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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Cognitive-behavioural assessment and treatment of maladaptive help-seeking behaviour in a patient with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Maladaptive help-seeking behaviour in psychiatric patients is a significant problem for public mental health services, yet it is not addressed in the mainstream literature. We present a report on the successful treatment of a person with schizophrenia who displayed this common dilemma for patients and clinicians. CLINICAL PICTURE: A 31-year-old man with borderline intellectual functioning had a 10-year history of schizophrenia marked by negative features. He frequently presented in crisis to public mental health services, the local hospital, and his general practitioner; this resulted in excessive use of services, including admissions. TREATMENT: The patient was reassessed from a cognitive-behavioural perspective rather than a syndromal perspective. Specific behaviours were modified, cognitions were identified, challenged and restructured, and other service providers were provided with an alternative to admission or acute community care. OUTCOME: At 24 months the maladaptive behaviour remains in remission. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural problems in persons with chronic schizophrenia may be effectively treated by reconceptualising the behaviour as distinct from the major diagnosis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Behavioural disorders induced by external globus pallidus dysfunction in primates: I. Behavioural study.

The current model of basal ganglia organization postulates the existence of a functional partitioning into sensorimotor, associative and limbic territories, implicated in motor, cognitive and emotional aspects of behaviour, respectively. This organization was proposed initially on the basis of the cortico-striatal projections and was extended to the various structures of the basal ganglia. While there is a considerable body of experimental evidence in support of an involvement of the basal ganglia sensorimotor territory in basic control of movements, evidence for the functional relevance of the non-motor territories has had to be based on a growing number of clinical observations due to the paucity of relevant animal studies. Previous studies in monkeys have, however, shown that a reversible and focal dysfunction induced by microinjections of bicuculline in the sensorimotor territory of the external globus pallidus (GPe) can generate abnormal movements. We therefore hypothesized that the same approach applied to the associative and limbic territories of the GPe would induce behavioural disorders rather than abnormal movements. To address this hypothesis, we performed microinjections of bicuculline, using the same concentration in each of the sensorimotor, associative and limbic territories of the GPe, as defined by striato-pallidal projections. Spontaneous behaviour and performance of a simple food-retrieving task during the effects of these microinjections were compared with data obtained in control conditions in the same monkeys. We found that bicuculline microinjections induced stereotypy when performed in the limbic part of the GPe, and attention deficit and/or hyperactivity when performed in the associative part. No movement disorders were observed during these behavioural disturbances. As previously described, abnormal movements were observed when bicuculline was injected into the sensorimotor territory of the GPe. The relationship between the localization of microinjection sites and the type of behavioural effect was similar for the three monkeys. Control microinjections of bicuculline into surrounding structures (striatum and internal globus pallidus) and saline injections into the GPe failed to induce any observable effect. These results support the hypotheses of functional diversity and territorial specificity in the GPe, in agreement with the parallel circuits organizational model of the basal ganglia. Furthermore, the behavioural effects shared similar features with symptoms observed in Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit/hyperactivity and compulsive disorders. Thus, our study provides experimental evidence for the involvement of the associative and limbic parts of the basal ganglia in these pathologies. These results may provide the basis for a primate model of these disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Context determines the type of sensitized behaviour: a brief review and a hypothesis on the role of environment in behavioural sensitization.

Behavioural sensitization to psychostimulants may develop context-dependency in certain circumstances. Animals given a stimulant repeatedly in a test cage but not in other environments may show enhanced drug-induced behaviour in the test cage. Conditioning mechanisms have been claimed to be responsible for these phenomena. However, several recent findings are not properly accounted for by conditioning. In addition, growing evidence supports the hypothesis that behavioural sensitization reflects neural changes induced by repeated exposure to psychostimulants (the pharmacological hypothesis). However, the pharmacological hypothesis itself fails to account for environmental influences. In this paper, we propose a hypothesis on the role of environment that is complementary to the pharmacological hypothesis. According to our hypothesis, environment does not have a causal role in the development of sensitization, but it modifies the mode of expression of the sensitized behaviour. Sensitization primarily reflects a neuroadaptive change induced by repeated exposure of the neural system to psychostimulants. However, psychostimulants are known to induce different behaviours in different environments. Therefore, repeated administration of a psychostimulant in different environments would result in augmentation of different behaviours. Our hypothesis potentially accommodates various previous observations. We briefly review the literature and present our hypothesis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Contingency knowledge is necessary for learned motivated behaviour in humans: relevance for addictive behaviour.

