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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Technology of eye drops containing aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill.--Liliaceae) and eye drops containing both aloe and neomycin sulphate.

Eye drops made of aloe are a sterile, aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill., containing necessary additives and neomycin sulphate. The aim of the studies was to establish the technology of eye drops containing biologically active aloe substances and those containing both chemical constituents of aloe and neomycin sulphate. Within the studies, the formulary content and the way of preparing eye drops were determined, criteria were defined and methods of qualitative assessment of drops were proposed. On the basis of the proposed analytical methods, the physicochemical and microbiological stability of the eye drops stored at a temperature of 20-25 degrees C was studied. As the criteria of qualitative assessment of the eye drops, the following analyses were considered: sterility, appearance of the eye drops (clarity), pH, osmotic pressure, density, viscosity, TLC analysis, content of aloenin and aloin, studies of anti-microbial activity of neomycin in the drops, and preservative efficiency of thiomersal in the eye drops. The studies showed that the additives such as: sodium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine diacetate and digluconate, phenylmercuric borate and Nipagins M and P could not be used to prepare the eye drops because they were involved in pharmaceutical interactions with chemical constituents of aloe in the eye drops. The eye drops containing: aqueous extract of fresh leaves of aloe, boric acid, thiomersal, sodium pyrosulphite, disodium EDTA, beta-phenylethyl alcohol and neomycin sulphate, both freshly prepared and after two years of storage, met the requirements of the Polish Pharmacopoeia (PPh V) mentioned in the monograph Guttae ophthalmicae. They were sterile, clear, their osmotic pressure approximated the osmotic pressure of lacrimal fluid and they were characterized by appropriate pH. Aloenin in the drops was much more stable than aloin. Neomycin after two years of storage retained almost 98% of its starting antimicrobial activity which allows the conclusion that the biologically active aloe substances did not decrease the stability of neomycin in the drops. The preservation assay showed that thiomersal, both in the freshly prepared drops and after two years of storage, maintained antimicrobial activity, which was in accordance with PPh V.

Aloe↗
PubMed2003

The effect of container-biofilm on the microbiological quality of water used from plastic household containers.

Studies in Southern Africa have shown that even when microbiologically safe water is supplied to developing communities at communal standpipes, contamination by high numbers of pathogenic microorganisms may occur during the processes of fetching water from the supply source and storage during use at home, rendering such waters unsafe for human consumption. This study investigated the occurrence of biofilm in PVC storage containers as one possible reason for this deterioration, using heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform counts as well as turbidity as indicators. A second objective was to determine whether biofilm in water-storage containers could contribute to hazardous microbiological contamination indicated by Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Results indicated that increased microbiological contamination is associated with biofilm. The biofilm harbours heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and C. perfringens. E. coli could not be associated directly with the levels of biofilm in containers but rather appears to be introduced intermittently from the ambient domestic environment. When dislodged with the biofilm, these bacteria contributed substantially to the deterioration of the microbiological quality of supplied water stored in plastic containers.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1985

[Purification of dopamine-beta-monooxygenase and extremely acidic, copper-containing proteins from the adrenal medulla. Extremely acidic, copper-containing proteins as electron donors for dopamine-beta-monooxygenase].

A procedure for purification of two copper-containing proteins from bovine adrenal medulla has been developed. The method is based on the extraction of proteins with Triton X-100, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and fractionation with polyethylene glycol. The yield of dopamine-beta-monooxygenase and extremely acidic copper-containing protein per 1 kg of brain medullar tissue is 100 and 150 mg, correspondingly. The ability of the reduced extremely acidic copper-containing protein to act as an electron donor in the reactions of side chain hydroxylation of tyramine and dopamine catalyzed by dopamine-beta-monooxygenase was demonstrated. The kinetics of the products formation and oxygen consumption in the course of these reactions and the specific activities of dopamine-beta-monooxygenase were compared, using the reduced extremely acidic copper-containing protein, ascorbate and ferrocyanide as cosubstrates.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temperature variations in eyebank containers: comparative study of corneal transport containers and packing methods.

Two containers ("Iowa" and "Virginia") commonly used for transporting donor corneas, and various packing methods were evaluated for constancy of temperature maintenance. The larger Iowa container was found to be superior for extended storage. Packing methods that allowed the vials (containing McCarey-Kaufman medium) to be in direct contact with wet ice or with ice water resulted in the best cooling. Direct contact with supercooled ice may cause freezing of the medium. Separating the vials from the ice water slush by dry foam rubber or Styrofoam did not allow adequate cooling. Heat sealing the vials in a plastic bag containing minimal air permitted proper cooling and may reduce the risk of contamination from the ice water.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1995

Inhibition of protein synthesis by the heme-controlled eIF-2 alpha kinase leads to the appearance of mRNA-containing 48S complexes that contain eIF-4E but lack methionyl-tRNA(f).

