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PubMed2004

Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism-collectivism: a study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines.

The authors examined the links between two dimensions that have been useful in understanding cross-cultural differences and similarities, namely, individualism-collectivism (I-C) and value orientations. The authors examined the relations and parallels between the two variables by directly relating them and examining the patterns of relations that both have with a third variable, religiosity. Participants were 475 college students from the Philippines, the United States, and Turkey who responded to measures of horizontal and vertical I-C, value orientations, and religiosity. The authors found partial support for the parallels between I-C and value types, particularly for collectivism and conservative values. Moreover, religiosity was associated positively with conservative values and collectivism, across all three cultures. The authors found individualism to also relate to openness-to-change values, though the patterns were not as consistent as those that they found between collectivism and conservation. Differences and similarities emerged in links of I-C-values to religiosity across the three samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Ethnomedical and transcultural psychiatric aspects of migration].

In consideration of the current socioeconomical and political development in the world a dramatic increase of migration streams are expected. Migrant families are always a new phenomenon on both sides in host countries. One important root of these specific problems are: Culture-conditioned differences concerning value orientation between immigrants of several ethnics on one hand and the resident population on the other hand, but also among the immigrants of several ethnic groups themselves. These differences of the value orientation, of course, also refer to the illness concepts, the illness behavior as well as utilization of assistance among the several sectors of the Health Care Systems. It is expected that the professional sector of the Health Care Systems in the host countries will be confronted massively with ethnomedical and transcultural-psychiatric aspects of migration in the future. An adequate medical care of the migrants (especially concerning psychiatric disorders) will only be possible in case of an appropriate consideration of such culture-bound peculiarities.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1977

Considerations for curriculum design.

Educational values held by academic and clinical faculties subtly but strongly influence curriculum design in physical therapy education. Five major value orientations, Curriculum as the Development of Cognitive processes, Curriculum as Technology, Curriculum as Self-Actualization, Curriculum as Social Reconstruction-Relevance, and Curriculum as Academic Rationalism, are presented. The suggestion is made that these underlying value-orientations influence the choice of curriculum design more than do "available resources." A second component of curriculum design, i.e., evaluation of student performance, also influences and is influenced by the direction and development of physical therapy curricula. A plea is made for expressive objectives and outcome objectives to be considered along with instructional or behavioral objectives to yield more comprehensive and creative appraisals of student growth.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2003

Family contexts, individualism-collectivism, and adolescents' aspirations for their futures.

Relations were examined among family contexts, parents' individualistic-collectivistic value orientations, and adolescents' aspirations. Data were collected from 456 Australian families using two surveys when the subjects were 11 and 16 years old, respectively. Findings indicated that family ethnicity had large associations with parents' individualistic-collectivistic value orientations, but that these orientations were not associated with adolescents' aspirations, after taking into account differences in family contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Justice and good nursing care].

In this article the value orientations of justice and of the good are analysed in their concrete meanings for nursing proceeding. Firstly, the usual interpretation of justice in the practice field which reduces it to economical justice of distribution, is criticized. A stronger orientation of justice to the criterion of adequacy is proposed as an alternative. This would make possible a synthesis between the two demands of a just care and of a good care and would permit the mediation of two value orientations that often seem to be irreconcilable in nursing practice. The definition of the contents of good care attributes high importance to the aspect of relation. Because the nursing relation is in its essence an asymmetrical relation, the dimension of power has a decisive importance in this context. This leads to the question which kind of conditions must be created to give nurses the opportunity to use the power that they get from their function in a responsible way and to cultivate an attitude of non-indifference toward those who need their help.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed2003

The excluded player in coalition formation.

Coalition research generally assumes that people strive to maximize their share of the coalition payoff and that they exclude others from joining a coalition if these others are not needed to obtain the coalition payoff. In two experiments, the authors show that this view is too narrow and that willingness to include such others is dependent on the extent to which people feel that exclusion affects the payoff of the excluded player. This finding was moderated by social value orientations. Proselfs were not affected by the consequences for the excluded players. Prosocials were less willing to exclude others the more harmful were the consequences of exclusion. Results are related to research on social exclusion, the do-no-harm principle, and social value orientations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Creating defensible space in the wildland-urban interface: the influence of values on perceptions and behavior.

We examined the effect that value orientation to forests and wildland fire management has on an individual's decision to create defensible space around his or her residence in the wildland-urban interface. Using data from a mail-back questionnaire, respondents in north central Minnesota were clustered by basic value-laden beliefs toward forest and wildland fire management and compared across a number of perceptions and behaviors related to creating defensible space around residences. Value orientation groups differed in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control toward creating defensible space. In addition, relative effects of these perceptions on intention to create defensible space differed across groups. Implications lie in (a) understanding differences in motivations and reasons for support of strategies for managing fires near the wildland-urban interface, (b) developing information designed to address the perspectives of different groups related to creating defensible space, and (c) contributing to an improved integration of land management and public concerns and interests.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Are prosocials unique in their egalitarianism? The pursuit of equality in outcomes among individualists.

The present research aims to elucidate to what extent the motive to ensure equality in outcomes is general and to what extent it interacts with other important motives such as maximizing own or collective gains. Because individuals may have different considerations and motivations in decision-making situations, it is likely that people with a different social value orientation will respond differently to an unequal distribution of outcomes. Contrary to expectations, not only prosocials care about equality in outcomes. In Study 1, the authors found that individualists choose to forego personal gains, despite obvious selfish reasons to cooperate, when outcomes were distributed unequally. In a second experiment, this finding was replicated and shows that individualists, just as prosocials, demand equality in outcomes in interdependent situations. The studies suggest that typifying individualists as solely being concerned about enhancing personal outcomes is too limited and that fairness norms may trump social value orientation.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Organization ethics or compliance: which will articulate values for the United States' healthcare system?

