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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Incidence of tinnitus, impaired hearing and musculoskeletal disorders among students enrolled in academic music education--a retrospective cohort study.

UNLABELLED: The aim was to determine the incidence of tinnitus, impaired hearing and musculoskeletal disorders among musicians and the relation to the number of practicing hours and/or the instrument type before the onset of symptoms. METHOD: The study base consisted of students enrolled in the School of Music and Music Education at Göteborg University between the years 1980 and 1995. There were 407 of the 602 original students that answered a questionnaire (response rate of 68%). The questionnaire concerned exposure before and after the enrollment in the Music Academy, as well as onset of symptoms. RESULTS: The highest incidence of symptoms was found for reported tinnitus with a rate of 10.6 per 1000 years of instrumental practice. There was a relationship between exposure to the number of hours of instrumental practice and incidence of impaired hearing. Among the musculoskeletal symptoms the highest incidences per 1000 years of instrumental practice were pain in the neck and in the left shoulder with a rate of 4.4 and 4.6 disorders per 1000 years of instrumental practice, respectively. There was 2.4 times higher incidence for musculoskeletal disorders in the right hand/wrist and a 2.2 times higher incidence in the left elbow/forearm for musicians who practiced for 20 h or more per week before the onset of disorders compared to those who practiced fewer than 20 h per week when controlling for age and gender. Musicians with a violin or a viola as the main instrument had four times the incidence for right elbow/forearm disorder and twice the incidence of neck pain, pain in the right shoulder and the left elbow/forearm compared to those who had piano as the main instrument.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes.

Since ancient times, plant products were used in various aspects. However, their use against pests decreased when chemical products became developed. Recently, concerns increased with respect to public health and environmental security requiring detection of natural products that may be used against insect pests. In this study, 41 plant extracts and 11 oil mixtures were evaluated against the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston), and the filariasis and encephalitis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) using the skin of human volunteers to find out the protection time and repellency. The five most effective oils were those of Litsea (Litsea cubeba), Cajeput (Melaleuca leucadendron), Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Violet (Viola odorata), and Catnip (Nepeta cataria), which induced a protection time of 8 h at the maximum and a 100% repellency against all three species. This effect needs, however, a peculiar formulation to fix them on the human skin.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The sensilla of Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes and their importance in repellency.

The aim of this study was to detect the role of some mosquito organs in their sensation of repellent materials. A total of 250 females (15 days old) of the target species Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were prepared and divided into five groups: group 1, without antenna; group 2, without maxillary bulbs; group 3, without proboscis; group 4, without frontal tarsus; and group 5, normal females as control. A mixture of five oils containing Litsea cubeba 1%, Melaleuca leucadendron 1%, Melaleuca quinquenervia 1%, Viola odorata 1%, and Nepeta cataria 1% was included in a complex solvent containing 20% genapol, 10% polyethylene glycol, 20% ethanol, and 50% water. Furthermore, Bayrepel was used in this experiment at a 20% concentration in the same solvent. Pure water was used as control in this study. The test was carried out by spreading 100 microl of the repellent material or water on a 30-cm2 exposure area of a human volunteer's arm. In A. aegypti, the biting and landing percentages increased significantly in those mosquito groups that lacked some organs (especially maxillary bulbs), while in A. stephensi, it became not clear which organ is responsible for perception of repellents.

Animal Structures↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition of growth of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro by crude extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs.

Twenty-seven medicinal herbs reputed in ancient Chinese folklore to have anti-infective properties were extracted by boiling under reflux. The extracts were tested for inhibitory activity against the human immunodeficiency virus in the H9 cell line at concentrations nontoxic to growth of the H9 cells. Using a significant reduction (greater than 3 S. D. below the mean) in the percentage of cells positive for specific viral antigens in three successive assays as indicative of activity against the virus, 11 of the 27 extracts were found to be active. One of the extracts (Viola yedoensis) was studied in greater depth. At a subtoxic concentration, this extract shut off completely the growth of HIV in virtually all experiments. It did not inactivate HIV extracellularly, did not induce interferon and did not inhibit the growth of herpes simplex, polio or vesicular stomatitis viruses in human fibroblast culture. Chinese medicinal herbs appeared to be a rich source of potentially useful materials for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1985

Antipyretic studies on some indigenous Pakistani medicinal plants.

