Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “USSR”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Occupational cancer mortality among urban women in the former USSR.

Occupational cancer mortality was evaluated among approximately three million female pensioners from urban areas of the former USSR. In 1970, these women experienced 14,918 cancer deaths. Occupational data were obtained from death certificates and the 1970 USSR National Population Census. Thirty-five occupational groups, including nine predominantly professional or office-work groups and 26 groups involving physical labor, were evaluated. The expected mortality rates were based on the urban female population of the USSR in 1970. Data for all cancer sites combined, and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast, cervix, and hematopoietic system are presented. Among all female pensioners, there were significant increases of all cancers combined (rate ratio [RR] = 1.05), and cancers of the breast (RR = 1.3), cervix (RR = 1.3), and the hematopoietic system (RR = 1.2), and a significant deficit of cancer of the esophagus (RR = 0.8). Many well-established associations between cancer and occupation among men were observed among the study group of female pensioners, such as stomach and lung cancer among miners, and hematopoietic malignancies among scientists and physicians. Other associations, to be investigated further, also were observed, such as excess lung cancer among waitresses. The peak employment period for this cohort of women was during World War II and the postwar period, when Soviet women outnumbered men almost two-to-one. Consequently, many of the women held jobs that are typically held by men. Thus, this study provides valuable information on occupational risks to women that may be relevant in other countries where women increasingly are being employed in jobs traditionally held by men.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Gene pool and gene geography of the USSR population].

Gene pool and gene geography are discussed from the point of view of their conceptual history beginning from the original concept of A.S. Serebrovskiĭ (1928). Difference between the present-day gene geography and gene geography of gene pool is accentuated: the former only represents a portion of the latter. Historical and territorial integrity of the USSR population gene pool, in conjunction with its huge diversity, is the main problem being analysed by various means of computerized genetic cartography. Coupled with the gene frequency mapping, following methods were also used: mapping of average heterozygosity, of interpopulation differentiation, of principal component scores and mapping of geographical trend for each mapped genetic parameter. The work is based on 100 allelic genes and haplotypes from 30 independent loci studied on the average in 225 local populations. Statistical analysis of gene geographical maps is based on 3975 nodes of regular cartographic net for the USSR territory. The wind rose of systematic changes in the USSR gene pool has three main geographic orientations: W-E, SW-NE and S-N. At the same time, there are only two main systematic forces of gene pool evolution: the force of social history with predominant W-E orientation and the force of natural history with predominant S-N orientation of their actions. The heterozygosity level of gene pool declines strictly in accordance with the resultant in the SW-NE direction.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

[Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among children in the USSR].

The paper is concerned with the data on the epidemiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children in the USSR. The incidence of IDDM including that revealed for the first time was analyzed in the republics of the USSR, some regions per 100,000 childhood population in 1985-1988. The causes of different tendencies in the incidence of IDDM in children of some ethnographic regions of the USSR are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[The epidemiological characteristics of meningococcal infection in the USSR].

The epidemiological analysis of morbidity in meningococcal infection in the USSR in the period of 1969-1987 showed that the second rise of the morbidity level occurred in 1984 and was followed by its decrease in most of the regions of the USSR. This study also revealed that the characteristic feature of the second rise of morbidity in meningococcal infection was a considerable involvement of young children (aged up to 3 years), as well as the increased etiological role of group B meningococci in cases of meningococcal infection and the circulation of these microorganisms among the population. Besides, the preservation of the etiological importance of group A meningococci in many regions of the USSR, especially among adults, was noted. In this connection, the use of Soviet group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine on epidemiological indications was considered to be epidemiologically substantiated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[A comparison of the spectra of antibodies to individual proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive sera collected in the territories of the USSR and England].

Antibody spectra to individual proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 74 seropositive serum samples collected in the USSR and 65 serum samples collected in Britain were studied by immunoblotting techniques. Most of the sera belonged to clinically healthy persons, some of the sera collected in Britain contained specific IgM antibodies. The results were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. In the former case the study of samples collected both in the USSR and in Britain yielded similar results which also coincided with the data of literature regarding asymptomatic virus carriers: very high content of antibodies to protein gp41 and sufficiently high content of antibodies to protein p24 were registered in all sera. But the quantitative evaluation of the results of this investigation revealed differences between serum samples collected in these two countries. The main feature of sera collected in the USSR was their noticeably greater reactivity with respect to the products of HIV gene gag: proteins p24, p53 and p22. The explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Congenital rubella in the USSR.