There have been two major stimuli leading to the institution of compliance/ethics programs. One has been Justice Department attention and the need for a government approved compliance program. The other has been the JCAHO's promulgation of standards addressing organization ethics issues. Many healthcare organizations have seen the requirements imposed on them by JCAHO (and the necessity to have a mechanism to address federal compliance as separate issues) and have developed two compartmentalized programs. But the intensity with which the government has pursued and will continue to pursue its "fraud and abuse" program means that most healthcare organizations now support and encourage the institution of compliance programs, while allowing organization ethics initiatives to become marginalized within the organization. This approach may ignore consideration of the larger issue of what each of these activities means for a healthcare organization that is attempting to define itself based on its stated values. Although using two separate groups to focus on these particular issues may fulfill the letter of the law for both the Federal Government and the JCAHO, we believe attention to these issues is better accomplished under the umbrella of a single committee. This pathway for attention to accreditation and compliance issues within an HCO is one that may serve the HCO better than two committees working on similar issues but with separate agendas. Nothing here should be construed as a suggestion that the goal of developing a comprehensive values-oriented organization ethics program should be abandoned. Instead, we have offered an assessment of the current environment and current direction of the healthcare organization--an assessment that leads us to the conclusion that instituting organization ethics programs that are not linked to or incorporated somehow within compliance programs will probably fail. This is a frustrating position for those who believe that compliance programs may ultimately undermine the goals of an organization ethics program. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that the legal compliance of an HCO, like its compliance to high standards of ethics, are considerations that determine the ethical climate of an organization. In the absence of a consensus concerning the values that should inform the larger healthcare system, it may be the only consideration that all healthcare organization stakeholders can agree upon, and so may represent the only stable and consistent platform ethically to evaluate the activities of the healthcare organization at the present time. This can be the basis for each HCO to develop its values-oriented ethical program which will define and support the organization's ethical climate for the organization, its staff, its patients, and its community.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2003

A preliminary empirical test of a culturally-relevant theoretical framework for the study of successful aging.

This article aims to shed preliminary empirical light on the assumptions underpinning a culturally relevant theoretical framework for the study of successful aging. On the basis of the Kluckhohnian theory of cultural variation, this framework suggests that congruence exists between value orientations concerned with man-nature, time, activity, and relationships, and the manner in which the construct of successful aging is understood. Methodologically speaking, the research project upon which this article is based started out by adapting and further developing the vignette-based instrument that Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck designed to test the theory of cultural variation. Vignette-based interviews were then conducted with 30 Iranian immigrants to Sweden as a preliminary test of the hypothesis of congruence. The results presented in this article suggest that, as posed in the framework in question, there is a relationship between the value orientations that people prefer and the various understandings of successful aging that they uphold. The results suggest also that there is a variety of ways in which the construct of successful aging can be understood, and that variety encompasses other ways of thinking about successful aging besides the master nature, future, productivity, and individuality-oriented views that characterize the gerontological debate. Although further research is necessary, these preliminary results do infer that this framework might offer a theoretically interesting approach to the study of individual, generational, and cross-cultural understandings of successful aging.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hepatitis C virus infection risk factors in patients admitted in hospital emergency departments in Picardy. Value of oriented screening based on recommendations of the 'Direction Générale de la Santé'.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Oriented hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening on the basis of transfusion, previous or current parenteral drug addiction, invasive procedures, and in family members of patients with hepatitis C, was recommended in France by the 'Direction Générale de la Santé' (DGS). The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of these risk factors in patients admitted in hospital emergency departments in Picardy. METHODS: Between 1 June and 31 July 1996, physicians of the emergency units of seven hospitals in Picardy were asked to question admitted patients about risk factors mentioned in the DGS recommendations, and to suggest a screening test when at least one of these risk factors was present. RESULTS: Among 1648 patients, 68.7% had at least one of these risk factors. Screening was accepted by 723 patients, 58.7% of those with at least one risk factor, and more than 70% of those with history of transfusion and/or drug addiction. It was immediately performed in 451, and 2.4% had anti-HCV antibodies. The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 1.5% in patients without history of transfusion or drug addiction and 7.9% in those with at least one of these two risk factors. CONCLUSION: Oriented screening based on transfusion or drug addiction history seems to have better efficiency than the screening policy recommended by the DGS. Poor reliability of answers about medical history was observed probably because of stress related to emergency circumstances. A screening test proposed to patients with these major risk factors by their usual physician would be probably more efficient.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Male nurses' sex-role orientation and values.

Scores on the Bem Sex-role Inventory and the Study of Values were compared for 66 female nurses and 56 male nurses in central Florida. The men were frequently categorized as sex-typed and rarely as cross-typed. On the Study of Values the over-all pattern of values for male nurses was very similar to that of the average male nonnurse and significantly different from that of female nurses on the theoretical and aesthetic scales. Nursing experience, age, and highest degree earned in nursing were not correlated with Bem scores or Study of Values scores. No support was found for the idea that nursing feminizes male nurses. Implications of these results for the recruitment of male nursing students were discussed.

Adult↗