Phosphorylation of the initiation factor eIF-2 by the heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase (HCR) results in pronounced inhibition of protein synthesis and of binding of Met-tRNA(f) to 40S subunits in reticulocyte lysates. This inhibition is associated with the appearance of a more rapidly sedimenting 48S complex; this contains mRNA detectable by poly(U) hybridization, but not Met-tRNA(f). In contrast, 48S complexes that accumulate in the presence of the initiation inhibitor edeine contain both Met-tRNA(f) and mRNA. We have compared the composition of the particles that accumulate in the presence of HCR with those seen in the presence of edeine and find that both particles contain the cap binding protein, eIF-4E. Moreover, both particles exhibit a buoyant density of 1.40 g/ml in CsCl equilibrium density gradients. This is consistent with the presence of 500-700 kDa of protein additional to ribosomal structural protein, and suggests the presence of eIF-3 on both types of 48S complex. Lysates pre-treated with HCR and then treated with edeine show the ability to accumulate 48S complexes containing Met-tRNA(f), though at a slower rate than control lysates. These observations are discussed in the light of mechanisms previously suggested for the appearance of 48S particles following HCR treatment. In addition, we have observed association of eIF-4E with polysomes and 80S monosomes in reticulocyte lysates, suggesting that this factor may not be released immediately following the binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the 5' end of the mRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Regeneration of peptide-containing retinofugal axons into the optic tectum with reappearance of a substance P-containing lamina.

Twenty-five specimens of Rana pipiens were subjected to a unilateral crush of the optic nerve. Substance P (SP)-, leucine enkephalin (LENK)-, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8)-, and bombesin (BOM)-like immunoreactivities were analyzed in the retinae, optic nerves, and optic tecta, 9 days to 9 months postoperatively, by means of immunohistochemical methods. Peptide-like immunoreactivity was observed in axons within the optic nerve stump retinal to the crush, as in previous studies (Kuljis and Karten, '83b, Kuljis et al., '84). Peptide-containing retinofugal axons began traversing the lesion site between 10 and 20 days postoperatively, in progressively increasing numbers. Ten to 20 days following crush of the optic nerve SP-, LENK-, and CCK8-containing axons could be found in the cerebral stump of the optic nerve and in the optic chiasm, advancing to the side of the brain deafferented by the crush. The number of axons displaying peptide-like immunoreactivity within the optic nerve, retinal or cerebral to the crush, and within the optic chiasm gradually decreased after 2-3 months. The optic nerve contralateral to the procedure displayed only occasional isolated peptide-containing fibers, as in normal optic nerves. The retinae ipsilateral and contralateral to the crush exhibited no change in the normal pattern of peptide-like immunoreactivity, including the absence of demonstrable peptide-like immunoreactivity in the somata of retinal ganglion cells. The optic tectum deafferented by the procedure underwent modifications in the pattern of peptide-like immunoreactivity identical to those reported following unilateral eye enucleation (Kuljis and Karten, '82a, '83a). The patterns of LENK-, CCK8-, and BOM-like immunoreactivities in the tectum were identical to those following irreversible retinal deafferentation as long as 9 months postoperatively. SP-like immunoreactivity, however, was gradually restored in layer 11 of Ramón y Cajal ('46; layer D of Potter, '69) of the superficial (retinorecipient) neuropil 4-6 months postoperatively. The persistence of lamina-specific depletion patterns of LENK-, CCK8-, and BOM-like immunoreactivities in reafferented tecta represents a puzzling observation. The latter findings contrast sharply with the recovery of SP-like immunoreactivity, which occurs long after apparently complete restitution of the retinofugal projection, as shown by anatomical (Stelzner et al., '81), physiological (Maturana et al., '59), and behavioral (Sperry, '44) methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Association of neurotensin receptors with VIP-containing neurons and serotonin-containing axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat.

The aim of the present study was to identify cellular elements bearing high-affinity neurotensin (NT) binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat hypothalamus. Because the distribution of these binding sites had previously been reported to conform to that of both vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing nerve cell bodies and serotonin (5-HT)-containing axons, the following experimental approaches were used: (1) the overlap between autoradiographically labeled NT binding sites and immunocytochemically labeled VIP neurons was examined in adjacent 5-microns-thick sections taken across the entire rostrocaudal extent of the SCN; and (2) the density of NT binding sites was examined by quantitative autoradiography following cytotoxic lesioning of 5-HT afferents. Double-labeling studies demonstrated precise overlap between 125I-NT binding and VIP immunostaining throughout the SCN. Moreover, at high magnification intensely VIP-immunoreactive neurons were found in direct register with 125I-NT-labeled cells visualized in adjacent sections. Densitometric autoradiographic studies demonstrated a significant reduction in specific 125I-NT binding within the SCN following intracerebroventricular injection of the neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Taken together, these results indicate that within the SCN, NT receptors are present both presynaptically on serotonin axons and postsynaptically on the perikarya and dendrites of VIP-containing neurons.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed1989

Axons containing neuropeptide Y innervate arginine vasopressin-containing neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Dual electron microscopic immunolabeling.

