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PubMed2000

Pollen morphology, exine structure, and systematics of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae), part 3. Tribes Epiprineae (Epiprinus, Symphyllia, Adenochlaena, Cleidiocarpon, Koilodepas, Cladogynos, Cephalocrotonopsis, Cephalocroton, Cephalomappa), Adelieae (Adelia, Crotonogynopsis, Enriquebeltrania, Lasiocroton, Leucocroton), Alchorneae (Orfilea, Alchornea, Coelebogyne, Aparisthmium, Bocquillonia, Conceveiba, Gavarretia), Acalypheae pro parte (Ricinus, Adriana, Mercurialis, Leidesia, Dysopsis, Wetria, Cleidion, Sampantaea, Macaranga).

This is the third paper of an extensive study of pollen morphology and exine structure of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae) following the most recent system of Webster. Pollen from 120 collections representing 96 species and 30 genera is described and illustrated with light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These taxa are from tribes Epiprineae, Adelieae, Alchorneae, and Acalypheae pro parte. Pollen of eight genera, Epiprinus, Symphyllia, Adenochlaena, Cleidiocarpon, Koilodepas, Cladogynos, Cephalocrotonopsis and Cephalocroton, of the nine assigned to Epiprinae share 3-colporate apertures, microreticulate, punctate or deeply punctate tecta, well developed or prominent columellae (Koilodepas excepted) and thin foot layers; pollen of the ninth genus, Cephalomappa, has porelike colpi, a coarsely reticulate exine, irregular columellae and an irregular foot layer. Of the five genera assigned to Adelieae, pollen of Adelia, Lasiocroton and Leucocroton is similar: 3-colp(oroid)ate with stratified opercula, crotonoid tecta and thin foot layers; grains of Enriquebeltrania and Crotonogynopsis lack opercula and the latter has a distinctive infratectum of poorly differentiated columellae. All genera examined of tribe Alchorneae, seven of the nine, have exines with unstratified opercula and elongated columellae near the endoaperture. Exines of subtribe Alchorneinae (Orfilea, Alchornea, Coelebogyne, Aparisthmium, Bocquillonia) have complex infratecta of poorly differentiated columellae, whereas pollen of Conceveiba and Gavarretia, the two genera examined of the three assigned to subtribe Conceveibinae, has a single layer of short columellae and almost identical tectal morphology. In the large tribe Acalypheae, pollen of the first six of the 11 subtribes was examined. Pollen of Ricinus (Ricininae) and Adriana (Adrianinae) share indistinguishable exine structures and tecta. Pollen of Mercurialis and Leidesia of subtribe Mercurialinae and pollen of Dysopsis of subtribe Dysopsidinae are almost identical: finely reticulate tecta, very thin apertural endexines, elongate columellae, and channeled/perforate foot layers. All three genera of subtribe Cleidiinae have grains that are 3-colporate and have complete tecta; pollen of Wetria has a tectum morphology very similar to that of Ricinus and Adriana; pollen of Cleidion is 3-brevicolporate with microrugulose or punctate tecta, and has threadlike non-apertural endexines and foot layers, and thick tecta; exines of Sampantaea have an endexine throughout the grain, thin foot layers, very short columellae and a thick continuous tectum. Pollen of Macaranga of subtribe Macaranginae is small, 3-colporate with poorly defined endoapertures, and an exine structure characterized by thin foot layers, short columellae, and thick tecta. Pollen data support: the concept of the subtribe Epiprininae, but indicate that subtribe Cephalomappinae (Cephalomappa) is not related and should be considered for separate tribal status; a close relationship among Adelia, Lasiocroton and Leucocroton, but not with the two remaining members of Adelieae, Enriquebeltrania and Crotonogynopsis, which do not appear to be closely related to each other; the present concept of Alchorneae and subtribes Alchorneinae and Conceveibinae. Within the genera examined of the first six subtribes of Acalypheae, the pollen data: support a close relationship between the monogeneric subtribes Ricininae and Adrianinae; indicate a close relationship between subtribes Mercurialinae (Mercurialis, Leidesia) and Dysopsidinae (Dysopsis); suggest that Wetria is not closely related to Cleidion or Sampantaea (Cleidiinae); tentatively support the concept of Macaranginae as comprising only Macaranga.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

RbcL sequences indicate a single evolutionary origin of multinucleate cells in the red algal tribe Callithamnieae.

