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PubMed2004

Animal use in higher education in the SEE (South Eastern Europe) region.

In the SSE region the alternatives to animal use in higher education, which can decrease or completely exclude animal use for dissection and vivisection purposes, are still not well known. A survey of the current situation at universities and other educational institutions, including primary and secondary schools, shows that alternatives will remain under the shadow of unnecessary dissections and animal experiments performed on numerous animal species for a long time to come.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2005

[Three-cuff method for establishing an allogeneic testis transplantation model in the rat].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a model of testis transplantation in the rat using cuff techniques. METHODS: Sixty healthy inbred Wistar rats were included as donors and recipients. The testicular artery with the aortic segment with two cuffs was anastomosed to the recipient's aorta and the testicular vein with a cuff was anastomosed to the left common iliac vein of the recipient. The vas deferens was end-to-end anastomosed. RESULTS: Of the 30 rats undergoing transplantation, 27 survived, 2 died from paralytic intestinal obstruction and 1 died from hemorrhage. Of the 27 survivals, 4, 4 and 5 were vivisected on the 14th, 28th and 56th day after operation, respectively, showing a good blood supply to the graft. Another 14 rats were used in another experiment, which revealed no obvious congestion, necrosis and edema in the left lower limb of the recipients. CONCLUSION: The model of allogeneic rat testis transplantation established with cuff techniques, simple, stable and reliable, can be used as a tool for the study of testis transplantation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Some pharmacological properties and subacute and chronic toxicity of tryptamide.

Studies on Albino Swiss mice and Wistar rats have demonstrated that tryptamide is less ulcerogenic than phenylbutazone, and markedly inhibits intestinal peristalsis. Both compounds have a similar tendency to accumulate in the body. Tryptamide produces a smaller hypotension and stimulates the respiratory amplitude to a lesser extent than phenylbutazone in a vivisectional experiment. Studies on the subacute and chronic toxicity have demonstrated that tryptamide administered orally (po) and intraperitioneally (ip) for 3 weeks, and orally for 3 months neither affects the body weight gain or the mass of internal organs, nor changes the locomotor activity; only in rats it disturbs the motor coordination. After ip administration tryptamide shows a moderate depressant effect on the bone marrow, evidenced by a decline in the blood hemoglobin content and the number of erythrocytes and blood platelets. As those changes were more pronounced after a 3-week than a 3-month administration, the observed effects are apparently reversible.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Surgical anatomy of the celiac artery and portal vein of the rat.

The study of liver function and diseases requires detailed knowledge of the regional anatomy of and surgical approach to the vascular supply of the liver. The objective of this study was to systematically describe the regional anatomy of the circulation to the rat liver to facilitate the planning and performance of future studies of the liver in this animal. Twelve adult rats underwent general anesthesia and vivisection of the celiac axis and portal vein using an operating microscope. The major vessels of these vascular systems were evaluated for their origin, course, relationship with neighboring structures, diameter, and length. All vessels were easily visualized by a ventral approach after mobilization of the intermediate lobe of the liver and its papillary process. The origin and course of the major vessels are similar to those of humans, and variability in vessel origin was identified in this small number of animals. Median vessel diameters were between 0.5 and 1 mm (range, 0.25 to 1 mm) for the celiac artery and its branches, and 3 mm for the portal vein (range, 2 to 3 mm). Median vessel length was between 3 and 7 mm (range, 2 to 8 mm) for the celiac artery and its branches, and 7 mm for the portal vein (range, 4 to 8 mm). The anatomic description obtained in this study is important for the appropriate selection of vessels for cannulation or ligation during study design, as well as vessel isolation during performance of the study. The diameter and length of vessels are important in the selection of appropriately sized catheters and perivascular devices.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Congenital heart disease: wide-field, three-dimensional, and four-dimensional ultrasound imaging.

