa of models with neutral-ionic or Peierls transitions, where kappa peaks >100 are found with parameters used previously for variable ionicity rho and vibrational spectra of CT salts. The calculated kappa accounts for the dielectric response of CT salts based on substituted TTF's (tetrathiafulvalene) and substituted CA's (chloranil). The role of lattice stiffness appears clearly in models: soft systems have a Peierls instability at small rho and continuous crossover to large rho, while stiff stacks such as TTF-CA have a first-order transition with discontinuous rho that is both a neutral-ionic and Peierls transition. The transitions are associated with tuning the electronic ground state of insulators via temperature or pressure in experiments, or via model parameters in calculations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Agrobacterium-transformed rice plants expressing synthetic cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) genes are highly toxic to striped stem borer and yellow stem borer.

Over 2,600 transgenic rice plants in nine strains were regenerated from >500 independently selected hygromycin-resistant calli after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The plants were transformed with fully modified (plant codon optimized) versions of two synthetic cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) coding sequences from Bacillus thuringiensis as well as the hph and gus genes, coding for hygromycin phosphotransferase and beta-glucuronidase, respectively. These sequences were placed under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter, the CaMV35S promoter, and the Brassica Bp10 gene promoter to achieve high and tissue-specific expression of the lepidopteran-specific delta-endotoxins. The integration, expression, and inheritance of these genes were demonstrated in R0 and R1 generations by Southern, Northern, and Western analyses and by other techniques. Accumulation of high levels (up to 3% of soluble proteins) of CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) proteins was detected in R0 plants. Bioassays with R1 transgenic plants indicated that the transgenic plants were highly toxic to two major rice insect pests, striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), with mortalities of 97-100% within 5 days after infestation, thus offering a potential for effective insect resistance in transgenic rice plants.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗
PubMed1985

Renal function impairment induced by change in posture in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.

The assumption of upright posture by patients with liver cirrhosis leads to striking activation of adrenergic and renin-angiotensin systems. The tilting-induced modifications in renal function of eight healthy controls and 14 untreated patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites were related to plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, renin activity and aldosterone. All patients had preserved renal blood perfusion. All parameters were evaluated during bed rest for two hours and in the sitting posture for one hour. Basal plasma renin activity (0.1 greater than p greater than 0.05), aldosterone and noradrenaline concentrations (p less than or equal to 0.01) were raised in cirrhotics. The renal function tests (creatinine clearance, filtered sodium, tubular rejection fraction, urinary sodium excretion) were significantly reduced in cirrhosis. Under basal conditions, in cirrhotic patients tubular rejection fraction and urinary sodium excretion were inversely related to both noradrenaline and aldosterone concentrations. After tilting, the noradrenaline and aldosterone integrated outputs (sigma delta) were significantly greater in cirrhosis. All renal function tests significantly decreased in cirrhotics, whereas creatinine clearance only significantly decreased in controls. Patient's tubular rejection fraction of sodium and sodium excretion were related to sigma delta aldosteronaemia (r = -0.72; p less than 0.01), but no longer to sigma delta plasma noradrenaline.

Adult↗