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PubMed1990

Maternity care financing: universal access or universal care?

In an era of fiscal constraint, growing poverty, increased uninsuredness, medical liability problems, and increasing costs of maternity care, public and private financing mechanisms are changing rapidly and the service delivery system is increasingly fragmented. Despite the almost mercurial changes in the system, data from national studies show that access to care is a major problem affecting all childbearing women. This paper describes the three groups of women who require comprehensive maternity care, their insurance coverage, and the gaps for each group. It describes proposals which are currently under development to reduce uninsuredness and produce universal access and, in addition, presents an alternative plan for universal maternity care.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed2003

[Expected and unexpected absence of the nursing team of a university hospital at the university of Sao Paulo, Brazil].

The objective of this exploratory-descriptive study was to identify expected and unexpected absences of the nursing team at the inpatient units of the University Hospital at the University of Sao Paulo. Data regarding unexpected absences of the nursing staff employees of these inpatient units were assessed on a monthly basis for the year 2000. The percentage of the expected absences regarding remunerated weekly time off, holidays and vacations corresponded to 19%, 3:9% and 8.9%, respectively. The survey of percentage of unexpected absences showed a variation among indices found in each unit, thus indicating the possibility of an excess workload in some inpatient units.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2001

Complex partial epileptic-like experiences in university students and practitioners of Dharmakaya in Thailand: comparison with Canadian university students.

We tested the hypothesis that individuals who frequently practice meditation within another culture whose assumptions explicitly endorse this practice should exhibit more frequent and varied experience associated with complex partial epilepsy (without the seizures) as inferred by the Personal Philosophy Inventory and Roberts' Questionnaire for the Epileptic Spectrum Disorder. 80 practitioners of Dharma Meditation and 24 university students in Thailand were compared with 76 students from first-year courses in psychology in a Canadian university. Although there were large significant differences for some items and clusters of items expected as a result of cultural differences, there were no statistically significant differences between the two populations for the proportions of complex partial epileptic-like experiences or their frequency of occurrence. There were no strong or consistent correlations between the history of meditation within the sample who practiced Dharma meditation and these experiences. These results suggest complex partial epileptic-like experiences may be a normal feature of the human species.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[University education in geriatrics. Present status and future plans of universities regarding the development of a program in geriatrics].

Because the number of people who reach an advanced age has been increasing at an unprecedented rate in Japan, geriatricians are expected to play a central role in health care for the elderly. However, only 16 out of 80 medical schools (20 percent) now have departments of geriatrics for undergraduate education. To develop undergraduate education in the field of geriatrics, a survey was sponsored by the Research Projects on Aging and Health (Health Science Research Grant the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan). A questionnaire regarding the present status and future plans of the university about a program in geriatrics, was sent to deans of medical faculties or vice-presidents of medical schools. The questionnaire included questions about current status and future plans regarding undergraduate geriatric education, the presence of a department or clinic of geriatrics, educational requirements in the field of geriatrics, opportunities for practice, institutions of practice, research on geriatrics, and other suggestions. The response rate was 93.7 percent (74/79). Departments or clinics of geriatrics had been established in 15 institutions (20.3 percent) and were planned in 18 (24.3 percent). Undergraduate education in geriatrics was considered necessary in 73 schools (98.7 percent) and indispensable as an obligatory subject in 56 (75.7 percent). Clinical practice was considered more important and effective than lectures in 50 schools (63.3 percent). Coordinated lectures on basic biomedical gerontology (such as mechanism of aging) and geriatric medicine for chronic degenerative diseases such as senile dementia were considered essential to the curriculum. In practicing geriatrics, experience in providing medical care to aged patients as well as social support and a welfare system for the aged is emphasized. Institutions, nursing homes, and geriatric hospitals outside medical schools be easily accessible. It was generally agreed that geriatrics should be taught in advanced classes. In conclusion, medical schools in Japan regard undergraduate education in geriatrics as necessary and agree on the optimal curriculum, but it is not universally implemented.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗

PubMed2005

Prescribing practices in German and Swiss psychiatric university and in non-university hospitals: national differences.

