Discussion paper: tumor-specific transfer factor therapy in osteogenic sarcoma: a two-year study.
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Adolescent↗
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Acquisition of tuberculin sensitivity after injection of dialyzable transfer factor in sarcoidosis.
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Dialysis↗
Crude transfer-factor preparations stimulate trypsinized human lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep red cells.
The binding sites for sheep red cells (E) on human lymphocytes are trypsin-sensitive but regenerate in vitro on incubation at 37 degrees C. The rate of this regeneration was increased in the presence of dialysates of human leucocyte extracts (DLE). Thus incubation of trypsinized lymphocytes for 3 hr in appropriate dilutions of DLE resulted in a 2- to 6-fold increase of E-binding activity above that observed in medium-incubated control lymphocytes. Dialysates prepared from human thymus and brain similarly accelerated recovery of E-binding activity whilst dialysates of human fibroblasts and liver cells were inactive. The regeneration of trypsinized membrane immunoglobulin was slightly delayed in the presence of DLE. These findings indicate that leucocyte dialysates contain an activity which preferentially stimulates the regeneration of a T-lymphocyte membrane component. It is suggested that this activity may account for the immunological restoration observed in some patients with T-lymphocyte deficiency after injection of leucocyte dialysates.
Humans↗
Transfer factor therapy in osteogenic sarcoma.
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Bone Neoplasms↗
Letter: Transfer factor in multiple sclerosis.
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Humans↗
Transfer factor for the prevention of varicella-zoster infection in childhood leukemia.
Sixty-one patients with leukemia and no immunity to chickenpox were given dialyzable transfer factor or placebo and followed for 12 to 30 months in a double-blind trial designed to examine the clinical efficacy of transfer factor. Sixteen patients in the transfer-factor group and 15 in the placebo group were exposed to varicella zoster, and most of them had a rise in antibody titer. Chickenpox developed in 13 of 15 exposed patients in the placebo group but in only one of 16 in the transfer-factor group (P = 1.3 x 10(-5)). In the patients treated with transfer factor and exposed to varicella without acquiring chickenpox the titer of antibody to varicella zoster was equal to that in the patients given placebo who became infected with chickenpox. Transfer factor converted negative results on skin tests for varicella zoster to positive in approximately half the recipients. Passive immunization with dialyzable transfer factor appears useful in nonimmune persons.
Adolescent↗
Transfer factors of some selected radionuclides (radioactive Cs, Sr, Mn, Co and Zn) from soil to leaf vegetables.
Transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to leaf vegetables (cabbage, Chinese cabbage, komatsuna, spinach and lettuce) have been studied by radiotracer experiments using Andosol as a representative of Japanese soils. The transfer factors of radioactive Cs, Sr, Mn, Co and Zn for edible parts of vegetables (average of five vegetables) were 0.11, 0.24, 0.61, 0.05 and 0.52, respectively. These values should be used in safety assessment for Japanese agricultural environment. The transfer factors of Mn, Co and Zn for spinach were higher than those for the other vegetables. The transfer factors of Cs for different organs of the leaf vegetables were rather homogeneous. The transfer factors of Sr and Mn were higher for older (outer) leaves than younger (inner) ones. In contrast to Sr and Mn, transfer factors of Zn for younger leaves were higher than those for older ones. The distribution ratios of the elements between soil-solution and soil were in the order Sr > Mn > Cs > Co > Zn, whereas the distribution ratios of the elements between plant and soil-solution were in the order Zn > Cs > Mn > Co > Sr. These results indicate that the selectivity for Sr by plants from the soil-solution was low and that for Zn was very high.
Biological Availability↗
Cellular immunity in acne vulgaris during transfer factor treatment.
The effect of treatment with human dialyzable transfer factor was investigated on acne vulgaris patients in a double-blind study. About 1/3 of the patients improved clinically during the study period but there was no correlation between clinical improvement and transfer factor treatment. Prior to treatment parameters of cell-mediated immunity were significantly altered in the patients. These alterations normalized during the study in all patients irrespective of transfer factor treatment, possibly due to the immunostimulatory effect of repeated skin testing. The present results support previous findings that acne patients have slightly altered cell-mediated immunity, but the results further suggest that abnormalities are not significant in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.