Significant oral antipyretic activity in rabbits was exhibited by hexane-, chloroform- and water-soluble extracts of Artemisia absinthium, Viola odorata, Melia azadirachta and Fumaria parviflora comparable in potency aspirin. Pyresis was induced by subcutaneous yeast injections. Antipyretic activity was more prominent in the hexane-soluble portions of these plants. Insignificant to no antipyretic effects were produced by extracts of Butea frondosa, Berberis lycium and Sisymbrium irio. No obvious toxic effects were noted for any of the plant extracts up to doses of 1.6 g/kg.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The edema of fiddler's neck.

Fiddler's neck is a dermatosis of violinists and violists. It characteristically presents as focal lichenification and pigmentation on the left side of the neck. Edema may also occur in the same area and lead to cosmetic concern or fear of malignancy. The edema apparently results from pressure on the patient's neck by the base of the violin or viola and is worsened by holding the instrument in a drooping position.

Dermatitis, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon Indians.

The Amazon Indians Waiãpi living in the West of Amapá State of Brazil, treat malaria with an inhalation of vapor obtained from leaves of Viola surinamensis. The essential oil obtained from adult and plantlet leaves was analyzed by GC/MS and 11 monoterpenes, 11 sesquiterpenes and three phenylpropanoids were identified. Plantlet essential oil caused 100% of growth inhibition after 48 h in the development of the young trophozoite to schizont stage and the sesquiterpene nerolidol (100 microg/ml) was identified as one of the active constituents (100% of growth inhibition was obtained). In addition, examination of [U14C]-glucose incorporation showed that activity of nerolidol is related to the inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad.

This paper is based on the results of an ethnobotanical research project conducted in Margalla Hills National Park. The inhabitants of the park have always used medicinal herbs for various ailments and have for a long time been dependent on surrounding plant resources for their food, shelter, fodder, health care, and other cultural purposes. However, encroaching industrialisation and the accompanying changes in their life styles are responsible for the decrease of practice in the local use of herbs for medicine. It is, therefore, felt worthwhile to record the native uses of these herbs before the information is lost. About 100 informants were interviewed in this regard. In total 50 species of herbs belonging to 27 families were recorded as used medicinally by inhabitants of the park, among which ten species are being sold in the local market. Asparagus adescendens Roxb., and Viola canesence Wall. ex Roxb. are found vulnerable to harvesting.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1997

Fiddler's neck.

The dermatologic pathological condition of musicians is a rare medical problem. We would like to draw attention to what is called "Fiddler's neck," a process that is peculiar to violin, viola, or cello players and that may be caused by two different mechanisms: contact allergic reaction or a mechanical action.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The catalytic mechanism of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases: assignment and 1H NMR spectroscopy pH titration of the catalytic histidine residue in the 109 kDa Leuconostoc mesenteroides enzyme.

The chemical shifts of the C(epsilon1) and C(delta2) protons of His-240 from the 109 kDa Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were assigned by comparing 1H and 13C spectra of the wild-type and mutant G6PDs containing the His-240 to asparagine mutation (H240N). Unambiguous assignment of the His-240 1H(epsilon1) resonance was obtained from comparing 13C-1H heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence NMR spectra of wild-type and H240N G6PDs that were selectively labeled with 13C(epsilon1) histidine. The results from NOESY experiments with wild-type and H240N variants were consistent with these assignments and the three-dimensional structure of G6PD. pH titrations show that His-240 has a pK(a) of 6.4. This value is, within experimental error, identical to the value of 6.3 derived from the pH dependence of kcat [Viola, R. E. (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 228, 415-424], suggesting that the pK(a) of His-240 is unperturbed in the apoenzyme despite being part of a His-Asp catalytic dyad. The results obtained for this 109 kDa enzyme indicate that 1H NMR spectroscopy in combination with heteronuclear methods can be a useful tool for functional analysis of large proteins.

Catalytic Domain↗
PubMed2000

Cycloviolins A-D, anti-HIV macrocyclic peptides from Leonia cymosa.