OBJECTIVE: There are great variations between hospitals in the way drugs are prescribed, and these variations may be due to multiple factors such as local prescribing traditions, pharmacoeconomic considerations, drug availability, regional differences of population, disease prevalence etc. Available studies on prescribing habits, apart from studies performed in a unique center, have until now been mainly restricted to single countries or regions and the comparisons across countries or regions have often been limited by the use of diverse methodologies and definitions. The aim of the present study was to compare drug prescriptions between German and Swiss psychiatric services with regard to their preference of newer psychotropics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five psychiatric hospitals, associated to the AMSP project, were chosen to represent Swiss and German clinics, university and non-university settings. Data were available from one index day on 572 patients and 1,745 prescriptions. The comparisons were adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) with regard to the prescription of newer antidepressants (NAD), Swiss clinicians giving proportionally more (65.2%) than the German psychiatrists (48.3%). No significant difference was, on the other hand, found as to the proportion of atypical antipsychotics, the lack of difference being due to the higher proportion of clozapine among the atypical antipsychotics in Germany. CONCLUSION: There seems, therefore, to be a higher propensity for Swiss hospital psychiatrists to prescribe newer antidepressants. This seems to be due to national or regional prescribing traditions. Further studies are needed to investigate the economical influences on antidepressant prescribing in Swiss and German clinics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Universal access versus universal insurance.

Debate over the nature of the American healthcare system reemerged in 1989. Advocates of universal health insurance and "universal access" argued their positions in the New England Journal of Medicine, and a Harris poll indicated that 89 percent of Americans feel the United States needs to make a fundamental change in its healthcare system. An adequate assessment of these reform proposals requires a clear understanding of what we want from our healthcare system. In 1981 the U.S. bishops specified six principles for U.S. healthcare policy. The bishops asserted that U.S. policy should (1) assume that healthcare is a right, (2) promote pluralism of delivery systems, (3) promote good health in addition to treating disease, (4) give consumers a choice of providers, (5) make healthcare planning essential, and (6) include methods of controlling costs. The bishops' principles help clarify both proposals' strengths and weaknesses.

Catholicism↗

PubMed1998

University of Kuopio and University of Turku. Share a Fulbright professor in 1997-1998.

Ethel M. Russaw is one of twenty-one American Fulbright grantees in Finland during the 1997-98 academic year. The University of Kuopio and the University of Turku are proud to host this outstanding scholar in nursing science. An exceptional background in nursing and a profound appreciation of other cultures enrich Dr. Russaw's contributions to the Fulbright experience. In addition to sharing a piece of American culture with her Finnish colleagues, Dr. Russaw plans to impart information pertaining to nursing education in Finland with her American peers.

Faculty, Nursing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A pilot study comparing the level of sickle cell disease knowledge in a university in southeastern Texas and a university in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria, West Africa.

Sickle cell disease is the most commonly inheritable blood disorder in man. Sickle cell anemia affects approximately one in 375 Blacks in the United States. There is yet no known cure for this disease. Families of sickle cell patients continue to be financially and emotionally devastated by sickle cell disease complications. A high level of sickle cell disease knowledge will encourage non-directional sickle cell disease counseling that would reduce the incidence of this disease. A pilot study to determine the level of sickle cell disease knowledge in a university in southeastern Texas and a university in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria, West Africa found that there was a need to improve retention of sickle cell disease factual information.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Clevudine University of Georgia/Abbott/Bukwang/Triangle/Yale University.

The pyrimidine analog, clevudine (L-FMAU: 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyluridine) is a potent antihepatitis B virus (HBV) and anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) agent, discovered by researchers at the University of Georgia, in collaboration with Yale University and Bukwang. Bukwang transferred its technology to Triangle Pharmaceuticals in 1998 together with a license to develop clevudine worldwide except Korea [279649], [281942]. In June 1999, Triangle and Abbott Laboratories entered into a strategic alliance to copromote antiviral products including L-FMAU [326798]. In September 2000, Triangle Pharmaceuticals Inc initiated a 30-day phase I/II evaluation of clevudine in HBV-infected patients [381755]. Clevudine is a much less toxic derivative of the toxic agent P-D-FMAU. The mechanism of action of clevudine is not yet clear, but the agent induces a rapid decrease in HBV nucleic acid as doses increase from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg [319145]. It is believed that the target for clevudine lies in the viral replication mechanism. Clevudine is phosphorylated to the triphosphate form intracellularly. This is removed slowly from the cells, thus exerting a sustained inhibitory antiviral activity [178173], [320720], [320721].

