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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Real-time automated measurement of Xenopus leavis tadpole behavior and behavioral responses following triphenyltin exposure using the multispecies freshwater biomonitor (MFB).

The present study examines whether behavior of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, when measured with the multispecies freshwater biomonitor (MFB), can be a sensitive and practical parameter for quantification of behavioral effects induced by toxic compounds. The MFB system is capable of automated simultaneous recording and integration of different types of movement over time. Basic tadpole behavior was studied under standard ambient temperature and colder conditions. At lower temperatures the time spent on low frequency behavior such as swimming and ventilation decreased, while at higher frequency movements associated with subtle tail tip oscillations it increased. Changes in behavior were also studied during the process of metamorphosis when both the morphology and physiology of tadpoles change. In the course of metamorphosis the tadpoles decreased the time spent on swimming and increased tail tip oscillations, especially in the period shortly before and during metamorphic climax. Additional experiments were performed to investigate whether the MFB could be used to quantify behavioral effects of exposure to a toxic compound. A 48 h exposure to a sublethal concentration of 1.25 microg L(-1) triphenyltin (TPT) significantly increased low frequency behavior, whereas 5 microg L(-1) TPT significantly reduced this type of behavior while the number of periods of total inactivity increased. One week after transferring the animals to clean water, registered behavior of tadpoles in the highest TPT group (5 microg L(-1)) was normal again for this developmental stage. The results show that the MFB can be used as a new tool for automated registration of sublethal toxic effects on tadpole behavior including recovery.

Acetone↗
PubMed2001

Inferring traits from behaviors versus behaviors from traits: the induction-deduction asymmetry.

It is argued that inductive inferences from behaviors to traits are performed more frequently than deductive inferences from traits to behaviors-a phenomenon referred to as the induction-deduction asymmetry. Two experiments are reported in which behavior-to-trait inferences and trait-to-behavior inferences were compared within the same paradigm: Participants learned a series of descriptions of a target person, half of which were presented in trait form, half in behavior form. A subsequent recognition task was constructed so that some of the items (traits and behaviors) had actually been seen, some were entirely new, and some were new but had been implied by the information given. The 2 experiments provide clear evidence for the hypothesis that traits implied by a behavior are more frequently misidentified as already seen than behaviors implied by a trait. Response-time data in Experiment 2 further suggest that inferences from behaviors to traits are made on-line, whereas inferences from traits to behaviors appear to be memory based.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Supervisory guidance and behavioral integrity: relationships with employee citizenship and deviant behavior.

The authors examined the effects of supervisory guidance (providing instruction to employees) and behavioral integrity (a pattern of word-deed alignment) on employee organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and deviant behavior. Results revealed a pattern of Supervisory Guidance x Behavioral Integrity interaction effects, such that relationships between guidance and outcome variables were dependent on the level of behavioral integrity exhibited by supervisors. The interactions suggest a positive relationship between supervisory guidance and OCBs when behavioral integrity is high but also a positive relationship between guidance and deviant behavior when behavioral integrity is low. These results were consistent across 2 independent field samples: 1 assessing individual employee perceptions of supervisory behavior and the other assessing aggregate perceptions of supervisory behavior among employees in bank branches.

Employment↗
PubMed2006

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels.

Childrens' touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards were measured using video observations. Descriptions were made of childrens' outdoor residential play environments. Behaviors assessed were used to examine (1) validity of parental responses to questions on childrens' oral behaviors and outdoor play and (2) relationships of mouthing behaviors to blood lead levels (BLLs). Thirty-seven children aged 1-5 years were recruited for 2 h of video recording in their yard and blood lead measurement. Video assessments included hourly rates of hand touches to ground/walking-level surfaces (cement/stone/steel, porch floor/steps, grass, and bare soil) and oral behaviors. Parental questionnaires assessed their child's outdoor activities, behaviors, and home environment. The children were: mean 39 months; 51% male; 89% Hispanic; and 78% Medicaid or uninsured. Twenty-two children had a blood lead measured (mean 6 microg/dl). During taping, all children had access to cement, 92% to grass, 73% to bare soil, and 59% to an open porch. Children had frequent touching and mouthing behaviors observed (median touches/h: touches to surfaces 81; hand-to-mouth area (with and without food) 26; hand-in-mouth 7; and object-in-mouth 17). Blood lead was directly correlated with log-transformed rates of hand-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r=0.564, n=22, P=0.006) and object-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r=0.482, n=22, P=0.023) behaviors. Parental questionnaire responses did not accurately reflect childrens' observed oral behaviors, play habits, or play environment. These data confirm the direct relationship between hand-to-mouth activities and BLLs and fail to validate parental perceptions of their child's mouthing behaviors or outdoor play environment.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral drive versus behavioral inertia in evolution: a null model approach.

