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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Donor work-up and transport of bone marrow--recommendations and requirements for a standardized practice throughout the world from the Donor Registries and Quality Assurance Working Groups of the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA).

In October 1995 the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA) was restructured in order to facilitate its primary function of establishing guidelines in relation to international bone marrow and blood stem cell transplants -- transplants in which the donor is in one country and the patient is in another country. Five new working groups were established -- Donor Registries, Ethics, Quality Assurance, Finances, and Stem Cells. This paper, prepared by members of the Donor Registries Working Group, in consultation with the Quality Assurance Working Group, provides recommendations for the 'donor work-up'. This term covers events that start when the definitive donor has been identified, includes the harvesting (collection) and transportation of the stem cell product and ends when the product reaches the transplant centre. The paper includes examples of the documentation intended to ensure compliance with the recommendations at all key points in the sequence.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1999

Histocompatibility testing guidelines for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using volunteer donors: report from The World Marrow Donor Association. Quality Assurance and Donor Registries Working Groups of the World Marrow Donor Association.

The World Marrow Donor Association has formulated guidelines for establishing the extent and quality of histocompatibility testing for unrelated donor registries, umbilical cord blood banks, and transplant centers involved in international exchange of hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation. The ability to identify unrelated stem cell donors in one country for patients in another country requires cooperation and standardization in many areas. The adoption of guidelines for histocompatibility testing, such as those summarized in this report, will facilitate these opportunities and rapidly provide accurately typed donors for patients in need.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The world of the child: a world of play even in the hospital.

Play is an integral part of a child's life. Working with children in the hospital is based on the worldly view that claims that the patient is first and foremost a child. Investing in his mental well-being will assist him and his parents to better cope with his illness and hospitalization. From this point of view, many activities have been developed at Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (SCMCI), where the focus is on play. It is vital that the nurses work in cooperation with the educational staff and also integrate components of play during routine activity, in preparing children for surgeries and invasive procedures, and during painful or uncomfortable interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Prebiotic synthesis of 5-substituted uracils: a bridge between the RNA world and the DNA-protein world.

Under prebiotic conditions, formaldehyde adds to uracil at the C-5 position to produce 5-hydroxymethyluracil with favorable rates and equilibria. Hydroxymethyluracil adds a variety of nucleophiles, such as ammonia, glycine, guanidine, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, imidazole, indole, and phenol, to give 5-substituted uracils with the side chains of most of the 20 amino acids in proteins. These reactions are sufficiently robust that, if uracil had been present on the primitive Earth, then these substituted uracils would also have been present. The ribozymes of the RNA world would have included many of the functional groups found in proteins today, and their catalytic activities may have been considerably greater than presently assumed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease: a world wide survey. The World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Huntington's Disease.

World wide data on presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease using closely linked DNA markers show that 1479 persons at risk received completed test results up to the end of 1991. Testing has been carried out in 19 countries, with at least 88 centres involved, and numbers have levelled off after a peak in 1990. Only 5% of those at risk have been tested in six countries with the longest established programmes. Continued monitoring of international data will be of value in assessing the spread and impact of genetic testing, not only for Huntington's disease, but for other serious genetic disorders of later life.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Diagnosis of MDR-TB: a developing world problem on a developed world budget.

The resurgence of tuberculosis worldwide has been accompanied by an increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis on all continents. While significant advances have been made in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular biology methods used in the research laboratory to elucidate the mechanisms of drug resistance cannot be transferred to the centers delivering patient care. These methods require skilled operators, cumbersome protocols and extravagant expense. A number of companies that already have a large investment in M. tuberculosis diagnostics are adapting their high-throughput technology to drug susceptibility testing. These methodologies are not applicable to the developing world not only because of the costs involved but through a lack of infrastructure that is required to operate these machines and deliver specimens to the point of testing. Alternative technologies for drug susceptibility testing that do not rely on an investment in expensive hardware are presented and their potential use in the field is discussed. Though still relatively expensive to perform, these newer innovations may lead to the development of less intricate technologies that have universal application and begin to move away from our obsession with molecular-based diagnostics to produce on all encompassing gold standard.

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Studies on two strains of Plasmodium cynomolgi in New World and Old World monkeys and mosquitoes.

Infections that cause the Gombak and Smithsonian strains of Plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in Macaca mulatta, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymai, and Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Transmission of the Gombak strain to Aotus spp. monkeys was obtained by the injection of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of experimentally infected Anopheles dirus and by the bites of infected An. dirus and Anopheles farauti mosquitoes. Two S. boliviensis monkeys were infected via the injection of sporozoites dissected from An. dirus. Prepatent periods in New World monkeys ranged from 14 to 44 days, with a median of 18 days. The Smithsonian strain was transmitted via sporozoites to 1 A. lemurinus griseimembra and 9 A. nancymai monkeys. Prepatent periods ranged from 12 to 31 days.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New World plants; New World drugs.

The "discovery" and eventual colonization and exploitation of the New World by Europeans created the opportunity for the development of medicines from numerous plants native to the Western Hemisphere. Many of these plants had been employed by native cultures for centuries or millenia. The plants and, eventually, isolated drugs derived from them were incorporated into the materia media of the Europeans both in Europe and in the new colonies. Many became official in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP); a few still remain today. In all, 30 plants and/or their derivatives are briefly profiled. The subjects of plant-based medicines is becoming more timely as millions of Europeans and Americans begin to seek "natural" remedies for self-medication. Unfortunately, lack of patentability and high new-drug approval costs keep many traditional plant medicines from obtaining proper recognition.