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Eight-year trend of new patients at Clinic for Disabled Patients, University Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

The trend of new patients was investigated at the Clinic for Disabled Patients, University Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University for eight years from 1989 to 1996. The purpose of this study was to explore the future role of this specialized clinic. The study revealed the following information: 1. A total of 1,388 new patients, corresponding to 173.5 new patients per year on average, visited the clinic. 2. The percentage of patients aged 30 or more increased. As a result, the mean patient age rose from 40.4 in 1989 to 47.6 in 1996. 3. Referrals accounted for more than 80% of new patients. Medical doctors referred more patients to our clinic than dentists did. 4. While the percentage of disabled patients tended to decrease, the percentage of medically compromised patients increased. 5. The predominant complaint was dental caries. Patients with cardiovascular diseases also complained of gingival bleeding and ill-fitting dentures. The growing percentage of medically compromised patients and the increasing mean age of patients over the eight-year period seems to reflect advances in medical science and the aging society. These tendencies could be more remarkable in the future. Therefore, much closer cooperation between dentists and medical doctors will be required.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Job dissatisfaction in lecturers in School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia and Faculty of Medicine Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Job dissatisfaction in doctors and teachers is known to have direct consequences on the quality of service and teaching for patients and students respectively. A cross-sectional study to assess dissatisfaction in lecturers of School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) was undertaken between August 2001 and May 2002. The original English version of the Job Content Questionnaire (CQ) version 1.7 (revised 1997) by Robert Karasek was self-administered to 73 (response rate 58.4%) and 80 (response rate 41.7%) lecturers in the medical faculties of USM and UKM, respectively. The prevalence of job dissatisfaction in USM and UKM lecturers were 42.6% and 42.9%, respectively; the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Risk factors of job dissatisfaction in USM lecturers were decision authority (p<0.001) and psychological job demand (p<0.001). Significant risk factors of job dissatisfaction in UKM lecturers were skill discretion (p<0.01) and psychological job demand (p<0.001). We conclude that psychological job demand was a risk factor of job dissatisfaction in both USM and UKM lecturers; in USM, decision authority was protective, while in UKM, skill discretion was protective against job dissatisfaction.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Drug free universities--trends in illicit drugs use among Kraków university students.

Social survey by questioning people is a significant source of information, valuable for planning and developing of prophylactic strategies. An illicit drugs use among a first-year students of Kraków's universities and factors determining the usage were analysed. The research by completing the questionnaire designed by National Bureau for Drug Prevention, Poland was performed in 725 a first-year students of six Kraków's universities. The students were asked to complete the questionnaire confidentially, while the lecture on psychoactive substances. 83.6% of those polled know some students who use a drugs, 38.3% already initiated into drugs, 61.9% reported that they needed at least one day to get drugs. The male students reach for drugs more often then females, and those first-year students being already 20 years old compared to the younger. The greater risk was also noted among students who rent apartments or when a parents earned together more than 3500 PLN. The medical students reached for drugs more rarely than the others. Our survey is one of the first source of information about trends in the drugs usage by Kraków's students. The results will help to develop a preventive standards and creation of effective anti-drugs campaign to be accomplished by college authorities and the Kraków Environmental Diseases Out-patient Clinic for students and academic teachers. The clinic was organised in 2004.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[University by radio and television in Great Britain. The Open University].

There are some 20 years since Great Britain was given a new and important University (established by a Royal Charter in 1969), especially intended for students wanting to achieve their education at home. The whole teaching, guided by tutors, is supported by various materials: booklets, audio- and videotapes which are completed by television and radio broadcasts for many courses and informations. After successful examinations are obtained the usual degrees and certificates delivered by the British Universities. Furthermore, this kind of education begins to be available in a few other countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Cyprus, Hong Kong).

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed1990

Developing a research team in dental epidemiology in Saudi Arabia: a collaborative project between King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah and University College, Cork, Ireland.

The Paper describes the setting-up of a Collaborative Project between King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and University College, Cork, Ireland. The objective was to develop a Research Team in Oral Health Services Research in Saudi Arabia and to conduct Pre-Fluoridation Oral Health Studies.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1990

[The present states and considerations of orthognathic surgery in Japan. Questionnaire in department of orthodontics of university dental hospital, and department of oral surgery of university medical hospital].