Some biologists embrace the classical view that changes in behavior inevitably initiate or drive evolutionary changes in other traits, yet others note that behavior sometimes inhibits evolutionary changes. Here we develop a null model that quantifies the impact of regulatory behaviors (specifically, thermoregulatory behaviors) on body temperature and on performance of ectotherms. We apply the model to data on a lizard (Anolis cristatellus) and show that thermoregulatory behaviors likely inhibit selection for evolutionary shifts in thermal physiology with altitude. Because behavioral adjustments are commonly used by ectotherms to regulate physiological performance, regulatory behaviors should generally constrain rather than drive evolution, a phenomenon we call the "Bogert effect." We briefly review a few other examples that contradict the classical view of behavior as the inevitable driving force in evolution. Overall, our analysis and brief review challenge the classical view that behavior is invariably the driving force in evolution, and instead our work supports the alternative view that behavior has diverse--and sometimes conflicting--effects on the directions and rates at which other traits evolve.

Altitude↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral inhibition: linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework.

Behavioral inhibition refers to a temperament or style of reacting that some infants and young children exhibit when confronted with novel situations or unfamiliar adults or peers. Research on behavioral inhibition has examined the link between this set of behaviors to the neural systems involved in the experience and expression of fear. There are strong parallels between the physiology of behaviorally inhibited children and the activation of physiological systems associated with conditioned and unconditioned fear. Research has examined which caregiving behaviors support the frequency of behavioral inhibition across development, and work on the interface of cognitive processes and behavioral inhibition reveal both how certain cognitive processes moderate behavioral inhibition and how this temperament affects the development of cognition. This research has taken place within a context of the possibility that stable behavioral inhibition may be a risk factor for psychopathology, particularly anxiety disorders in older children. The current chapter reviews these areas of research and provides an integrative account of the broad impact of behavioral inhibition research.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reduction of physiological, behavioral, and self-report responses in type A behavior: a preliminary report.

Recent reports indicate that Type A Behavior may be reducible by behavioral and other psychotherapeutic methods. To date, however, there has been virtually no demonstration of reduction of the actual, observed behavior. Furthermore, the physiologic hyperresponsiveness that seems to characterize many Type A individuals when under stress, has received relatively little therapeutic attention. This preliminary, uncontrolled report describes a cognitive-behavioral group intervention program, before and after which patients underwent assessment on physiologic, behavioral, and self-report assessments. These included heart rate and blood pressure responsiveness under stressful conditions, trained observer ratings of Type A Behavior, and a variety of subjective measures of Type A Behavior and psychological distress and symptoms. Results showed limited improvement on most behavioral and self-report indices. Relatively greater reduction of Type A Behavior was associated with higher pre-treatment levels of Type A Behavior, with the absence of coronary artery disease and with male gender.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The eHealth Behavior Management Model: a stage-based approach to behavior change and management.