The results of a comprehensive study of the problem of congenital rubella in Moscow and other cities of the USSR are presented. The highest rubella incidence was found among children 1-7 years of age; but 20-25 rubella cases were also recorded annually per 100 000 adults. Specific antihaemagglutinins were found in 36-70% of children and in 91-99% of adults. Investigation of the rubella foci revealed clinical rubella, confirmed by laboratory methods, in children and adults who had low initial titres of specific antihaemagglutinins. Serological screening of 1661 apparently healthy pregnant women detected antihaemagglutinins in 98.4%; however, low (1:8-1:16) titres were found in 53.3% and high (postinfection) titres and specific IgM in only 8.8% of cases.A study of 523 pregnant women who had been in contact with a source of infection revealed clinical rubella in 10.9% and inapparent infection in 0.7% of cases. A virological study of fetuses from infected pregnant women showed that there was intrauterine viral infection in 73% of cases; 38% of rubella-infected fetuses had congenital defects (unilateral or bilateral cataract, absence of one cerebral hemisphere, adhesion of the upper and lower eyelid, or diffuse damage of the crystalline lens); in one woman rubella virus was isolated from the fetuses and abortion materials received from two abortions with an interval of 6 months. Serological investigation of 519 mothers who had given birth to children with congenital defects showed that there were more frequent indications of rubella infection in the mothers of the children with CNS and cardiovascular defects, as well as in the children with congenital cardiovascular and CNS defects, than in the control groups. These data confirmed the teratogenic nature of rubella strains found in the USSR. This study indicates the need to improve rubella surveillance in pregnant women and to consider the prophylaxis of congenital rubella in the USSR. (See also Addendum.)

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1988

[Occupational rehabilitation of psychiatrically handicapped patients in Leningrad, USSR: a visit to the Bechterew Psychoneurologic Institute].

With reference to a recent reader on rehabilitation for the chronically mentally ill in the German Democratic Republic and the USSR the authors travelled to Leningrad, USSR, to learn about the efforts to integrate rather than add up multidisciplinary approaches to work rehabilitation. The authors found a sheltered workshop for about 400 patients where much of the principles of work rehabilitation obviously work: flexible and manyfold work, well adapted to the varying standards of the patients both unskilled workers and patients with academic background. The workshop being one branch of the nationally significant Bechterev Institute for Psychiatry and Neurology also transfers patients to the general workforce where rehabilitation patients are paid a 125% salary. Both the optimistic atmosphere and the economically self supporting shop give good reason to learn more about rehabilitation for the chronically ill in the USSR and the efforts to progress.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1986

Smoking patterns in the USSR.

Smoking is widespread in the USSR. The prevalence of smoking among males ranges from 35-80%, although some of the very high rates may be the result of surveying selected population groups. Smoking appears to be more frequent among young people, and the proportion of adolescent smokers is high. There are reported to be fewer women smokers (about 10%) than in most countries of Europe and North America. The per capita production of smoking materials (cigarettes and papyrossi) increased substantially during the post-war period, reached its maximum in the year 1971, and decreased thereafter. The highest per capita sales of smoking materials were reported in the years 1976-1980, and they have declined slightly since. Presently, 70% of the smoking materials produced in the USSR are cigarettes. The proportion of filter cigarettes has increased from 1.1% in 1963 to 30% in 1982. However, about 90% of cigarettes produced in the USSR still fall within the category of high-tar cigarettes (20 mg/cigarette and over). To avoid a continuation of the increase in the frequency of smoking and, consequently, an increase in mortality from lung cancer and other diseases caused by smoking, serious consideration should be given to a wide range of smoking control measures.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Influenza activity in Czechoslovakia and the USSR, 1980-1985.

