Probing the selectivity of allosteric modulators of muscarinic receptors at other G-protein-coupled receptors.
1. The aim of the present investigation was to analyse whether three prototype allosteric modulators of ligand binding to muscarinic receptors, i.e. alcuronium, gallamine, and the alkane-bis-ammonium compound W84 (hexane-1,6-bis[dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium bromide]), may have allosteric effects on radioligand-binding characteristics at other G-protein-coupled receptors, such as cerebral A1 adenosine receptors (Gi-coupled), cardiac left ventricular alpha1-adrenoceptors (Gq), and beta-adrenoceptors (Gs). 2. The modulators were applied at concentrations known to be high with regard to the allosteric delay of the dissociation of the antagonist [3H]-N-methylscopolamine (NMS) from muscarinic M2-receptors: 30 micromol l(-1) W84, 30 micromol l(-1) alcuronium, 1000 micromol l(-1) gallamine. As radioligands, we used the adenosine A1-receptor ligand [3H]-cyclopentyl-dipropylxanthine (CPX), the alpha1-adrenoceptor ligand [3H]-prazosin (PRAZ), and the beta-adrenoceptor ligand (-)-[125I]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP). Allosteric actions on ligand dissociation and the equilibrium binding were measured in the membrane fractions of rat whole forebrain (CPX) and of rat cardiac left ventricle (PRAZ, ICYP, NMS), respectively. 3. CPX and PRAZ showed a monophasic dissociation with half-lives of 5.88+/-0.15 and 12.27+/-0.46 min, respectively. In the case of CPX, neither the binding at equilibrium nor the dissociation characteristics were influenced by the allosteric agents. With PRAZ, the binding at equilibrium remained almost unaltered in the presence of W84, whereas it was reduced to 36+/-2% of the control value with alcuronium and to 42+/-2% with gallamine. The dissociation of PRAZ was not affected by W84, whereas it was moderately accelerated by alcuronium and gallamine. In the case of ICYP, the binding at equilibrium was not affected by the allosteric modulators. The dissociation of ICYP was slow, and after 3 h, more than 50% of the radioligand was still bound, so that a reliable half-life could not be calculated. ICYP dissociation was not affected by W84. In the presence of alcuronium and gallamine, the dissociation curve of ICYP revealed an initial drop from the starting level, followed by the major phase of dissociation being parallel to the control curve. 4. In summary, the allosteric action of the applied agents is not a common feature of G-protein-coupled receptors and appears to be specific for muscarinic receptors.