Although the Internet has become an important avenue for disseminating health information, theory-driven strategies for aiding individuals in changing or managing health behaviors are lacking. The eHealth Behavior Management Model combines the Transtheoretical Model, the behavioral intent aspect of the Theory of Planned Behavior, and persuasive communication to assist individuals in negotiating the Web toward stage-specific information. It is here - at the point of stage-specific information - that behavioral intent in moving toward more active stages of change occurs. The eHealth Behavior Management Model is applied in three demonstration projects that focus on behavior management issues: parent-child nutrition education among participants in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children; asthma management among university staff and students; and human immunodeficiency virus prevention among South African women. Preliminary results have found the eHealth Behavior Management Model to be promising as a model for Internet-based behavior change programming. Further application and evaluation among other behavior and disease management issues are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: National College Health Risk Behavior Survey--United States, 1995.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Colleges and universities are important settings for delivering health promotion education and services to many young adults. However, before this national college-based survey was conducted in 1995, the prevalences of health-risk behaviors among college students nationwide had not been well characterized. REPORTING PERIOD: January through June 1995. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors, unhealthy dietary behaviors, and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes a) national, state, and local school-based surveys of high school students conducted biennially since 1991, b) a household-based survey conducted in 1992 among a national sample of youth aged 12-21 years, whether enrolled in school, and c) the national college-based survey conducted in 1995. This report summarizes results from the national college-based survey-the National College Health Risk Behavior Survey (NCHRBS)-and describes priority health-risk behaviors among college students nationwide and health promotion programs on college campuses. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: Data from the 1995 survey indicated that many college students throughout the United States engage in behaviors that place them at risk for serious health problems. Almost one third (29.0%) of college students were current cigarette smokers. One third (34.5%) of college students reported episodic heavy drinking during the 30 days preceding the survey, 27.4% reported drinking alcohol and driving during the 30 days preceding the survey, and 30.5% of students who had gone boating or swimming during the 12 months preceding the survey had drunk alcohol while boating or swimming. One in five (20.4%) female college students had been forced to have sexual intercourse during her lifetime. Only 29.6% of students who had had sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey had used a condom at last sexual intercourse, and 34.5% had used birth control pills. Approximately one in five (20.5%) college students was overweight. Survey results indicated that three fourths (73.7%) of students had failed to eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables on the day preceding the survey, 21.8% had eaten three or more high-fat foods on the day preceding the survey, and few students had engaged in vigorous (37.6%) or moderate (19.5%) physical activity at recommended levels. ACTIONS TAKEN: The NCHRBS data will be used to measure progress toward achieving 28 national health objectives related to the health-risk behaviors of college students and two national health objectives related to the availability and characteristics of health promotion programs for college students. These data also will be used nationwide by college health and education officials to improve health policies and programs designed to reduce risks associated with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Late adolescent risk-taking: effects of perceived benefits and perceived risks on behavioral intentions and behavioral change.

To assess the predictive utility of perceived benefits and risks of risk-taking behaviors (RTBs) on behavioral intentions and behavioral change, data were collected from 187 male and female late adolescent college students (ages 17-20). Perceived benefits, perceived risks, behavioral intentions, and involvement for 18 RTBs were assessed at T1 and T2 (3 months later). Factor analyses were performed on T1 involvement data, and six RTB factors emerged: Alcohol RTBs, Illegal Drug RTBs, Stereotypic Male RTBs, Social RTBs, Sex RTBs, and Imprudent RTBs. Regression analyses indicated that perceived benefits accounted for significant variance in behavioral intentions for each of the six factors and Overall RTB; perceived risks accounted for significant variance in behavioral intentions for five of the factors. Similar regression analyses indicated that perceived benefits accounted for significant variance in behavior change (over a 3 month period) for each of the six factors and the Overall RTB score, whereas perceived risks accounted for significant variance for only one factor (Illegal Drug RTBs). The result suggest that, among late adolescents, perceived benefits are better determinants of behavior change for RTBs than are perceived risks. Both perceived benefits and perceived risks, however, are important determinants of behavioral intentions. These findings support previous work identifying adolescents as "sensation seekers". Interventions should address perceived benefits of RTB, rather than relying solely on promoting knowledge of the risks. Assessment of adolescent RTB should continue to use multi-item measures to obtain a broad picture of the variety of behaviors commonly endorsed by adolescents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Utility of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior for predicting physician behavior: a prospective analysis.