In the Ceramiaceae, one of the largest families of the red algae, there are from 1 to 4000 nuclei in each vegetative cell, but each tribe is homogeneous with respect to the uninucleate/multinucleate character state, except for the Callithamnieae. The goals of this study were to analyze rbcL gene sequences to clarify the evolution of taxa within the tribe Callithamnieae and to evaluate the potential evolutionary significance of the development of multinucleate cells in certain taxa. The genus Aglaothamnion, segregated from Callithamnion because it is uninucleate, was paraphyletic in all analyses. Callithamnion (including Aristothamnion) was monophyletic although not robustly so, apparently due to variations between taxa in rate of sequence evolution. Morphological synapomorphies were identified at different depths in the tree, supporting the molecular phylogenetic analysis. The uninucleate character state is ancestral in this tribe. The evolution of multinucleate cells has occurred once in the Callithamnieae. Multiple nuclei in each cell may combine the benefits of small C values (rapid cell cycle) with large cells (permitting morphological elaboration) while maintaining a constant ratio of nuclear volume: cytoplasmic volume.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2002

Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection among the Nicobarese--a mongoloid tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory of India, is home to six primitive tribes. Preliminary serological studies carried out earlier among the four accessible tribes revealed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyper-endemic among them. The present study was carried out to understand important modes of transmission and to identify possible risk factors associated with HBV infection among the Nicobarese tribe. The epidemiology of HBV infection in these islands appears to be distinct with a high prevalence of the chronic carrier state (22.2%) associated with a comparable proportion of the population being anti-HBs positive (26.3%). More than half of the HBsAg and anti-HBs negative individuals have anti-HBc antibodies. Age, past history of hospital admission, intramuscular injections and number of carriers in the tuhet were found to be significantly associated with exposure to hepatitis B virus. Horizontal transmission through close contact with carriers and perinatal route appears to be an important mode of transmission of HBV in this community. Besides this, use of unsafe injections represents an independent risk factor for acquiring HBV infection in this population. Introducing HBV vaccine in the infant immunization programme and improving injection safety would help to control the infection in the tribal community of these islands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovinae) with an emphasis on sex chromosome morphology and NOR distribution.

Q-band comparisons were made among representative species of the four genera of the tribe Bovini (Bos, Bison, Bubalus, Syncerus) as well as to selected outgroup taxa representing the remaining two tribes of the subfamily Bovinae (nilgai, Boselaphini; eland, Tragelphini), the Bovidae subfamily Caprinae (domestic sheep) and the family Cervidae (sika deer and white-tailed deer). Extensive autosomal arm homologies were noted, but relatively few derivative character states were shared. Focus was then made on variation of the sex chromosomes and the chromosomal distribution of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). Bovine BAC clones were used in molecular cytogenetic analyses to decipher rearrangements of the sex chromosomes, and a pocket gopher 28s ribosomal probe was used to map the chromosomal locations of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). Some of the more noteworthy conclusions drawn from the comparative analysis were that: 1. The Bovidae ancestral X chromosome was probably acrocentric and similar to acrocentric X chromosomes of the Bovinae; 2. The domestic sheep acrocentric X is probably a derivative character state that unites non-Bovinae subfamilies; 3. Bos and Bison are united within the tribe Bovini by the presence of shared derivative submetacentric X chromosomes; 4. Sika and white-tailed deer X chromosomes differ by inversion from X chromosomes of the Bovinae; 5. The Bovini ancestral Y chromosome was probably a small acrocentric; 6. Bos taurus, B. gaurus and B. banteng share derivative metacentric Y chromosomes; 7. Syncerus and Bubalus are united by the acquisition of X-specific repetitive DNA sequence on their Y chromosomes; 8. Bovinae and Cervidae X chromosome centromere position varies without concomitant change in locus order. Preliminary data indicate that a knowledge of the chromosomal distribution of NORs among the Bovidae will prove to be phylogenetically informative.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India.

