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Reading aloud in jargonaphasia: an unusual dissociation in speech output.

A patient is described who showed several dissociations between oral and written language processing after bilateral retrorolandic vascular lesion. Dissociation was firstly between abolished auditory comprehension and preserved written comprehension and then involved confrontation naming, clearly superior in the written modality. The third striking dissociation involved oral output; spontaneous speech, although fluent and well articulated, consisted of neologistic jargon, while reading aloud was clearly superior though not perfect. Data are discussed with reference to a cognitive model of word processing. The pattern of dissociation in word production may be due to a failure in retrieving the phonological word form from the semantic system.

Aged

Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. V. Data entry and early exploratory data analysis.

The process of data entry and initial analysis to locate data errors is described. Basic terms are defined and a simple method of entering data by using word processing software is illustrated. Data checking is done by using visual check of the raw data. Statistical programs are then used to locate possible data errors by finding data points (outliers) that are very different from the average. Special graphic output of statistical programs, scatterplots and box and whisker plots can be used to further locate questionable data. Examples of data entry forms and annotated step by step data cleaning with the use of inexpensive programs for personal computers are presented.

Computers

Theory-based approach to computer skill development in nursing administration.

The authors describe a theory-based approach to computer skill development in nursing administration that is a strategy for preparing nurse administrators to meet the challenge for effective decision making in the rapidly changing health care environment. A framework is presented using theories of decision making and information processing to integrate the development of knowledge and skills for decision making with knowledge and skills associated with computer decision support. Computerized support is available to help managers be effective at each stage of the decision-making process. Focusing on five stages of the decision-making process, the authors discuss how computers can facilitate decision-making. Computer applications introduced throughout a three-semester program in nursing administration include bibliographic databases, thought and word processing, database programs, decision analysis programs, spreadsheets, and project management programs. The curriculum and course activities are described.

Computer User Training

[Medical applications of electronic data processing in surgery, trauma surgery and orthopedics. Results of a survey of 1,450 clinics].

With a standardized questionnaire we evaluated 1450 orthopedic and general surgery departments. The response rate was 57.2%, 52% of the departments were using computers for different purposes. The favoured system was the MS-DOS system (73%). The computers were mainly used for word processing (58%), statistics (50%), and graphics (39%). For clinical routine the leading use was patient documentation (70%) followed by patient report generation (43%). Other applications (e.g. online use of administrative data (19.4%) or the use of other patient information like blood parameters (10%)) were relatively rarely used. However, most of the users have plans to incorporate these applications in the nearest future. For the out patients care the leading application is private billing (42.5%) and statistics (30%). The majority of the departments (42.6%) only have one PC. Most of the departments use the printer for hard copies and as hard disc a the standard storage medium. The average storage capacity of the used hard discs is 40 to 80 MB. Other peripheral tools like a laser printer, a scanner, or modems are rarely used. Most of the departments invested between 5000 and 15,000,--DM. 33.3% financed the computers only with the official budget of the department. However, 25.8% only used private funds to buy the hard- and software. The distribution according to zip codes showed a slight accommodation in Bavaria and NRW. The amount of new installations showed an almost constant increase from 1975 until 1981. Between 1981 and 1990 there was a significant increase with a small drop in 1986.

Computer Systems

[Installation of electronic data processing at the Vienna Forensic Medicine Institute--experiences and outlook].

1985 the systematic use of personal computers in the Viennese institute of forensic medicine began. Due to the big engineering progress there was no more need to connect to a computer center. A gradual installation and a strict determination of requirements are important for computer systems, whereas a personal computer might be useful for word processing only as well.

Austria

Adaptive communication systems for patients with mobility disorders.

An adaptive communication system has been developed for individuals with mobility disorders. It uses specialized computer software and hardware that compensate for this disability. For an individual with a motor-control impairment who is not able to use a keyboard effectively, a computer voice-recognition technology now removes this communication barrier. Speech-recognition systems consist of three basic components: speech processing, speech recognition, and speech understanding. The new Dragon Dictate (Dragon Systems, Inc., Newton, Mass.) is the first large-vocabulary speech recognition system in the personal computer industry that interactively learns a user's vocabulary and mode of speaking and responds to natural language rather than to limited sets of words. This speech-recognition system requires a microprocessor, a display monitor, a printer, and specific software packages, including word-processing and enhanced memory-management software. Important considerations in the use of this speech-recognition system include microphone positioning and training of the system. With the advent of this new voice-recognition computer system, another communication barrier between the disabled and society has been overcome.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities

[Computer-assisted documentation and performance data processing in the intensive care unit. Description of a custom development].