Four novel anti-HIV macrocyclic peptides containing 28-31 amino acid residues, named cycloviolins A-D, have been isolated from the hitherto unstudied tropical plant Leonia cymosa. Their primary structure, including amino acid composition and sequence, was determined by a combination of MALDI-TOF and FAB MS and by enzymatic digestion of reduced derivatives, followed by Edman degradation and mass analyses. All of the cycloviolins contain six cysteines, which are present as three intramolecular disulfide bridges. Intriguingly, cycloviolins A-D showed high degrees of sequence homology to the known cyclopsychotride A and circulins A and B from the Rubiaceae family but much less homology to the varv peptides from Viola, a member of the same family (Violaceae).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Fractionation Protocol for the Isolation of Polypeptides from Plant Biomass

A fractionation protocol for the isolation of a highly purified polypeptide fraction from plant biomass is described. The procedure dereplicates ubiquitous substance classes known to interfere with bioassays often used in natural product-based drug discovery programs. The protocol involves pre-extraction with dichloromethane, extraction with ethanol (50%), removal of tannins with polyamide, removal of low-molecular-weight components with size-exclusion chromatography over Sephadex G-10, and final removal of salts and polysaccharides with solid-phase extraction using reversed-phase cartridges. The method has been applied to the aerial parts of Viola arvensis, resulting in the isolation of a peptide fraction that on further separation yielded a novel 29-residue macrocyclic polypeptide named varv peptide A, cyclo(-TCVGGTCNTPGCSCSWPVCTRNGLPVCGE-).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Inhibitory activity of unsaturated fatty acids and anacardic acids toward soluble tissue factor-factor VIIa complex.

Five compounds, which inhibited the amidolytic activity of soluble tissue factor/activated factor VII complex (sTF/VIIa), were isolated from two traditional Chinese medicinal plants commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The active compounds were found to be linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza; and two anacardic acids, 6-(8'Z-pentadecenyl)- and 6-(10'Z-heptadecenyl)-salicylic acids, from leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The IC50 values were in the range 30-80 micromol/L. Palmitic acid, isolated from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, and 2-[(3',7',11',15'-tetramethyl)-2'E,6'E,10'E, 14'E-hexadecatetraenyl]-1,4-hydroquinone, isolated from the marine sponge Adocia viola, did not inhibit sTF/VIIa. Further expansion of the structure-activity relationship to include anacardic acids, 6-(8'Z,11'Z-heptadecadienyl)- and 6-(8'Z, 11'Z, 14'Z-heptadecatrienyl)-salicylic acids from leaves of Anacardium spondias, and other fatty acids demonstrated that at least one cis double bond was essential for inhibitory activity, and that fatty acids containing two or three cis double bonds were optimal. Evidence from preincubation studies implied that these fatty acids may exert their effect by binding to VIIa and consequently preventing binding of sTF to VIIa.

Anacardic Acids↗
PubMed1992

Musicians and temporomandibular disorders: prevalence and occupational etiologic considerations.

Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) appears to be a significant problem affecting musicians. While the incidence of TMD symptoms for musicians is similar to that of the general population, these symptoms are activated and accentuated when performing or practicing. TMD symptoms appear to be significant in trombone, trumpet, tuba, violin, and viola musicians. It is the author's opinion that vocalists are also significantly affected by TMD. Preliminary results of a survey in progress relative to TMD and the singing voice are reported.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Hydrogen peroxide concentrations in leaves under natural conditions.

While H2O2 has been implicated in numerous plant environmental responses, normal levels and variabilities are poorly established, and estimates of leaf tissue concentrations span more than three orders of magnitude, even in a single species under similar conditions. Here, leaf tissue H2O2 contents under natural conditions are reported after determining (i) that H2O2 in extracts was stable with time, (ii) that H2O2 added to the extract was recovered quantitatively, and (iii) that the H2O2 calibration curve was unaffected (or quantifiably affected) by the extract. The broad applicability of the protocol and variability in leaf concentrations were demonstrated using tissue collected from several habitats in association with three, more extensive, experiments. The first involved nychthemeral studies of the mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. Lowest H2O2 levels occurred in the early morning and near sunset, with higher levels both at midday and at night. Second, using five temperate species in Spring, concentrations were compared on a warm, sunny day and a cool, cloudy day. Higher concentrations were found on the warm day for Aesculus glabra Willd., Glechoma hederacea L., Plantago major L., and Viola soraria Willd., while there were no differences in Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Finally, the effects of elevated CO2 and ozone were examined in soybean, Glycine max L. Pioneer 93B15 under Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions. Both supplements led to elevated H2O2. Overall, mean leaf, midday, and mid-summer H2O2 concentrations ranged from 0.67 micromol (gFW)(-1) in mangrove to 3.6 micromol (gFW)(-1) in A. glabra Willd. Greatest within-species differences were only 2.5-fold in any of the studies.