From observations of lack of haplotype sharing based on Y-chromosome specific short tandem repeat (STR) loci, previous reports suggested negligible gene flow among different geographic populations of India. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sites in combination with STRs, we observed evidence of haplotype sharing across caste-tribe boundaries in South India. We examined 27 SNPs in the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome to investigate gene flow in 204 individuals belonging to three caste groups (Vizag Brahmins, Peruru Brahmins, Kammas), three tribes (Bagata, Poroja, Valmiki) and an additional group (the Siddis) of African ancestry. Principal component and AMOVA analyses show that the between group component of variation is non-significant (P>0.05), while that among populations within the caste and tribal groups is significant (P<0.001). In particular, the Valmikis and Siddis are close to the caste groups. Of a total of 11 distinct SNP-haplotypes observed, the two tribal groups (Bagata and Poroja) lack the haplotypes H4, H4A, H5A and H16, which are seen in the caste groups. In contrast, all three tribal groups exhibit the Southeast Asian haplotype H11 that is absent in the caste populations. The presence of haplotypes H4, H5, H14, and H16 in the Siddis indicate that they have assimilated considerable non-African admixture. The evidence of haplotype sharing between castes and tribes is also found when the H14 lineage was further subdivided by five STR loci. We conclude that even though these SNP-based Y-haplotypes are able to distinguish the populations, gene flow in these South Indian populations is not as negligible as that inferred from other studies based on Y-specific short tandem repeat markers.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Maple syrup urine disease in the Austronesian aboriginal tribe Paiwan of Taiwan: a novel DBT (E2) gene 4.7 kb founder deletion caused by a nonhomologous recombination between LINE-1 and Alu and the carrier-frequency determination.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive inborn error disorder derived from the accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine. Either the E1alpha, E1beta or DBT (E2) genes are responsible for this neurometabolic disease. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a novel E2 gene 4.7 kb deletion as a rare nonhomologous recombination of the long interspersed nuclear elements 1 (LINE-1) in intron 10 and the Alu in the 3' UTR of the E2 gene from three classic MSUD patients of the Austronesian aboriginal tribe Paiwan in Taiwan. The E2 gene 4.7 kb deletion accounted for five out of six alleles in the three unrelated Paiwanese MSUD patients, indicating a founder effect. Carrier-frequency study revealed one deleted heterozygote out of 101 normal Paiwanese. As the nine Taiwanese Austronesian aboriginal tribes share a common origin, this E2 4.7 kb deletion may be preserved in some of the other Austronesian aboriginal tribes of Taiwan. This is the first comprehensive genetics study of MSUD in the Austronesian tribal groups as well as in Taiwan.

Alu Elements↗
PubMed1999

Different population dynamics of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II in intravenous drug users compared with endemically infected tribes.

The phylogeny of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) was investigated by using strains isolated from Amerindian and Pygmy tribes, in which the virus is maintained primarily through mother-to-child transmission via breast-feeding, and strains from intravenous drug users (IDUs), in which spread is mainly blood-borne via needle sharing. Molecular clock analysis showed that HTLV-II has two different evolutionary rates with the molecular clock for the virus in IDUs ticking 150-350 times faster than the one in endemically infected tribes: 2.7 x 10(-4) compared with 1.71/7.31 x 10(-7) nucleotide substitutions per site per year in the long terminal repeat region. This dramatic acceleration of the evolutionary rate seems to be related with the mode of transmission. Mathematical models showed the correlation of these two molecular clocks with an endemic spread of HTLV-II in infected tribes compared with the epidemic spread in IDUs. We also noted a sharp increase in the population size of the virus among IDUs during the last decades probably caused by the worldwide increase in intravenous drug use.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1978

Size and shape differences among six South American Indian tribes.

Measurements of height, face height, nose height, nose breadth, head length and head breadth from individuals living in 17 villages of six South American Indian tribes were compared using Mahalanobis's morphological distances and their partition into size and shape components. Total D2 values correlate well with estimates of linguistic differentiation, but not with geographic distances between tribes. Three of the six tribes were also studied for blood polymorphisms, and again measures of distances based on these haematological traits did not correlate well with the morphological ones. The shape component was about three times as important as size in contributing to the intertribal variation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotypes in several Mongoloid populations of eastern India: existence of a non-deficient fast variant in two Australasian tribes.

A total of 954 subjects of both sexes from nine Mongoloid tribes of eastern India were investigated for the distribution of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) phenotypes by starch-gel electrophoresis. The incidence of Gd- was found to be 8% in the Khasi, 6% in the Nishi, 5% in Apatani and 3% in Adi. The small group of Bodo and the mixed group of other Arunachal tribes had Gd- frequencies of 19% and 15%, respectively. Only one isolated incidence of Gd- was encountered in the Naga, while the Hmar lacked Gd-. The Khasi had a polymorphic frequency (about 4%) of a non-deficient fast variant (GdV) (105% mobility in TEB buffer of pH 8.6). Two heterozygotes of this allele with a combination of common GdB+ were detected in two females. Interestingly, the same allele was reported earlier in another Australasian tribe--the Korkus of central India.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of average heterozygosity on the genetic distance of several Indian tribes from the Amazon region.

The relationship between average heterozgosity and genetic distance estimates was evaluated among 13 Amazonian Indian tribes, using data of 24 genetic systems. The results showed that the genetic distances were negatively correlated with the average heterozygosity for each pair of tribes. The relationship between genetic and geographic distances was also examined, but no significant correlation was observed between these measures. The negative correlation between genetic distance and average heterozygosity may be attributed to the bottleneck effect or inbreeding due to the small effective size of several tribes, reducing the heterozgosity and increasing the genetic distance between them.