Acne Vulgaris↗
Transfer factor therapy: clinical experience and the role of the E rosette assay.
Transfer factor has been administered to 17 patients, most with infectious diseases of various kinds. In 12 patients the therapy was followed by a definite clinical improvement although in most cases conventional chemotherapy was given concomitantly. In all cases where clinical improvement followed the sheep red cell or E rosette assay showed low values initially, with an improvement following therapy. This test of T lymphocyte function may be useful both in predicting patients likely to respond to transfer factor, and in monitoring response to treatment. As no specific assay of transfer factor activity is available, an in vivo rise in E rosette formation following transfer factor administration serves as a crude indicator that the injected material has some biological activity.
Abscess↗
Transfer factor: Potential for therapy of malignant diseases.
Transfer factor (TF) is a low molecular weight nonantigenic extract of leukocytes that is capable of transferring cell-mediated immunity from an immune individual to a nonimmune individual. Reports of efficacy of transfer factor in immunodeficiency states and chronic infectious diseases, as well as its lack of toxicity, have spurred clinical trials of TF therapy in human malignant diseases. Variables such as donor and patient selection, dose of TF, and use of concurrent therapy have not been explored. Preliminary reports suggest that TF may find a role as adjuvant therapy in human malignant neoplasms.
Humans↗
[Transfer of cellular immunity to the causative agent of coccidioidosis using the transfer factor in mice].
Experiments conducted on non-linear mice demonstrated a possibility of transfer by the intact recipient of delayed hypersensitivity by means of Lawrence'transfer-factor from mice immunized with Coccidioides immitis. The transfer factor administered 48 hours before the intranasal infection protected mice from the lethal dose of coccidioides. This indicated that in coccidioidosis it was possible to transfer delayed hypersensitivity and cellular immunity with the transfer factor.
Animals↗
In vitro assay for responsiveness of lymphocytes to transfer factor by a new leukocyte migration inhibitory test.
Transfer factor (TF) causes nonimmune lymphocytes to produce leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) in the presence of purified protein derivative (PPD). The activity of TF was measured by leukocyte migration inhibitory test (LMIT). The LMIT was a modification of the conventional agarose droplet method. To express the activity of LMIF quantitatively and simply, LMIF titer was introduced. The LMIF titer was obtained from the combination of two factors, LMIF dilution and cell migration diameter, and therefore this made the LMIT much more sensitive as compared to the conventional LMIT. The responsiveness of lymphocytes from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and from cell-mediated immunodeficiency in children to TF was assayed by LMIT. In ALL, the lymphocyte responsiveness was poor in relapse but improved with remission. The responsiveness was remarkably well in 3 patients with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. This method appears useful for the in vitro evaluation of responsiveness of lymphocytes to TF.
Cell Migration Inhibition↗
Clinical and immunologic response to antigen-specific transfer factor in drug-resistant infection with Mycobacterium xenopi.
The administration of transfer factor obtained from three donors who had recovered from clinical infections with Mycobacterium xenopi to a patient who had a destructive pulmonary infection with this organism, was associated with the reversal of an unfavorable clinical course. Cavitary tuberculosis associated with resistance to all combinations of antituberculosis drugs was probably related to a concurrent depression of cell-mediated immunity of unknown origin. Antigen specific but not nonspecific transfer factor caused a rapid and prolonged improvement in both the pulmonary disease and the immunologic deficiency. Cross-reactivity between the antigenic determinants of M. xenopi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis made it possible to use transfer factor obtained from donors responsive to purified protein derivative of tuberculin. This study clearly demonstrates the additional benefits to be gained from using transfer factor that is antigen-specific in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with oral bovine transfer factor.