AIMS: Many forms of human conditioned behaviour depend upon explicit knowledge of the predictive contingency between stimuli, responses and the reinforcer. However, it remains uncertain whether the conditioning of three key behaviours in drug addiction-selective attention, instrumental drug-seeking behaviour and emotional state--are dependent upon contingency knowledge. To test this possibility, we employed an avoidance procedure to generate rapidly these three forms of conditioned behaviour without incurring the methodological problems of drug conditioning. DESIGN: In two experiments, participants (16 students) were trained on a schedule in which one stimulus (S +) predicted the occurrence of a startling noise, which could be cancelled by performing an instrumental avoidance response. MEASUREMENTS: The allocation of attention to the S + and the rate and probability of the avoidance response in the presence of S + were measured. Following training, participants were tested for their knowledge of the stimulus-noise contingencies arranged in the study and rated the emotional qualities of the stimuli. FINDINGS: Both experiments showed that S + gained control of selective attention, instrumental avoidance behaviour and subjective anxiety, but only in participants who reported explicit knowledge of the Pavlovian contingency between the S + and the startling noise. CONCLUSIONS: The implication of the present findings is that the control of selective attention, instrumental drug-seeking behaviour and emotional state by drug-paired stimuli is mediated by cognitive knowledge of the predictive contingency between the stimulus and the drug.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Do interventions to limit sedentary behaviours change behaviour and reduce childhood obesity? A critical review of the literature.

We sought to determine whether interventions that emphasize decreasing sedentary behaviours in children and adolescents result in behaviour change and weight control. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all comparative studies of interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour among children, alone or in combination with other health messages. Two investigators evaluated articles for eligibility and validity. As methods, settings and interventions differ across studies, results were synthesized narratively. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and provided relevant data. Six targeted clinic-based populations that were overweight or at risk of overweight, and six were population-based prevention studies. Approaches varied, but all reduced sedentary behaviour and improved weight indices. An emphasis on decreasing sedentary behaviours is an effective intervention to decrease sedentary behaviours and control weight in children and adolescents.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Time-course of the effects of chronic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behaviour, body temperature, brain amines and withdrawal-like behaviour in the rat.

The effects of clomipramine HCl (15 mg kg-1 i.p.) on behaviour, body temperature and brain amines were investigated in rats that had been chronically treated twice daily with increasing doses of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC, 2-6 mg kg-1 i.v.). delta 9-THC produced a biphasic change in behaviour, stimulation followed by depression, and a pronounced hypothermia. Tolerance developed rapidly to these effects of delta 9-THC. Chronic treatment with delta 9-THC reduced the levels of homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline. The level of dopamine was not altered with chronic treatment and tolerance appeared to develop to the increased levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid induced by delta 9-THC. Injection of clomipramine, 12-14 h after 2, 5 or 10 days of delta 9-THC treatment induced characteristic changes in the rats behaviour which consisted of writhes, backward kicking, wet shakes, jumps ataxia and front paw and whole body tremor. The severity of the behavioural changes appeared to be dependent on the period of delta 9-THC administration and they were not accompanied by a change in body temperature or consistent changes in brain amines or metabolites. The results indicate that physical dependence on delta 9-THC may occur since clomipramine is able to precipitate changes in behaviour, indicative on an abstinence syndrome, in rats chronically treated with delta 9-THC. It is suggested that tryptaminergic mechanisms are altered during chronic delta 9-THC treatment and that clomipramine induces the behavioural changes by interacting with an altered tryptaminergic system.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Behavioural counselling in general practice for the promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease: randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of behaviourally oriented counselling in general practice on healthy behaviour and biological risk factors in patients at increased risk of coronary heart disease. DESIGN: Cluster randomised controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: 883 men and women selected for the presence of one or more modifiable risk factors: regular cigarette smoking, high serum cholesterol concentration (6.5-9.0 mmol/l), and high body mass index (25-35) combined with low physical activity. INTERVENTION: Brief behavioural counselling, on the basis of the stage of change model, carried out by practice nurses to reduce smoking and dietary fat intake and to increase regular physical activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Questionnaire measures of diet, exercise, and smoking habits, and blood pressure, serum total cholesterol concentration, weight, body mass index, and smoking cessation (with biochemical validation) at 4 and 12 months. RESULTS: Favourable differences were recorded in the intervention group for dietary fat intake, regular exercise, and cigarettes smoked per day at 4 and 12 months. Systolic blood pressure was reduced to a greater extent in the intervention group at 4 but not at 12 months. No differences were found between groups in changes in total serum cholesterol concentration, weight, body mass index, diastolic pressure, or smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Brief behavioural counselling by practice nurses led to improvements in healthy behaviour. More extended counselling to help patients sustain and build on behaviour changes may be required before differences in biological risk factors emerge.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of sexual behaviour and risk behaviour for HIV infection between women in three clinical settings.