The utility of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for prospectively predicting physicians' delivery of preventive services was compared. Primary care physicians (N = 765) completed 2 mail surveys at periods 6 months apart. The addition of perceived behavioral control to the TRA model significantly increased the variance accounted for in behavioral intention and subsequent behavior (p < .001). TPB constructs were related to physicians' intentions to educate adolescents about sexually transmitted disease transmission (R = .52, p < .001) and to their subsequent delivery of this service (R = .63, p < .001). Perceived behavioral control had direct effects on behavior and interacted with social norms and behavioral intentions. Applications of models such as the TRA or TPB have focused primarily on predicting the behavioral intentions and behaviors of patients. Results suggest that these models have relevance for studying the behavior of health care providers as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Community supports for individuals with challenging behavior after brain injury: an analysis of the New York state behavioral resource project.

OBJECTIVE: To articulate a framework for supporting individuals with behavioral challenges following brain injury, to describe a state-funded clinical intervention program established to provide community support to individuals with challenging behaviors following brain injury using such a framework, to present data from which it can be concluded that such a program is cost-effective, and to offer policy recommendations. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of cost data and living arrangements for individuals with behavioral challenges served for a period of 3-4 years through the New York State Home and Community-Based Services Traumatic Brain Injury (HCBS-TBI) Waiver program and the State Behavioral Resource Project. SUBJECTS: 80 individuals with TBI and severe behavioral challenges that included criminal behavior, physical threats, assault and physical aggression, sexually inappropriate behavior, substance abuse, refusal to participate in intervention programs, and psychiatric disturbances, all of whom were at least 2 years postinjury (X = 7.33 years postinjury). RESULTS: The majority of individuals (82% of the 1996 cohort; 89% of the 1997 cohort) with challenging behaviors were living successfully in their home communities 3-4 years after the initiation of behavioral supports. In addition, the costs of serving these individuals decreased in the first year of community integration and for that last year that a cost analysis was completed. CONCLUSIONS: Many individuals with behavioral impairments can be supported successfully in community settings, so long as those supports are flexibly implemented to meet the changing needs of those individuals. Moreover, even with intensive supports, it is cost-effective to serve this population in the community.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1995

Antisocial behavior, somatization, and sensation-seeking behavior in mothers of clinic-referred children.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between antisocial behavior and somatization was studied in a sample of mothers of clinic-referred, school-age children. The goal was to overcome some of the methodological limitations of past research in this area and to provide a preliminary test of the theory that these disorders share a common substrate: a tendency toward behavioral disinhibition. METHOD: Structured diagnostic interviews and an objective personality measure were used to assess antisocial behavior and somatization in a sample of 90 biological mothers (mean age 34 years) of children referred to an outpatient mental health clinic. A rating scale measure of sensation-seeking behavior was used as a measure of behavioral disinhibition. Structured interviews were used to assess a history of antisocial behavior in the children and their biological fathers. RESULTS: Results indicated a link between somatization and antisocial behavior both within individuals and across generations. This intergenerational link could not be solely accounted for by assortative mating between women with somatization and antisocial men. Both somatization and antisocial behavior were correlated with scores on the sensation seeking scale. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the theory that antisocial behavior and somatization are related syndromes and that behavioral disinhibition may be a common predisposition that underlies both.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1968

Production and elimination of disruptive classroom behavior by systematically varying teacher's behavior.

The effects of teacher behaviors on the classroom behaviors of children were investigated by systematically varying approving (praise, smiles, contacts, etc.) and disapproving (verbal reprimands, physical restraint, etc.) classes of teacher behavior. Measures were taken on both teacher and child behaviors. Each day a sample of 10 children was observed. The subject pool was a class of 28 well-behaved children in a middle-primary public school class. The results demonstrated that approving teacher responses served a positive reinforcing function in maintaining appropriate classroom behaviors. Disruptive behaviors increased each time approving teacher behavior was withdrawn. When the teacher's disapproving behaviors were tripled, increases appeared most markedly in the gross motor and noise-making categories of disruptive behavior. The findings emphasize again the important role of the teacher in producing, maintaining, and eliminating disruptive as well as pro-social classroom behavior.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The applicability of the theory of planned behavior to abusive men's cessation of violent behavior.