Cryptosporidia are intestinal protozoans long known to cause diarrhea in humans, especially those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). When transfer factor prepared from calves which possessed delayed-type hypersensitivity to Eimeria bovis was given to nonimmune calves and mice it conferred protection against clinical infection (coccidiosis). Recent studies with oral bovine transfer factor have shown that it can confer cell-mediated immunity to humans. Based on these findings we decided to treat eight AIDS patients suffering from Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea with transfer factor prepared from calves immune to Cryptosporidium. Prior to treatment with transfer factor, three patients had been treated with spiramycin, one patient with alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and one patient with furazolidone for greater than 1 month without clinical or laboratory improvement. Following administration of transfer factor, five or eight patients exhibited a decrease in the number of bowel movements and the development of formed stools. Cryptosporidium was eradicated from the stools of four patients but two of these patients subsequently relapsed and one patient continued to have diarrhea despite the absence of Cryptosporidium in the stool. One patient has been free of diarrhea and Cryptosporidium for 2 years after discontinuation of transfer factor therapy.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Tuberculin-specific transfer factor in dogs.
Five mongrel dogs were sensitized to tuberculoprotein with Freund adjuvant, as determined by responses to tuberculin skin tests and by in vitro lymphocyte cultures. These animals served as blood donors for production of transfer factor. Nine mongrel dogs received single doses of transfer factor that was tuberculin specific. Successful transfer of tuberculin sensitivity as measured by lymphocyte transformations was achieved in five of nine animals. Canine lymphocyte cultures frequently showed relatively low transformations to mitogens as compared with responses noted in other animals. Dissociation between skin test reactivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation to tuberculoprotein was noted in two of nine animals. Increases in lymphocyte transformations to phytochemagglutinin were seen in three of nine recipient animals after transfer factor administration. Successful transfer from an animal sensitized by prior transfer factor administration was achieved in one instance. These data indicate that transfer factor-like substances are present in dogs. The reasons why successful transfer was achieved in only half of the recipient animals needs further explanation.
Animals↗
The effect of human pregnancy on the pulmonary transfer factor for carbon monoxide as measured by the single-breath method.
1. The pulmonary transfer factor for carbon monoxide was measured by the single-breath method in 21 pregnant women with no previous history of cardiac or respiratory disease. Measurements were made at monthly intervals throughout pregnancy and once post partum. 2. The transfer factor was higher in the first trimester of pregnancy than in the non-pregnant state. There was a fall in the transfer factor during pregnancy until 26 weeks gestation, after which no further decrease was observed. 3. The changes in transfer factor were not explained by alterations in haemoglobin concentration or alveolar volume. 4. Simultaneous serial estimation of plasma 17beta-oestradiol were performed in all the subjects. There was no obvious direct relation between changes in the concentration of this hormone and transfer factor measurements.
Adult↗
Transfer factor.
It has been more than 30 years since Dr. H. S. Lawrence first reported that it was possible to transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity from sensitized donors to unsensitized recipients with lysates of blood leukocytes. During recent years, research from several laboratories has demonstrated that this effect is immunologically specific. Although the molecules that possess this activity have not been completely characterized, there is a significant body of evidence that they are small polypeptides and that they can interact with antigen molecules in an immunologically specific manner. Studies with immune responses that are under genetic control have demonstrated that the ability of an animal to produce transfer factor is genetically regulated but that transfer of delayed hypersensitivity with transfer factor is not genetically restricted. In fact, when mice of low-responder phenotypes are administered transfer factor from high-responder donors, they express delayed hypersensitivity responses that are comparable to the high responders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that transfer factor is an efficacious method for immunotherapy of certain viral and fungal infections.
Animals↗
Transfer factor in the treatment of herpes simplex types 1 and 2.
Transfer factor potentiates cellular immunity and induces interferon. It was because of these properties that transfer factor was tried in 17 patients with recurrent herpes simplex types 1 and 2. Transfer factor was administered in doses ranging from 5 to 10 U/m2 i. m. The interval between injections varied from 1 week to 3 months. 16 patients could be evaluated clinically in whom the recurrence rate decreased from 10.7 +/- 6.1 to 2.1 +/- 2.5 (mean SD). The reduction was statistically significant. 8 patients were completely free of disease while the other 8 had reduced number of episodes during the period of observation, 7 patients had abnormal T cell function as reflected by the low number of T cells or low lymphocyte transformation. Statistically significant improvement in the T cell function was observed. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test reactions also improved significantly.
Female↗