The next significant advance for cardiovascular ultrasound will be the introduction of clinical three-dimensional (3-D) imaging. With increasing computer power and software and hardware, 3-D ultrasound imaging will become a reality over the next few years. Of all cardiovascular abnormalities, congenital heart disease is one of the most logical entities to lend itself to wide-field and 3-D presentation. Tomographic two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography has in great part replaced cardiac catheterization as the means of accurately visualizing congenital cardiac defects. However, two distinct limitations exist with current 2-D presentations: (1) limited field of view (ie, 90 degrees sector) and (2) tomographic slices that must be assimilated by the examiner into a 3-D or four-dimensional diagnosis. True 3-D imaging has the ultimate capability of rendering anatomy in a format comparable to looking at the actual cardiac specimen. If electronic rendering were really feasible and of suitable quality, one could envision electronically extracting the heart from a living human and examining abnormalities much as one might examine a cardiac specimen (ie, "electronic vivisection"). This article reviews the state of the art of wide-field and 3-D cardiovascular ultrasound in the assessment of congenital heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

['A sad and painful heart'--Andreas Vesalius as cardiologist].

One needs courage to dissociate oneself from ideas maintained for ages and put forward by authorities. How laborious this process has been for Vesalius concerning the heart, is obvious when we compare the information of an eye-witness with both editions of the De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543 and 1555). He must have come hesitantly to the conclusion that the views on the permeability of the septum cordis, as they were supported by Galen, Mondino and Johann Winther, a professor at Louvain, could not be defended. However, they had been essential in the considerations about the blood-flow. Although Vesalius demonstrated by vivisection-experiments that a relation exists between the pulse and the heart contractions, he was not an experimenting cardiophysiologist. In this respect, he stood far behind his contemporary Leonardo da Vinci, who made experiments on heart ntractions and the bloodstream along the heart valves. Vesalius was an anatomist! And a morphologist! But he was also a physician. In this respect, he also was interested in the pathological aspects of anatomy. So he recalled in, his last book, Anatomicarum Gabrielis Fallopii Observationum Examen (1564) some cardiologically interesting patients, a.o. the courtier van Immerseel, with a very unequal pulse and "a sad and painful heart" (tristi in corde, sensu doloreve), by whom a heart abnormality was found post mortem, that in modern terms we could call "an old heart infarction with thrombus formation." According to Schenk von Grafenberg, Vesalius was dreaming of a big book about anatomo-pathology, but alas, he never wrote it. Undoubtedly he would have trusted more his eyes and less Galen: "non solum ex Galenis testimonio, sed etiam oculis ipsis perspexeris".

Anatomy↗

PubMed1996

[Tridimensional echocardiography: general principles and clinical applications (with special reference to congenital heart diseases)].

Methods of three-dimensional reconstruction of cardiac images and emerging clinical applications are described, with special reference to congenital heart disease. Compared to other techniques providing dynamic three-dimensional visualization of heart structures, echocardiography has advantages of better temporal resolution and minor cost. Current applications include assessment of volumes and global and regional ventricular performance, evaluation of time motion of valves and other dynamic processes together with color-flow images, and dissection of the heart into specific areas of interest, such as atrial septum, mitral inflow and aortic outflow. In complex congenital heart disease, three-dimensional reconstruction provides an interpretation of the mode of atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections, with simulations of a "surgeon's view" of the heart. Defects as atrioventricular canal, double inlet left ventricle and tricuspid atresia can be examined in details concerning the architecture of valvar and subvalvar apparatus and presence and importance of ventricular septal defect. Other congenital malformations such as transposition of great arteries, truncus, coarctation syndrome, and double outlet right ventricle can be assessed in regard to interventricular communication and infundibular obstruction. Multiplane transesophageal probes are best suitable to this sort of electronic vivisection, but rotational and linear scanning methods have also given useful images of cardiac structures in children as well as adults. Validation studies are in progress on the reliability of a number of quantitative parameters that can be derived from the three-dimensional data set.

Adult↗

PubMed1963