Brazil↗
PubMed2000

A Phylogenetic Study of Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae).

A phylogenetic investigation of a monophyletic lineage of spurge plants, tribe Euphorbieae, was conducted to elucidate evolutionary relationships, to clarify biogeographic patterns, and to reexamine the previous classification of Euphorbieae. Cladistic analyses of the 52 morphological characters of 61 species resulted in 2922 equally most parsimonious trees of 193 steps with a consistency index of 0.34. The strict consensus tree indicates genus Anthostema of subtribe Anthosteminae as a likely sister group to all other members of tribe Euphorbieae. The morphological data support a monophyletic origin of subtribe Euphorbiinae, but the subtribes Anthosteminae and Neoquillauminiinae did not form monophyletic groups. Although the previous taxonomic treatments within tribe Euphorbieae have supported the generic status of Pedilanthus, Monadenium, Synadenium, Chamaesyce, and Elaeophorbia, the results of this analysis do not support generic placement of them based on cladistic principles. Recognition of these groups as genera results in Euphorbia becoming a paraphyletic group. One solution to this problem in Euphorbieae is to divide the largest genus Euphorbia into several monophyletic genera and to keep the generic ranks for previously recognized genera. The distribution of basal endemic genera in Euphorbieae showed African and east Gondwanan affinities and strongly indicated that the ancestor of Euphorbieae originated prior to the breakup of Gondwanaland from an old group in Euphorbiaceae. However, some recent African taxa of Euphorbia should be interpreted by transoceanic dispersal from the New World ancestors.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and pain in two American Indian tribes.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the association of lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain in American Indians, and determine if tribe, sex, cultural and psychosocial factors, or major depression influence the magnitude of this association. DESIGN: A cross-sectional probability sample survey completed between 1997 and 2000. A structured interview was conducted by trained, tribal members to gather information on demographic and cultural features, physical health status, psychiatric disorders, and functional status. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3,084 individuals randomly selected from the tribal rolls of a Southwestern (N = 1,446) and a Northern Plains (N = 1,638) tribal group who were 15-54 years of age and lived on or within 20 miles of their reservations. OUTCOME MEASURES: Bodily pain subscale of the Short Form-36. Linear regression models were fit to examine the association between lifetime PTSD and pain, adjusting for demographic, cultural, psychosocial features, painful medical conditions, and major depression. RESULTS: The prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 16% in the Southwestern and 14% in the Northern Plains; women were nearly twice as likely as men to have lifetime PTSD in both tribes. The final adjusted model demonstrated that mean Short Form-36 bodily pain subscale scores were lower (indicating more pain) among individuals with lifetime PTSD than those without lifetime PTSD. Effect modification by tribe, sex, and depression was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime PTSD was strongly associated with bodily pain in this rural sample of American Indians. Clinicians should be aware of, and address, the link between physical pain syndromes and PTSD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

HLA-DPB1 polymorphism in seven South American Indian tribes in Colombia.

HLA-DPB1 allele frequencies were investigated in seven geographically and linguistically distinct Amerindian tribes of Colombia. Allele *1301 was found only in the Embera tribe living along the Pacific coast, while allele *0101 was found only in two individuals of the Wayuu tribe inhabiting the Guajira desert. Significant geographical variation was observed in the other two alleles (*1401 and *0402), which were found in all seven tribal groups. The possible reasons for this restricted polymorphism and the genetic diversity found in the investigation are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Physical organization of the 1.709 satellite IV DNA family in Bovini and Tragelaphini tribes of the Bovidae: sequence and chromosomal evolution.

Repetitive DNA in the mammalian genome is a valuable record and marker for evolution, providing information about the order and driving forces related to evolutionary events. The evolutionarily young 1.709 satellite IV DNA family is present near the centromeres of many chromosomes in the Bovidae. Here, we isolated 1.709 satellite DNA sequences from five Bovidae species belonging to Bovini: Bos taurus (BTA, cattle), Bos indicus (BIN, zebu), Bubalus bubalis (BBU, water buffalo) and Tragelaphini tribes: Taurotragus oryx (TOR, eland) and Tragelaphus euryceros (TEU, bongo). Its presence in both tribes shows the sequence predates the evolutionary separation of the two tribes (more than 10 million years ago), and primary sequence shows increasing divergence with evolutionary distance. Genome organization (Southern hybridization) and physical distribution (in situ hybridization) revealed differences in the molecular organization of these satellite DNA sequences. The data suggest that the sequences on the sex chromosomes and the autosomes evolve as relatively independent groups, with the repetitive sequences suggesting that Bovini autosomes and the Tragelaphini sex chromosomes represent the more primitive chromosome forms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparative study of meanings, beliefs, and practices of female circumcision among three Nigerian tribes in the United States and Nigeria.