OBJECTIVE: To compare sexual behaviour and HIV risk behaviour between women in three clinical settings and to investigate the effect of socio-economic status and ethnic origin upon these behaviours. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 1,950 women attending clinics for genitourinary medicine (GUM) family planning and termination of pregnancy (TOP), all in inner London. RESULTS: A quarter of women attending the GUM and TOP clinics were not using any regular form of contraception. Differences in the median numbers of sexual partners in the past year (1-2) and over lifetime (4-6) between the three groups were slight. Amongst the women in all three groups: more than half (54.8-64.9%) had had a non-regular partner in the preceding twelve months; fewer than one-fifth (10.4-17.1%) reported always using condoms with their regular partners, and fewer than two-fifths (31.3-39.7%) always used them with their non-regular partners; approximately one in five women (18.6-23.9%) reported one or more major HIV risk behaviours. Some parameters of sexual behaviour were found to be influenced by socio-economic status and/or ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: The behaviour of women attending these three clinics is very similar. Women attending clinics for family planning or termination of pregnancy need advice on sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection, and women attending genitourinary medicine or termination clinics need advice on contraception. Closer integration between disciplines is required to provide a comprehensive sexual health service for women.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1997

Behaviour of MRL mice: an animal model of disturbed behaviour in systemic autoimmune disease.

Evidence is reviewed indicating that development of lupus-like disease in the MRL-lpr substrain of mice coincides with a change in behaviour, suggestive of altered emotional reactivity and cognitive performance. The altered behaviour, termed 'autoimmunity-associated behavioural syndrome', is related to abnormal autoantibody and cytokine production. Moreover, immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide prevents the appearance of some behavioural deficits. It is argued that the MRL strain of mice constitute an animal model of behavioural dysfunction in autoimmune disease, and can be used to investigate the mechanisms by which an insidious autoimmune/inflammatory process alters mood and behaviour and may result in some forms of mental disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Teachers' causal attributions, cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses to students with emotional and behavioural difficulties.

BACKGROUND: The vast majority of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties are educated in their usual classes in ordinary schools across the countries. The study, therefore, of teachers' responses to these children is important for both teachers' and students' well-being in schools. Research provides evidence that teachers attribute students' difficulties to factors external to themselves, that is family or child factors and although they experience feelings of irritation and indifference with disruptive students they feel responsible and committed to help them. As far as their coping strategies are concerned, teachers seem to mostly favour positive interventions. AIMS: This study aimed to examine Greek teachers' causal attributions, emotional and cognitive responses, coping strategies and suggestions for effective coping strategies with students with emotional and behavioural difficulties. SAMPLE: This comprised 391 elementary teachers teaching in 60 public schools in the area of Athens. METHOD: Teachers completed an inventory presenting six short scenarios of students with emotional and behavioural difficulties, varying in the type of difficulty (conduct or emotional) and the degree of severity for teachers to handle them (mild or severe). RESULTS: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that teachers perceived school and teacher factors as causal of emotional and behavioural difficulties. Teachers expressed feelings of sympathy for these children, and perceived themselves as responsible, self-efficacious and inclined to help them. Finally, they reported using supportive techniques to handle emotional and behavioural difficulties, which they also considered as effective. CONCLUSIONS: Teacher training becomes crucial as a process of adopting patterns of thought and strategies for responding to students with emotional and behavioural difficulties.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Attributional styles in boys with severe behaviour problems: a possible reason for lack of progress on a positive behaviour programme.