To investigate the present state of orthognathic surgery, questionnaires were sent to 30 departments of orthodontics of university dental hospital and 60 departments of oral surgery of university medical hospital. 1. Orthognathic surgery was carried out in 100% of the departments of orthodontics and 91.8% of the departments of oral surgery examined. 2. There was a difference in the number of patients between individual hospitals. 3. Analyses of cephalogram were used in 96% of the departments of orthodontics and 93% of the departments of oral surgery. 4. Pre- and post-surgical orthodontic treatments were carried out in all of the departments of orthodontics. 5. Orthodontic appliances (83.9%) were used in the departments of orthodontics for intermaxillary fixation, while orthodontic appliances (47.8%) and wire splints (49.2%) were used in the departments of oral surgery. 6. It is pointed out that the criterion of orthognathic surgery, treatment objectives on soft and hard tissue, selection of surgical method, adaptability of soft tissue after surgery, relapse, treatment planning of two jaw surgery, and postoperative stability remain to be solved in future.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

[Report on clinico-pathological examinations in Meikai University (formerly Josai Dental University) Hospital (4)].

This clinico-pathological study was conducted to examine biopsies and surgical specimens for histopathological diagnosis from April 1983 to March 1988 in Meikai University (formerly Josai Dental University) Hospital. The following statistical results were obtained: 1) The total number of the specimens examined was 2705, 2026 from the dental clinic and 679 from the medical clinic. 2) Concerning age distribution, most specimens from the dental clinic were from patients in the 40's age bracket, whereas most from the medical clinic were from those under 10 years of age. With regard to sex distribution, the difference between males and females was not so much in the dental clinic specimens, but the number from the medical clinic was greater for males than for females. 3) Concerning classification of the tumors from the dental clinic, 181 cases were benign; and of them 41 were odontogenic and 140 were non-odontogenic tumors. Among the odontogenic tumors, ameloblastoma, cementoma, and odontoma were the most numerous. Among non-odontogenic tumors, fibroma was the most common, followed by pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant tumors comprised 77 cases. Of them squamous cell carcinoma was the most commonly found, with the grade-2 type being most numerous. Of the medical clinic tumors, nevus was the most common benign tumor observed; and adenocarcinoma, the most common malignant one. 4) Concerning the distribution of main lesions in the dental clinic specimens, most specimens were cysts or cystic lesions, followed by inflammatory lesions and tumors. Among medical clinic specimens, inflammatory lesions were the most common. 5) Regarding the dental clinic specimens, the most frequently observed case was the radicular cyst (301 samples) among the odontogenic cysts (514 samples); and among non-odontogenic cysts (290 samples), the most common was the mucous cyst (159 samples). 5) In terms of the distribution by location, tissue or organ, most tumors from the dental clinic were from the jaws, followed in descending frequency by those from gingiva and alveolar mucosa, maxillary sinus, lip, buccal mucosa, and tongue. Among the medical clinic tumors, the paranasal cavity and tonsils were the most frequent locations.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Report of a cooperative venture between the China Medical University library and the medical library of McGill University.

In March/April 1986, the medical library at McGill University in Montreal, Canada signed a cooperative agreement with the China Medical University (CMU) Library in Shenyang, China. This paper analyzes the operations of the CMU library within the context of the Chinese system of medical education, health care delivery, and medical librarianship. The CMU library is described in terms of collections, cataloging procedures, filing, public services (reference, bibliographic instruction, circulation, copy service), interlibrary loans, networking, conservation of materials, and personnel. Some interesting comparisons are made between the two libraries with respect to holdings, services provided, and training of staff. The plans for future cooperation are outlined.

Canada↗

PubMed1967

Acute respiratory disease in University of the Philippines and University of Wisconsin students. A comparative study.

In a comparison of acute respiratory disease patterns and incidence in students in a semi-tropical climate at the University of the Philippines with those in students in a temperate climate at the University of Wisconsin, USA, it was found that, while respiratory infections were the commonest cause of infirmary admissions in both institutions, yet, contrary to expectations, their incidence and relative importance were actually greater in the Philippine students than in the Wisconsin students. Peak rates occurred during the rainy season in the Philippines and during the coldest months in Wisconsin. Acute infectious mononucleosis was absent in the Philippines and streptococcal sore throat and primary atypical pneumonia were rare, but the three conditions were common in Wisconsin. The authors suggest that this difference in clinical pattern may be due to immunity in the Philippines students as a result of prior childhood infection.

Acute Disease↗