Environment↗
PubMed1978

'Fiddler's neck'.

'Fiddler's neck' is a condition affecting violin and viola players. Although well known to musicians it is not well recognized by dermatologists. Clinically the lesions usually consist of a localized area of lichenification of the left side of the neck--just below the angle of the jaw. Pigmentation, erythema and inflammatory papules or pustules are frequently present, while severe inflammatory induration, cyst formation and scarring occur in more severely affected subjects. The aetiology of the skin changes is probably due to a combination of factors; friction giving rise to lichenification, while local pressure, shearing stress and occlusion may play a part in producing the acne-like changes and cyst formation. In addition, poor hygiene may predispose to local sepsis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Neural processing of musical timbre by musicians, nonmusicians, and musicians possessing absolute pitch.

Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured during a timbre discrimination task from three subject groups varying in musical experience. The P3 component of the ERP was recorded from musicians with absolute pitch, musicians without absolute pitch, and nonmusicians during a task comprising timbres of varying difficulty. The three-timbre series, all of which consisted of the same pitch, were (1) string instruments in the same family (cello and viola), (2) flutes made of different materials (silver and wood), and (3) instruments of slightly different size (B-flat versus F tubas). The amplitude and latency of the P3 component varied systematically as a function of musical experience and type of timbre discrimination. The difficult timbre task resulted in mean P3 amplitudes which were larger for musicians relative to nonmusicians, however P3 amplitudes were similar for the two additional timbre series. The mean P3 latencies for musicians were shorter when compared to nonmusicians across all three series. In comparison, the AP subjects displayed the shortest mean P3 latencies, but had smaller P3 amplitudes relative to both musicians and nonmusicians. The implications of these findings suggest that perceptual tasks involving one of the fundamental building blocks of music, namely timbre, does elicit differential brain activity from memory or information processing systems from subjects with varying degrees of musical training.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

In situ biosurfactant production by Bacillus strains injected into a limestone petroleum reservoir.

Biosurfactant-mediated oil recovery may be an economic approach for recovery of significant amounts of oil entrapped in reservoirs, but evidence that biosurfactants can be produced in situ at concentrations needed to mobilize oil is lacking. We tested whether two Bacillus strains that produce lipopeptide biosurfactants can metabolize and produce their biosurfactants in an oil reservoir. Five wells that produce from the same Viola limestone formation were used. Two wells received an inoculum (a mixture of Bacillus strain RS-1 and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii NRRL B-23049) and nutrients (glucose, sodium nitrate, and trace metals), two wells received just nutrients, and one well received only formation water. Results showed in situ metabolism and biosurfactant production. The average concentration of lipopeptide biosurfactant in the produced fluids of the inoculated wells was about 90 mg/liter. This concentration is approximately nine times the minimum concentration required to mobilize entrapped oil from sandstone cores. Carbon dioxide, acetate, lactate, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol were detected in the produced fluids of the inoculated wells. Only CO(2) and ethanol were detected in the produced fluids of the nutrient-only-treated wells. Microbiological and molecular data showed that the microorganisms injected into the formation were retrieved in the produced fluids of the inoculated wells. We provide essential data for modeling microbial oil recovery processes in situ, including growth rates (0.06 +/- 0.01 h(-1)), carbon balances (107% +/- 34%), biosurfactant production rates (0.02 +/- 0.001 h(-1)), and biosurfactant yields (0.015 +/- 0.001 mol biosurfactant/mol glucose). The data demonstrate the technical feasibility of microbial processes for oil recovery.

Bacillus↗