BACKGROUND: The number of exclusions from British schools has been increasing in recent years: the vast majority are because of disruptive behaviour. Increasing the effectiveness of behaviour control is therefore a priority for educators. AIMS: This study tests the hypothesis that children who do not respond well to a behaviour modification regime exhibit a depressed attributional style. SAMPLE: The sample comprised 26 boys aged 7-11 in a special day school for children with behaviour problems. METHOD: Participants were interviewed about positive and negative aspects of school life: responses were coded using the Leeds Attributional Coding System (Stratton et al., 1988). School records were then used to identify children making good progress through the Positive Behaviour Programme (N = 13) and those making little or no progress (N = 8). RESULTS: Mean proportions of stable, global, internal, personal and controllable attributions were compared by progress group (high/low) and outcome (positive/negative) using mixed-design ANOVA. High progress children made significantly more global and internal attributions for positive than for negative events, while low progress children made more personal attributions for negative than for positive events. CONCLUSIONS: A depressed attributional style may act as a barrier which hinders the generalisation and internalisation of traditional behaviour modification methods. Increased teacher-awareness of attribution could increase the effectiveness of remedial programmes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

The impact of maternal mental health and child's behavioural difficulties on attributions about child behaviours.

The effects of maternal mental health and child's behavioural difficulties upon mothers' attributions for negative child behaviour were examined. A community sample of 70 mothers of children aged about 9 years were interviewed in depth and the interviews transcribed. Transcripts were analysed for spontaneous attributions which were subsequently coded on the dimensions of internality, controllability, stability, universality and globality. Mothers with mental health problems made the same number of attributions about negative behaviours as normal mothers. However, more internal-to-self and global attributions were made by the group with mental health problems. This pattern was demonstrated regardless of the child's level of behavioural difficulties. The increase in negative attributions by mothers with mental health problems is not the result of the association between maternal mental health and child's behavioural difficulties. Mothers with mental health problems do not explain their child's negative behaviours in a way that is typical of normal mothers, and reasons for this are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Attitude-behaviour relations: the role of in-group norms and mode of behavioural decision-making.

Two experiments provided support for the central hypothesis--derived from social identity/self-categorization theories--that attitudes would be most likely to predict behaviour when they were supported by a congruent in-group norm. In the first experiment, norm congruency and mode of behavioural decision-making (spontaneous or deliberative) were orthogonally manipulated in a between-subjects study of career choice in psychology. Participants exposed to an attitudinally congruent in-group norm towards their preferred career choice were more likely to display attitude-behaviour consistency than those exposed to an attitudinally inconsistent group norm, an effect that was evident under both spontaneous and deliberative decision-making conditions. Using a mock jury paradigm, Expt 2 replicated and extended the first experiment by including a manipulation of in-group salience. As predicted, participants exposed to an incongruent norm displayed greater attitude-behaviour inconsistency than those exposed to a congruent norm. Contrary to predictions, this effect did not vary as a function of group salience, nor did the effects of group norms for high and low salience participants vary as a function of mode of behavioural decision-making. However, there was evidence that perceived identification with the group moderated the influence of norms on attitude-behaviour consistency.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal-directed behaviours: broadening and deepening the theory of planned behaviour.