The study was conducted to gain insight into the meanings, beliefs, and practices of female circumcision among three Nigerian tribes in the United States and Nigeria. Participant-observations occurred in three sites in Nigeria (Ibadan, Lagos, and Owerri) and in Essex County, New Jersey (Newark, Irvington, and East Orange). A total of 50 informants included adult males and females from the three main Nigerian ethnic tribes: Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa. Leininger's culture care theory of diversity and universality was the study framework. Findings revealed existence of similarities and differences in the cultural meanings, beliefs, and practices among the tribes. Religion, education, and occupation were significant factors influencing informants' attitudes toward continuation of the practice. Government-sponsored public education and influence by the media were found to increase informants' awareness of complications of female circumcision. Changes in attitudes toward the practice and use of alternative practices were evident.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Traditional use of medicinal plants by the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assam, northeast India.

The study of ethnobotany relating to any tribe is in itself a very intricate or convoluted process. This paper documents the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants that are in use by the indigenous Jaintia tribes residing in few isolated pockets of northeast India. The present study was done through structured questionnaires in consultations with the tribal practitioners and has resulted in the documentation of 39 medicinal plant species belonging to 27 families and 35 genera. For curing diverse form of ailments, the use of aboveground plant parts was higher (76.59%) than the underground plant parts (23.41%). Of the aboveground plant parts, leaf was used in the majority of cases (23 species), followed by fruit (4). Different underground plant forms such as root, tuber, rhizome, bulb and pseudo-bulb were also found to be in use by the Jaintia tribe as a medicine. Altogether, 30 types of ailments have been reported to be cured by using these 39 medicinal plant species. The study thus underlines the potentials of the ethnobotanical research and the need for the documentation of traditional ecological knowledge pertaining to the medicinal plant utilization for the greater benefit of mankind.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Childhood physical and sexual abuse and subsequent alcohol and drug use disorders in two American-Indian tribes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse to subsequent lifetime alcohol or drug use disorders among American Indians (AIs) by using cross-sectional and retrospective data collected from a structured epidemiological interview. METHOD: A sample of 3,084 AIs from two tribal populations-Southwest and Northern Plains--participated in a large-scale, community-based study. Participants were asked about traumatic events and family history and were administered standard diagnostic measures of substance use disorders. RESULTS: Prevalence of childhood physical abuse was approximately 7% for both tribes, and childhood sexual abuse was 4%-5%, much higher for females. The Northern Plains tribe had higher prevalences of substance use disorders. Childhood physical abuse had a significant main effect in bivariate models of substance dependence, but remained significant only in the multivariate models of substance dependence for the Northern Plains tribe. Correlates of disorder were psychiatric and medical comorbidity, parental alcohol problems and adult experience of physical attacks. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood physical abuse had a stronger effect than childhood sexual abuse on lifetime substance dependence. Childhood sexual abuse, on the other hand, was more associated with lifetime substance abuse. Females more commonly experienced childhood abuse but were less likely than males to develop substance use disorders. Although additional covariates reduced the main effect on disorder, results provide clinical guidance to constellations of risk factors and expand the population at risk to include males.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of serologic markers of hepatitis B and D viruses in children of the Caiabi and Txucarramãe tribes from the Indian Reservation of Xingu, central Brazil].

The medical literature has shown that the inhabitants of the Amazon region are highly affected by hepatitis B and delta viruses infection, but this has never been studied in Indian children by age group. A study of the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B and delta viruses in Indian children aged 0 to 14 years living in the PIX was carried out. This Park is located in Central Brazil, a region which is in the transition between the savannab to the south and the Amazon jungle to the north. To determine the prevalence of HBV and HDV markers in Indian children and to characterize the route of HBV transmission in this region. Out of the 17 tribes living in the PIX, two--the Caiabi and the Txucarramãe--were chosen because both live in the North part of the Park, but have quite different ways of life. The overall prevalence of HBV serum markers was: HBsAg, 4.5%; anti-HBs, 39.6%; anti-HBc, 44.1%; any marker of HBV, 47.3%; and anti-HDV, 0.0%. However, a striking difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B markers was observed between the two tribes: younger Caiabi children were much less affected than the Txucarramãe ones. The prevalence of HBsAg in fertile women was 12%, being anti-HBe positive. Our data suggest that HBV infection is highly prevalent among Indian children living in this Indigenous Park and vertical infection is not an important route of transmission in either tribes.

Adolescent↗