Between 1980 and 1985, Czechoslovakia had experienced 4 and the USSR 3 major influenza outbreaks. Of the 3 epidemic outbreaks in the USSR, 2 were associated with influenza B virus (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) and 1 with influenza A virus of the H3N2 subtype. In the USSR, influenza A (H1N1) virus never predominated as a cause of epidemic during the 5 years period. In Czechoslovakia, 2 epidemics (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) were due to influenza A (H1N1) virus. The epidemic in the 1981/82 season had two waves of unequal heights and a mixed type B and subtype A (H3N2) etiology; a two-wave epidemic associated with isolates of influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses was also recorded in the 1983/84 season. The influenza A (H3N2) epidemic in 1983 was of explosive character. All influenza viruses circulating in the two countries between 1980 and 1985 were of the same antigenic profile, but were isolated from the epidemics that occurred in different influenza seasons. The virological surveillance revealed strains of virus closely related to drift variants detected from outbreaks in 1977-1979 and the new variants A/Chile 1/83, A/Philippines 2/82, A/Caen 1/84 and B/USSR 100/83.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1979

[Characteristics of the seasonal distribution of typhoid fever cases in different areas of the USSR].

The results of the monthly registration of typhoid cases in all union republics and in the USSR as a whole for the period of 1970--1976 were analyzed. The mathematical parameters of the monthyly distribution of morbidity rate under the influence of long-term factors for each union republic were determined. In analyzing actual morbidity rates for definite years these data may help determine to what extent such rates are influenced by incidental factors. Mathematical analysis allowed to divide the territory of the USSR into 5 groups of areas with different patterns of the seasonal distribution of typhoid cases: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Moldavian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Soviet Baltic republics, the Transcaucasian republics, the republics of Central Asia and the Kazakh SSR. April was found to be the optimum time for the immunoprophylaxis of typhoid fever throughout the whole territory of the USSR in the presence of epidemiological indications.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1966

The 1965 A2 influenza epidemic in the USSR and the natural history of Asian influenza.

An epidemic of Asian (A2) influenza that occurred in the USSR early in 1965 was the fourth wave of Asian influenza there since 1957, when the disease became pandemic, spreading through all countries and continents. The 1965 epidemic was severe, in several cities even more so than the 1957 pandemic. Study of the antigenic structure of the viruses isolated during the latest epidemic indicated that the viruses were similar to those isolated in western Europe in 1964 (A2/England 12/64) but that their structure showed a further shift away from that of the prototype virus (A2/Singapore 1/57). The 1957 and 1959 pandemics followed similar courses, starting in China. The third wave affected Europe. North Africa and Asia in winter 1960-61, but did not reach the USSR until the following winter. The fourth wave was more complex, spreading in Asia in 1962-63 and in Europe and America in 1963-64; it reached the USSR at the beginning of 1965. The way in which the structure of the A2 virus has changed since 1957 is discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1977

[Subtype characteristics of the surface antigen of hepatitis B in different regions of the USSR].

A method of preparation of subtypical antisera to two determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs Ag/ay and anti-HBs Ag/ad) is described. The test system obtained was approbated on 1400 antigen-positive sera collected from blood donors and patients suffering from acute and chronic virus hepatitis in various geographical zones of the USSR. HBs Ag/ay proved to prevail (84--100%), HBs Ag/ad was distributed irregularly--from 16% in the European part of the USSR to 0--4% in the republics of the Middle Asia and Siberian regions. HBs Ag/ad was mostly determined in the population of Western regions of the European part of the USSR (the Baltic republics, 43.4%, Moldavia 24.3%).

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiological characteristics of the spread of Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery in the territories of the former USSR in recent years].

On the basis of special data on the registered cases of Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery on the territory of the former USSR the spread of this nosological form of Shigella infections since 1980 until the present moment has been analyzed. As shown by this analysis, Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery is not widely spread on the whole territory of the former USSR, the cases of this disease being mostly registered in Namangan (the Uzbek Republic). The study has shown that the area of the circulation of Shigella dysenteriae 1 is not completely determined. This disease is quite widely spread in some areas of Central Asia, penetrating from these areas to other regions. Everyday contacts have shown to play the main role in the transmission of S. dysenteriae 1 due to poor municipal sanitation facilities and pronounced deficiency in the level of general and sanitary education. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan has led to the rapid improvement of the epidemiological situation on the territory of the former USSR as the result of a sharp decline in the "import" of Shigella dysenteriae 1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Importation of malaria into the USSR from Afghanistan, 1981-89.