Computer-aided documentation of medical and performance data processing seems to be imperative for every intensive-care unit in the future. It is the rational approach to deal with therapy-related information management as well as organizational and administrative tasks. This custom-made program is based on data collected from 3600 intensive-care patients. It serves 3 objectives: 1. documentation of relevant therapeutic data, 2. information exchange with other departments, 3. thorough analysis of topics related to intensive-care medicine. Based on a microsoft disc operating system, the programme contains not only the data base but also word processing and statistical capacities. Optional choice by menu guarantees easy handling and helps to create a high acceptance.

Germany, West

[An experimental study of work load on VDT performance. Part 2. Effects of difference in input devices].

Effects of the difference in input device on work load of VDT task were studied. The subjects of the experiment were eight healthy male college students (age: 21-22 yr) having a binocular vision of not less than 0.7 and no astigmatism or hyperopia. The test consisted of an experimental word processing task in which the subjects visually searched e's in given sequences of alphabetical letters displayed on the CRT and converted them to 5's through input device operation. As for experimental conditions, two kinds of input devices, namely, keyboard and lightpen were adopted and 1 h was provided as each operation time. Critical flicker fusion (CFF), near point distance, accommodation time, subjective fatigue symptoms, blinking counts, pupillary reflex, electromyogram in upper limb, neck and shoulder and performance score were measured. The results were as follows. Decrease in C.F.F. was observed in two experimental conditions during the process of operating time. Increments in complaints of subjective fatigue related to visual function were seen in the two experimental conditions after 1 h VDT task. A higher error rate in performance was observed in the subjects using the lightpen compared to the one using the keyboard. The frequency of both blinking and pupil-size changes were lower in the subjects using the lightpen compared to those using the keyboard. This suggests that the gaze time of the VDT screen with lightpen-condition is longer than that in keyboard-condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Accommodation, Ocular

Prescription: office automation.

The mission statement of Minneapolis Children's Medical Center reads, in part, "Mindful of the unique characteristics of children, MCMC's missions is to provide a team of health care professionals attuned to the special needs of the total child, at all ages from prenatal through adolescent, in a uniquely designed facility." Therefore an "open" professional staff, rather than a medical staff, was established consisting of physicians, dentists, and other health professionals with advanced degrees at the master's level or above, including, but not limited to, psychologists, social workers, clinical nurse specialists, chaplains, audiologists, and speech pathologists. This professional staff has grown to 650 members, extremely large for a 122-bed hospital. The professional staff office needed help in managing the volume of information associated with this large staff. To meet that need, in addition to the needs of other hospital areas, MCMC's administration made the decision to purchase office automation equipment and established a committee of hospital-wide users, rather than managerial staff, to survey their own needs, select vendors, and make the final recommendation. The word-processing system selected now maintains 650 physician profiles, each with 44 variables. Whereas prior to automation 25 separate lists needed to be updated each time a professional staff member was either added or deleted, now only individual physician profiles need to be adjusted. Programs were then designed to automate the many reports that must be done. In this paper we propose to describe this selection process and relate how the system developed has streamlined and simplified the work of the professional staff office to enable it to increase its output by over 300% without adding staff.

Electronic Data Processing

Managing journal references with JREF, an IBM-compatible program to simplify manuscript preparation.

JREF is a program which stores, manages and converts journal references. It is intended for the writer of articles and reviews, to simplify the task of keeping card indexes. Entries can be made from downloaded literature searches or from the keyboard. When writing, selections are made from the archival files, for conversion into the specific style of the chosen Journal. All files are ASCII text, accessible to most word processing programs. Once the accuracy of entries has been confirmed, these can be transformed into a perfectly punctuated bibliography.

Abstracting and Indexing

Microcomputer applications in pathology research.