This study examined the ability of Ajzen's (1988; 1991) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explain men's cessation of violent behavior. TPB suggests that a man's intention to abuse his female partner, and therefore his subsequent abusive behavior will be determined by: (1) his evaluation of possible outcomes of abusive behavior (attitudes toward behavior); (2) his perception of the expectations of others around him concerning violence and (3) the degree to which he believes he can control his abusive behavior. Pretest self-report measures from men and follow-up recidivism data based on partner report were available for 176 cases drawn from a previous study conducted by Harrell (1991). Reliable proxy measures for TPB variables (intentions/expectations to use violence, attitudes toward behavior, social norms, perceived behavioral control) were created. Regression analyses testing the TPB model provided modest support for prediction of intention to reabuse and subsequent abusive behavior. Of the TPB variables, perceived control appeared to be most important in understanding batterers' intentions to abuse and their subsequent abusive behavior. Refinement in measurements and the need for additional modifications to the model are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prevention programs for reducing adolescent problem behaviors: Implications of the co-occurrence of problem behaviors in adolescence.

PURPOSE: To examine the correlations between multiple risk behaviors in adolescent populations to document the extent to which problem behaviors are intercorrelated and to identify factors associated with variations in these correlations. METHODS: Studies from 1977 through the end of 1999 that included two or more problem behaviors in adolescents were identified by literature searches using the PsychLit database, Social Sciences Citation Index, manual journal searches and "ancestry" approaches. The behaviors studied were alcohol use, marijuana use, illicit drug use, cigarette smoking, general deviant behavior, and sexual activity. Included studies reported correlation coefficients between variables. RESULTS: Across all studies, the mean correlation between any two pairs of problem behaviors was 0.35, with a standard deviation of 0.28. This suggests that, on average, about two-thirds of the variation in problem behavior is the result of unique rather than common causes. The magnitude of the correlations varied as a function of the age of the adolescent, with lower correlations being evident for older adolescents. In addition, the magnitude of the correlation varied as a function of when the study was conducted, with studies of past generations showing stronger connections between risk behaviors than current generations. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that there is considerably more unique variation in classic adolescent problem behaviors than common variation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behaviors: evidence from behavioral-genetic research.

This article reviews behavioral-genetic research into human antisocial behavior. The focus is on studies of antisocial behavior that have been leading the way in investigating environmental and genetic influences on human behavior. The first generation of studies, which provided quantitative estimates attesting that genes and environments each influence about half of the population's variation in antisocial behaviors is interpreted. Then how behavioral-genetic methods are being applied to test developmental theory and to detect environmental causes of antisocial behavior is illustrated. Evidence for interactions between genes and the environment in the etiology of antisocial behavior is also examined. The article ends by envisioning future work on gene-environment interplay in the etiology of antisocial behavior.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral hierarchy in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis: feeding as a dominant behavior.

The effect of feeding behavior on other behaviors (swimming, crawling and shortening) was investigated in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis. The stimulus locations and intensities required to produce mechanically elicited behaviors were first determined in the non-feeding leech. Stimuli were delivered while the leech was in various body positions to determine whether stimulus location affected behavioral response. Response thresholds were determined for the mechanically elicited behaviors. The same stimuli were then applied to feeding leeches to determine if response thresholds had changed. A solution with NaCl and arginine was used to elicit feeding. The same sets of stimuli were applied at intervals for an hour after feeding, to determine the duration of feeding-induced changes in behavior. Depending on the body position and stimulus location, stimuli produced different combinations of behaviors that included shortening, swimming and crawling. Anterior stimuli generally elicited shortening, whereas posterior stimuli generally elicited crawling and swimming, with swimming more likely to ventral stimulation than to dorsal stimulation. Having the front sucker attached changed these behavioral patterns. During feeding, the response thresholds changed dramatically, from 3-5 V to greater than 9 V. This increase in threshold began with the start of feeding, even before ingestion commenced. Suppression of the behaviors lasted up to 1 h after the end of feeding, with the effect on swimming being the most pronounced and longest lasting.

Animals↗