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The authors compared mother-to-child and child-to-mother control exchanges in dyads involving socially competent, aggressive, and anxious children (aged 2.5-6.5 years) observed in a laboratory setting. Competent children and their mothers influenced each other positively and reciprocally, making prudent use of control exchanges and setting firm limits to coercive attempts. Aggressive children and their mothers were relatively positive, but children made regular use of coercive control and mothers responded indiscriminately and failed to oppose more extreme forms of coercion. Anxious children and their mothers were generally aversive: mothers attempted to control their children by being coercive and unresponsive, and children tried to manage their mothers by being resistant and coercive. Results show that young children are active agents who influence and are influenced by their relationship with their mother and who behave--across contexts and with different social partners--in ways that reflect this relationship.
Female agonism against males and male interventions in social transactions between the sexes are 2 explanations for the low rates of social engagement observed between male and female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). These possibilities were evaluated by comparing the frequency, structure, and content of transactions between the sexes in 3 experimental social units: male-female pairs, single-male-multifemale groups, and multimale-multifemale groups. Affiliative transactions between the sexes occurred 3-5 times less often in multimale-multifemale groups than in male-female pairs and in single-male-multifemale groups. Intermale agonism in the multimale-multifemale groups often coincided with ongoing transactions between the sexes, whereas female agonism against males was rather uncommon in all social units. The results failed to support the female agonism hypothesis and indicate a need for more detailed studies of intermale social dynamics.
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The present article applies transaction cost analysis as a framework for better understanding health plans' decisions to improve chronic illness management by using disease management programs versus redesigning care within physician practices.
This paper describes the use of Transactional Analysis with university students in brief psychotherapy. In the clinical setting of a large university, Transactional Analysis was introduced as an alternative to crisis intervention and other mental health strategies. When Transactional Analysis was introduced as a treatment modality, it was also introduced to all the staff clinicians as an alternative therapeutic model and they were instructed in its basic theories. References are made to TA as a technique and a model which is advantageous for teaching adolescents and young adults in learning about themselves. The emphasis is away from the medical model with its focus on disease and placed instead on the learning model with its focus on solving problems in living. TA lends itself well to the developmental issues especially relevant to adolecents and young adults, i.e., autonomy, identity, and independence. In summary, the authors report results of a survey from the students treated within this framework which seem to support their thesis that TA in brief psychotherapy with university students is an effective learning and therapeutic tool.
Redecision therapy has grown out of an amalgam of transactional analysis and Gestalt therapy along with extensive clinical experience. This approach as developed by the Gouldings presents a model that differs from group-focused therapy in a number of ways. The treatment is centered on the individual. The therapist takes an active role in the treatment and works within the contract for change of each individual. Many of the traditional concepts of group therapy like transference, cohesion, resistance, and group process are not used. The theory of transactional analysis serves as a conceptual core along with terms developed to describe the processes used in redecision therapy. Impasses, contact, cons, games, early decisions, anchoring, injunctions, and scripts are part of the lexicon of this treatment.
The English National Health Service has replaced locally negotiated block contracting arrangements with a system of national prices to pay for hospital activity. This paper applies a transaction costs approach to quantify and analyse the nature of how contracting costs have changed as a consequence. Data collection was based on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from hospitals and Primary Care Trusts, which purchase hospital services. Replacing block contracting with activity based funding has led to lower costs of price negotiation, but these are outweighed by higher costs associated with volume control, of data collection, contract monitoring, and contract enforcement. There was consensus that the new contractual arrangements were preferable, but the benefits will have to be demonstrated formally in future.
The splitting of the functions of purchaser and provider in the New Zealand health system in 1993 necessitated the use of explicit contracts between the two parties. This paper examines contracting experiences during the first two years of operation. The study focuses on four services: rest homes, primary care clinics, surgical services, and acute mental health services. The insights of transaction cost economics form the theoretical framework. The objective of this study was to examine whether the transaction costs associated with contracting vary across the four different services, and whether different types of contracts and contractual relationships are emerging as transactors attempt to reduce these costs. Information was collected in a series of 53 interviews with purchasers and providers, together with any relevant documentation. The results suggest that the costs of contracting are indeed greater for some services than for others. Other variables such as the style of negotiations, the type and specificity of contracts and the degree of monitoring also differ across the four services. At this early stage of the reform process, there was little evidence that purchasers and providers were attempting to reduce transaction costs by negotiating more flexible, longer-term, relational contracts. The main benefit from contracting to date has been improved accountability of service providers.