Building on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we develop a new model of purposive behaviour which suggests that desires are the proximal causes of intentions, and the traditional antecedents in the TPB work through desires. In addition, perceived consequences of goal achievement and goal failure are modelled as anticipated emotions, which also function as determinants of desires. The new model is tested in two studies: an investigation of bodyweight regulation by 108 Italians at the University of Rome and an investigation of effort expended in studying by 122 students at the University of Rome. Frequency and recency of past behaviour are controlled for in tests of hypotheses. The findings show that desires fully mediated the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and anticipated emotions on intentions. Significantly greater amounts of variance are explained in intentions and behaviour by the new model in comparison to the TPB and variants of the TPB that include either anticipated emotions and/or past behaviour.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Relationships between personality, an extended theory of planned behaviour model and exercise behaviour.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the theory of planned behaviour's (TPB) mediating hypothesis between the five-factor model of personality and exercise behaviour using an extended TPB model including concepts of affective and instrumental attitude, injunctive and descriptive norm, controllability, and selfefficacy. It was hypothesized that extraversion's activity facet would have a significant direct effect on exercise behaviour while controlling for the TPB, based on the presupposition that activity may represent a disposition that predicts exercise beyond planned behaviour. DESIGN: To test the replicability of these findings, we examined this research question with undergraduate students prospectively and cancer survivors, using a cross-sectional design. RESULTS: Using structural equation modelling, the results indicated that activity had a significant effect (p <.05) on exercise behaviour (study 1 =.20; study 2 =.31) while controlling for the TPB. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests the importance of extraversion's activity facet on exercise behaviour, even when controlling for a TPB model with additional socialcognitive concepts and disparate population samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Induction of incubation behaviour in male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria): a behavioural analysis.

Male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were treated with either progesterone or dexamethasone (a powerful ACTH inhibitor) and tested for incubation behaviour. Progesterone treatments shortened the latency of incubation response by facilitating nest-related pre-incubation behaviour patterns in the nest bowl and components of incubation behaviour. The accumulated rather than the daily dose level of progesterone injections appeared to be the determinant factor in mediating behavioural effects. Dexamethasone treatment at the dosage of 100 mug/day for 7 days inhibited the overall expression of male courtship behaviour. None of the dexamethasone-treated ring doves "sat" in 2 weeks. It is suggested that the hormonal and situational (non-hormonal) cues are not only important contributory factors but also complement one another in the induction of incubation behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Stress and cardiovascular disease risk behaviours: implications for health behaviour change.

This brief paper presents an integrative framework helpful in understanding the relationships between stress and cardiovascular disease risk behaviours. Key concepts such as cardiovascular reactivity, type A behaviour and hostility, ways of coping with both life and illness-related stressors, and the challenges associated with changing risk behaviours can support a patient's behaviour change efforts if communicated in a personally salient manner. Assessing the determinants of health behaviour change facilitates tailoring of interventions and can more precisely identify a patient's needs for referral to a psychologist with expertise in health behaviour issues.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula high-school students. Part X. Multivariate relationships among behaviours.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between adolescent risk behaviours, taking into account their influence upon one another. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey utilising a self-completed questionnaire; stepwise logistic regression analyses were carried out, stratified for gender. SETTING: High schools in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa SUBJECTS: 7,340 students from 16 schools in the three major education departments. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variables for each regression model were: cigarette smoking, cannabis smoking, alcohol bingeing, sexual intercourse, knife-carrying at school, walking home at night from beyond the neighbourhood, attempting suicide, and failure to use a seat belt. For each model, 26 risk behaviours served as independent variables. RESULTS: For each model, between 3 and 9 variables qualified for inclusion for each gender. There was a substantial association between many forms of substance abuse. In the previous 12 months, suicidal thoughts or statements of suicidal intent were predictors of a suicide attempt. Several variables involving injury were predictors of exposure to danger in getting home at night, and this was a predictor of substance abuse. Cannabis smoking, alcohol bingeing and exposure to danger in getting home at night were predictors of and were predicted by having had sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: There are significant relationships between many adolescent risk behaviours, even when the influence of other risk behaviours is taken into account. The probability of adverse sequelae of risk behaviours, such as exposure to danger in getting home at night and sexual intercourse, is increased by the presence of selected other risk behaviours.

Adolescent↗