Synaptic connections between neurons immunoreactive for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and axon terminals immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) were found in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the rat hypothalamus. In pre-embedding double immunolabeling, NPY axon terminals labeled with diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction product established synaptic junctions on the perikarya and neuronal processes of AVP neurons labeled with silver-gold particles. Ultrastructural morphology of the neurons was more suitably preserved by a combination of pre- and post-embedding procedures. The presynaptic NPY terminals contained many small clear vesicles and a few cored vesicles, and DAB chromogen (immunoreaction product) was located on the surface of the vesicular profiles and on the core. The postsynaptic AVP neurons possessed many large secretory granules labeled with gold particles. At the synaptic junctions, small clear vesicles were accumulated at the presynaptic membrane, and the postsynaptic membrane was coated with a dense accumulation of fine electron dense particles. The perikarya also received synapses made by immuno-negative axon terminals containing many small clear vesicles and a few cored vesicles. These terminals were found more frequently than those containing NPY.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Apolipoprotein AIV of human interstitial fluid is associated with apolipoprotein AI-containing but not with AII-containing particles.

Apolipoproteins and lipoprotein particles from human interstitial fluid and plasma were analyzed. The interstitial fluid was enriched in apolipoproteins AI, AII, and AIV compared with apo B, apo CIII, and apo E, LpAI was found to contain apo AIV which was absent from LpAI: AII. Moreover, the bulk of lecithin-cholesterol acyl-transferase was present in LpAI. The concentration range of these particles was in agreement with those required in vitro for cholesterol efflux. Thus the interstitial fluid contains particles in which two agonists but no antagonists of cholesterol efflux are associated with lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. This supports apolipoprotein AI- and/or AIV-containing particles playing a critical role in the first step of reverse cholesterol transport.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Electrostatic facilitation of the reaction catalyzed by the manganese-containing and the iron-containing superoxide dismutases.

Both the iron-containing and the manganese-containing superoxide dismutases from Escherichia coli show diminished activity with increasing ionic strength, indicative of electrostatic facilitation of the catalyzed reaction. Since both enzymes bear a net negative charge at the assay pH, as does the substrate, this suggests a cationic locale in the active site region. Acetylation of the enzymes inverted their response to increasing ionic strength. It thus appears that lysine residues provide the observed electrostatic facilitation. A specific inhibition by large monovalent anions was observed with the iron-containing superoxide dismutase and was taken to indicate the presence of a cationic group, within a hydrophobic crevice, at the active site.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1983

Isolation of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Bacteroides fragilis: reconstitution as a Mn-containing enzyme.

Superoxide dismutase from the anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The protein, Mr 42,000, is a dimer of equally sized subunits joined by noncovalent interactions. Metal analysis of the native enzyme revealed 1.8-1.9 g-atoms Fe, 0.2 g-atoms Zn, and less than 0.05 g-atoms Mn per mole dimer in a preparation whose specific activity was 1200 U/mg. Exposure of the enzyme to guanidinium chloride plus 8-hydroxyquinoline (T. Kirby, J. Blum, I. Kahane, and I. Fridovich, 1980, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 201, 551-555) resulted in complete loss of enzymatic activity. Activity could be restored by dialysis of the denatured apoprotein against Tris buffer containing either ferrous ammonium sulfate or manganous chloride. The Fe-reconstituted enzyme was inhibited by 1 mM azide and inactivated by H2O2 in a manner similar to the native enzyme. Mn-reconstituted enzyme was inhibited by azide but resisted inactivation by H2O2 comparable to other purified manganese-containing superoxide dismutases. The manganese reconstituted protein contained approximately 1 gm-atom Mn/mol dimer. Zn ion potently inhibited reconstitution of the denatured apoprotein by either Mn or Fe and bound to the protein with a stoichiometry of 2-3 g-atoms/mol dimer.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Fractionation and structure of several hydroxyproline-containing urinary peptides, with special reference to some 3-hydroxyproline-containing peptides.

After a preliminary separation of the hydroxyproline-containing peptides on Biogel P 2, the largest peptides are fractionated on phosphocellulose and the smallest ones on QAE-Sephadex. The fractions obtained from QAE-Sephadex are subfractionated on a column of Dowex 50-M-82. The total number of hydroxyproline-containing peptides from human urine is not less than 78. Sixteen di, tri and pentapeptides have been purified, their N-terminal amino acids and amino acid compositions determined and a structure is proposed. 3 of these peptides contain 3-hydroxyproline and one of these 3 peptides probably originates from basement membrane collagen.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1984

Decrease in arachidonoyl-containing phosphatidylinositols in pancreas of rats fed an ethanol-containing diet.