Between 1981 and 1989, a total of 7683 cases of Plasmodium vivax [corrected] malaria were imported into the USSR from Afghanistan, mainly by demobilized military personnel. For 23.8% of these cases the clinical manifestations appeared within a month of returning to the USSR, for 22.5% after 1-3 months, for 20% after 4-6 months, for 2% after > 1 year, and for 0.6% after > 2 years. For 13 patients the clinical manifestations of malaria appeared 3 years after returning from Afghanistan (up to 38 months). Nearly 69% of the patients did not take malaria prophylaxis at all while they were in Afghanistan, and 19% took chloroquine irregularly. Only 12.5% of the patients received a full course of prophylactic treatment with primaquine before leaving Afghanistan. A total of 56% of the cases were detected during the period most favourable for malaria transmission in the USSR (May-September) and of these, half were imported into formerly malarious areas of the country. Activation of a surveillance system greatly reduced the consequences of the massive importation of malaria, to which the local vectors were susceptible.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1993

The seventh pandemic of cholera in the USSR, 1961-89.

Over the period 1961-89 a total of 1,713,057 cases of cholera were reported to WHO from 117 countries in all continents. The course of the epidemic fell into three periods: in period I (1961 to 1969), 24 countries (predominantly in Asia) reported about 419,968 cholera cases; in period II (1970 to 1977), 73 countries from Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas reported 706,261 cases; and in period III (1978 to 1989), 83 countries reported 586,828 cases. The global epidemic was at its most severe in 1967-74. Subsequently morbidity declined and up to 1989 had remained high and stable, with 44,000-52,000 cases per annum. In the USSR 10,723 cholera cases and carriers were reported between 1965 and 1989 from 11 republics (but not Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, or Armenia). In 1965 and 1970-74 large-scale outbreaks of imported cholera were characteristic of the epidemic in the USSR. Thereafter morbidity declined, and sporadic cases were reported along with environmental, predominantly nontoxigenic strains of cholera vibrio. Most of the outbreaks in the 1970s were waterborne, and virulent strains containing the vct-gene were isolated from samples of water. Large-scale outbreaks continued that were associated with seafood and dairy produce that were contaminated with cholera vibrio. Clinical cases of cholera as well as a considerable number of carriers of avirulent nontoxigenic strains were reported. The epidemiological situation in the USSR is unstable, with cases of cholera and virulent strains from surface water being reported every year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carrier State↗
PubMed1978

Applied ergonomics in the USSR.

The article describes historical premises of ergonomics development in the USSR, the present state and main direction of applied ergonomics, and its effective data. The new stage of ergonomics development in the USSR connected with the organization of scientific and technological cooperation in the field of ergonomics between the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid is discussed. The scientific problems of ergonomics, to which a great number of studies are devoted in the USSR, are hardly touched in the article.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Life expectancy in the former USSR and mortality dynamics by cause of death: regional aspects.

"The purpose of our paper is to present recent trends of mortality in the former USSR in terms of demographic transition theory.... Analysis of data on mortality dynamics by age and cause of death allows us to consider some features of the progress of the demographic transition.... The principal causes of the discrepancy between the former USSR and Western countries appear to follow first of all from considerably lower living standards.... The second principal cause of unfavourable patterns of mortality was an unhealthy environment in the workplace and at home." The focus is on the 1980s.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1993

The association of education with coronary heart disease mortality in the USSR Lipid Research Clinics Study.

There is a strong inverse association between educational attainment and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in men in the USSR Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Study. Less educated men were characterized by higher mean blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), cigarettes smoked and by lower mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and body mass index (BMI). With respect to nutritional variables, less educated men were characterized by higher mean energy per kg body weight and alcohol intake and by lower mean intake of fat, saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, sucrose, and other sugars. The Keys score closely predicted the differences in plasma cholesterol among the educational groups in the randomly selected sample. In men without CHD at entry, the age and clinic-adjusted relative risk for CHD mortality was 2.4 for the least educated compared with the most educated group; on adjusting for systolic blood pressure, HDL-C, LDL-C, BMI, alcohol intake and number of cigarettes, the relative risk was reduced to 1.9. These data indicate that only 22% of the twofold excess of CHD mortality associated with low education was statistically attributable to the major risk factors. The failure to explain more of the education-CHD mortality gradient in the USSR LRC cohort was similar to observations from cohort studies in Great Britain and the US. Other correlates of low education must be explored to explain the association.

Body Mass Index↗