In a study of over 700 cases of uveal melanoma on file in the Department of Pathology of Wills Eye Hospital, a low-cost microcomputer using commercially available software (without modification) was used to: word process and edit this manuscript, create a patient file storage and retrieval system including the ability to create subfiles, merge files, and interchange file types, plot data points in several different graphic formats, transcribe and store information from microscopic tissue sections containing intraocular melanomas, and solve complex equations including statistical analysis. The results showed that over 150 different ophthalmologists contributed specimens to this data base. The mean age of the patients studied was 57 years and the tumors were evenly distributed according to sex and laterality of the eye. This study illustrates the feasibility of using a low-cost microcomputer and commercially available software in the study of a large patient data base.

Computers

An investigation of data entry methods with a personal computer.

The features of three methods of data entry were investigated and a trial of them was carried out using operators with differing amounts of keyboard experience. The first method was a simple system of character entry using a word processing package, and the second and third systems were written in a commercial data base language; one was designed to possess limited intelligence, the other moderate intelligence. The amount of time and computing expertise required to set up each method increased in parallel with its sophistication. The most sophisticated method offered theoretical advantages of reduced error rates and increased keying rates but these were not realized in practice. The limited intelligence method, in which data were entered into a screen image of the record form, was fastest overall and was most popular with all users. This method together with verification by dual keying will provide a convenient, rapid, and high fidelity method of data entry. The simplest method was found to be adequate for short forms but incurred high error rates with longer forms.

Computers

MacSECPROT: two programs in BASIC to evaluate protein secondary structure.

Two interactive programs in BASIC are described, which provide useful tools to evaluate protein secondary structure. Output is given in two formats: (1) graphics are displayed on screen, which can be printed immediately, and (2) textfiles are saved to disk as permanent records and can be printed with a word-processing program. The programs are fast and easy to use and could be a valuable teaching aid in biochemical and molecular biology courses. Program lists are written in Microsoft BASIC for the Apple Macintosh, but can be adapted to other machines accepting graphic commands.

Microcomputers

Multilingual translation techniques in the analysis of narrative medical text.

The feasibility of computer translation of scientific and medical documents is controversial. This report describes a minicomputer-based translation system (TRANSOFT) that employs word order rearrangement followed by word-for-word translation and resolution of ambiguities based on context. This translation system was applied to an entire medical textbook written in German and to short medical texts written in French, Italian, Spanish and Turkish. Results suggest the versatility of TRANSOFT for narrowly defined translation problems. As foreign language medical documents and medical records become increasingly available in computer readable form through word processing, computerized typesetting and hospital information systems, computer translation methods may provide a rapid and inexpensive means of obtaining draft translations.

Computers

Neuronal activity in frontal speech area 44 of the human cerebral cortex during word recognition.

The activity of neurons was recorded from cortical speech area 44 of human patients with diagnostic and/or therapeutical depth electrodes while they were performing word recognition and object naming tasks. Some cells responded selectively to either semantic or phonological aspects of word processing with the same latency, others responded consecutively to both semantic and phonological features. The present finding provides the first demonstration of neuronal mechanisms in frontal language cortex and evidences that both consecutive and parallel processing of these speech signs occur in neuronal activity of this area.

Frontal Lobe

Micro-computers: availability to and use by trainees in public health medicine.

A survey of the availability to and use of micro-computers by public health medicine trainees was undertaken in February, 1989. Most departments have access to computers and trainees possess computing skills, but almost one in 15 trainees had no access to a micro-computer, and one trainee in eleven had no computing experience while a further one in eight had not progressed beyond word-processing. Departments of Public Health Medicine should review their computing resources and ensure that they are adequate for the challenges of the 1990s.

Computer User Training

Use of the personal computer in clinical research.

Personal computers are quickly becoming items of everyday use. More physicians' offices are using computers for billing and patients' records. Others have purchased computers for their word processing capabilities. These computers can be used for archives of medical case records or to collect and collate data for clinical research. This article focuses on how we use a personal computer for organization and management of clinical research projects. Included is a description of how we organize a research project, gather data, write computer programs, enter data into the computer, and generate and display reports. The use of a template program and a personal computer permits creation of individual programs without the aid of a professional programmer. When a single data-management program is used, five or six research projects can be carried out at a cost comparable to that of one project using a large computer and professional programmers.

Computers

Computer applications in veterinary medical education.

This is a review of the various computer applications used in veterinary medical education. The various applications include drill-and-practice, tutorial, problem-solving, testing, educational management programs, educational games, word processing, educational utilities, authoring programs, and simulations.

Computer-Assisted Instruction