Americas↗
PubMed2000

[AIDS: the world's future is in 'their' hands, but comes from 'our' pockets; an impression from the World AIDS Conference in South Africa].

The HIV-Aids epidemic is a global disaster with vast social, economic, psychological and medical implications. With 34 million persons infected and 19 million cumulative deaths since the start of the epidemic, its impact surpasses all other diseases. The end of the epidemic is not in sight and we will see an increase of HIV cases during the next decennia before the epidemic levels off. This warrants a global solution. Small, nongovernmental projects can never curb this epidemic. The world has to establish a 'global fund', which allocates the resources on a nationwide scale. We should think in billions of dollars and not millions. Political commitment and a nationwide approach are the keys to success. Stigma is still the most important issue that hinders prevention. Offering care to the people will make it worthwhile for them to be tested. Anti-retroviral treatment is, with current price settings, unaffordable for patients in developing countries. Selective use of these expensive drugs could, however, play a part to put Aids on a national agenda. Prices of anti-retroviral drugs will have to come down. The current situation with the North having all the drugs but relatively few patients, and the South many patients and no drugs, is ethically unacceptable.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Bone marrow transplants using volunteer donors--recommendations and requirements for a standardized practice throughout the world. The Executive Committee of the World Marrow Donor Association.

The World Marrow Donor Association, originally designated the Collaborative Marrow Donor Program, was established in 1988 to address problems and to establish guidelines in relation to 'international' bone marrow transplants--transplants in which the donor is in one country and the patient in another country. This paper sets out recommendations and requirements governing clinical indications, ethical considerations, selection and counselling of donors, collection and transportation of marrow and financial and insurance related issues.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed2004

Grading of subarachnoid hemorrhage: modification of the world World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies scale on the basis of data for a large series of patients.

OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to use a large, prospectively collected, multicenter database for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who were treated between 1991 and 1997 to determine the prognostic significance of clinical and radiological factors for outcomes and to use those factors to develop a grading scale to predict outcomes. METHODS: A total of 3567 patients with SAH who were entered into four randomized clinical trials of tirilazad were studied. Outcomes were assessed 3 months after SAH, with the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Twenty clinical and radiological factors were entered into univariate and multivariate analyses, to determine factors prognostic for outcomes. Grading scales based on the most powerful prognostic parameters were statistically derived and validated and were compared with the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grading scale. RESULTS: Factors predictive of outcomes included age, WFNS grade, history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure at admission, ruptured aneurysm location and size, blood clot thickness on computed tomographic scans, and angiographic vasospasm at admission. A grading scale using these factors could be derived; it predicted outcomes more accurately than did the WFNS scale, although it would be more complex to use. CONCLUSION: Outcome prediction after SAH can be improved by adding additional clinical and radiological factors to the WFNS scale, albeit with added complexity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The relevance of a First-World therapeutic drug monitoring service to the treatment of epilepsy in Third-World conditions.

In May 1988 a Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) service for anti-epileptic drugs was established at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital. This service was offered as a multidisciplinary team approach involving sisters, doctors, social workers and pharmacists at an epilepsy clinic. Statistics gathered over a 13-month period showed that: (i) epileptic patient numbers increased from 52 to 211 per 4-week cycle, while patients requiring TDM decreased from 40 to 20 per cycle; (ii) phenytoin was the most frequently prescribed anticonvulsant, followed by carbamazepine and phenobarbitone, throughout the period; (iii) TDM did not alter prescribing patterns--approximately 90% of patients were on monotherapy at the beginning and at the end of the assessment period; (iv) 471 serum levels were measured in 280 patients over 13 months. Phenytoin serum levels constituted the majority (53%) followed by carbamazepine (33%), phenobarbitone (12%) and valproate (2%); (v) of the levels measured in 24 patients taking phenytoin 300 mg/d who were experiencing neither seizures nor side-effects, 38% of levels were in the potentially toxic range; and (vi) well-controlled patients increased from 36% in the first cycle to 60% in the last cycle. A TDM service is very useful in a Third-World setting and can assist in conserving scarce sources provided it is utilised within a holistic treatment framework.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

World Health Organization multicenter study on menstrual and ovulatory patterns in adolescent girls. I. A multicenter cross-sectional study of menarche. World Health Organization Task Force on Adolescent Reproductive Health.

To study the maturation processes during puberty, the Task Force on Adolescent Reproductive Health of the World Health Organization implemented a multicenter study on the age of menarche. From seven centers in six countries, 3,073 girls between the ages of 11 and 15 years volunteered for a two-year study. The girls were questioned at entry as to whether they had menstruated; social background data were recorded, and height and weight were measured. The median age for menarche was calculated by a life-table technique. The median ages were: Hong Kong-12 years, 9 months; Geneva, Switzerland-13 years, 1 month; Zafed, Israel and Stockholm, Sweden-13 years, 3 months; urban Colombo, Sri Lanka-13 years, 6 months; Ile-Ife, Nigeria-13 years, 9 months; and rural Peradeniya, Sri Lanka-14 years, 5 months. Menarche of the rural Peradeniya girls was later than the urban girls from Colombo and other study centers. The mean heights, weights, and obesity indices (Quetelet's Index) were higher in postmenarcheal girls compared to premenarcheal girls for each age at all centers.

Actuarial Analysis↗