The composition of the glycerophosphatides in pancreas and liver was studied in rats fed an ethanol-containing diet and in pair-fed controls. The fraction of arachidonoyl-containing phosphatidylinositols in pancreas was much lower in the former rats, also when the rats were starved for a final 24 hr period. This fraction was also lower in fed than in starved control rats. The effect was not observed after acute administration of ethanol. It is suggested that the decrease in arachidonoyl-containing phosphatidylinositols was due to chronic pancreatic hyperfunction in the ethanol-fed rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Many progestin receptor-containing neurons in the guinea pig ventrolateral hypothalamus contain substance P: immunocytochemical evidence.

Behavioral and neuroanatomical evidence in rats suggests that substance P may mediate hormonally induced sexual receptivity. To determine if progestin receptor-containing neurons in the guinea pig hypothalamus also contained substance P, we used a double antibody, immunocytochemical technique. Ovariectomized, adult guinea pigs were estradiol-primed for one week. Two days prior to perfusion, colchicine was infused into the lateral ventricle. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons and progestin receptor-immunoreactive neurons were found throughout the hypothalamus and caudal preoptic area. However, substance P and progestin receptor immunoreactivity occurred in the same neurons almost exclusively in the ventrolateral area of the hypothalamus, an important site in the hormonal regulation of female sexual behavior in guinea pigs. Within this area, approximately 35% of the progestin receptor-immunoreactive neurons also contained substance P immunoreactivity. These neuroanatomical data are consistent with the hypothesis that substance P may mediate some of the neural actions of progesterone.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Synaptic associations between oxytocin-containing magnocellular neurons and neurons containing corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat magnocellular paraventricular nucleus.

In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat hypothalamus, we determined synaptic associations between oxytocin (OXT)-containing magnocellular neurons and parvocellular neurons containing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) by using a double immunolabeling technique in 7 animals. In single vibratome sections of the hypothalamus, immunoreactive CRF and OXT were labeled with silver-gold particles and diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen, respectively. By light microscopy CRF-containing fibers appeared to be black dots, some of which encircled magnocellular perikarya labeled with brown DAB chromogen in the PVN. By electron microscopy we discriminated OXT neurons having fine DAB-chromogen particles distributed throughout the cytoplasm and on large secretory granules from CRF neurons having dense coarse particles of silver-gold. Occasional CRF axons terminated on perikarya or dendritic processes of OXT neurons, making synaptic contacts. The terminals which were characterized by having clusters of small clear vesicles and a few dense core vesicles showed equal thickenings of pre- and postsynaptic membranes at the synaptic junctions.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Myoclonus in guniea pigs is induced by indole-containing but not piperazine-containing 5HT agonists.

L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) induces in guinea pigs a myoclonic jerking which is dependent upon stimulation of brainstem 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) receptors. We have investigated the ability of 5HT precursors and a range of synthetic 5HT agonists to produce myoclonus. The 5HT precursors and 5HT agonists containing an indole nucleus induced dose-dependent jerking in guinea pigs. In contrast, 5HT agonists possessing a piperazine moiety induced occasional jerking only at toxic doses, but not a those doses normally associated with 5HT agonist activity. The difference in activity between the indole-containing compounds and piperazine-containing 5HT agonists suggests that myoclonus is due to activation of an indole-selective brainstem 5HT receptor and provides further evidence for multiple cerebral 5HT receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Formation of heterotypic adherens-type junctions between L-CAM-containing liver cells and A-CAM-containing lens cells.

Cultured cells from either chicken lens or liver plated on solid substrates form flat epithelial sheets with adherens-type junctions between them. In lens cells these junctions contain A-CAM, while the same type of intercellular junctions in liver cells contain another cell adhesion molecule, L-CAM. Coculturing of lens and liver cells in the same dish resulted in the formation of mixed (heterotypic) adherens junctions. Double immunofluorescent labeling for both A-CAM and L-CAM indicated that the mixed junctions contained both molecules, each of which was present on one of the two partner cells. Moreover, the formation of the heterotypic junctions could be effectively inhibited by both anti-A-CAM and anti-L-CAM antibodies. It has thus been proposed that A-CAM and L-CAM share significant functional homology and may be involved in heterophilic interactions leading to the establishment of molecularly and cellularly asymmetrical adherens-type junctions.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Synaptic association between enkephalin-containing axon terminals and proopiomelanocortin-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of rat hypothalamus.

By employing an electron microscopic dual immunolabeling technique, a synaptic association between neurons containing immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and axonal terminals containing immunoreactive methionine-enkephalin octapeptide (Enk-8) was found in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. The axonal terminals contained many small clear vesicles and some large cored vesicles. At the synaptic portions, membrane specialization was asymmetric.

Animals↗