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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Evaluation of Injectable Anesthetics for Major Surgical Procedures in Guinea Pigs.

Anesthetizing guinea pigs is difficult with varying outcomes. The primary purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate six injectable anesthetic regimens for use in guinea pigs and assess the depth of anesthesia and, thus, their effectiveness in terms of their use for major surgical procedures. Other variables that were measured and evaluated included time from injection until onset of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia, depth of anesthesia, and vital signs (i. e., respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature). Female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs that were 9 to 12 weeks old were randomly assigned to receive one of the following anesthetic regimens: ketamine/xylazine (KX), ketamine/detomidine (KD), ketamine/medetomidine (KM), 4) tiletaminezolazepam/ xylazine (TX), tiletamine-zolazepam/detomidine (TD), or tiletamine-zolazepam/medetomidine (TM). All anesthetics were administered intramuscularly. Anesthesia was assessed by attempting to perform an ovariohysterectomy. Surgery could not be performed on any guinea pigs in the groups given ketamine or TD. There was a high rate of adverse effects in guinea pigs receiving detomidine. Four of six guinea pigs in the TD group died during or after the anesthetic episode. Fourteen of 30 (46.7%) guinea pigs given TX underwent successful surgery, and 23 of 29 (79.3%) given TM underwent successful surgery. A combination of tiletamine-zolazepam and xylazine or medetomidine was effective for inducing anesthesia and providing sufficient analgesia to perform a major surgical procedure on guinea pigs. However, TM was the most reliable regimen.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Influence of various anesthetic drugs on the intraocular pressure of cats.

Cats with one normal eye and one eye with experimental glaucoma were trained to tolerate tonometry while conscious. They were then given the general anesthetic agents pentobarbital, ketamine, and CI-744 in the lowest and twice the lowest dosages which permitted tonometry in untrained cats. Pentobarbital lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) by 20-50%. Ketamine raised IOP by about 10%. CI-744 had essentially no effect on IOP. The two conpoments of CI-744, tiletamine (CI-634) and zolazepam (CI-716) were given individually in the doses in which they had been given as part of CI-744. Tiletamine had no effect on IOP, while zolazepam lowered IOP by about 10%.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of anaesthetic regimens in guineapigs.

To establish reliable methods of chemical restraint and anaesthesia for mildly painful procedures in guineapigs, we compared the effects of the following anaesthetics and combinations of anaesthetics: tiletamine-zolazepam (two dosages), pentobarbital, methoxyflurane, ketamine-xylazine (three dosages), and ketamine-xylazine with methoxyflurane. Tiletamine-zolazepam induced a short period of chemical restraint but lacked analgesic effects at the doses tested. Although pentobarbital induced prolonged chemical restraint, the loss of responsiveness to painful stimuli was brief. Methoxyflurane alone induced transient anaesthesia and analgesia. Ketamine-xylazine combinations induced analgesia and chemical restraint of comparable durations, and some dosages were suitable for mildly painful procedures. The addition of methoxyflurane significantly potentiated the anaesthetic and analgesic properties of the high dosage ketamine-xylazine combination.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2000

Anesthesia of wood bison with medetomidine-zolazepam/tiletamine and xylazine-zolazepam/tiletamine combinations.

This study was designed to evaluate 2 combinations for immobilization of bison. Seven wood bison received 1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of xylazine HCl + 1.5 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 1.5 mg/kg BW of tiletamine HCl on one occasion. The bison received 60 micrograms/kg BW of medetomidine HCl + 0.6 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 0.6 mg/kg BW of tiletamine HCL on another occasion. Xylazine was antagonized with 3 mg/kg BW of tolazoline HCl and medetomidine HCl was antagonized with 180 micrograms/kg (BW) of atipamezole HCl. Temporal characteristics of immobilization and physiological effects (acid-base status, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects) of the drug combinations were compared. Induction was significantly faster with xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCl. Recovery following antagonist administration was significantly faster with medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCl. The average drug volumes required were 7.00 mL of xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCL and 2.78 mL of medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCl. Hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and rumenal tympany were the major adverse effects with both drug combinations.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1980

Use of dissociative anesthetics for the immobilization of captive bears: blood gas, hematology and biochemistry values.

Nineteen bears, representing five species (Helarctos malayanus, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos, Tremarctos ornatus, Melursus ursinus) were immobilized a total of 52 times using either phencyclidine-promazine or tiletamine-zolazepam. Blood gas, hematology, and serum biochemistry values were determined during the immobilizations. Immobilizations conducted with tiletamine-zolazepam were characterized by rapid induction and recovery times, good muscle relaxation, and relative freedom from convulsions. Bears immobilized with phencyclidine-promazine had longer induction and recovery times and showed convulsive activity in 29% of the trials with that combination.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Alpha-2 agonist dissociative anesthetic combinations in fallow deer (Cervus dama).

Three anesthetic protocols, each using an alpha-2 agonist sedative in combination with a dissociative anesthetic, were evaluated in 17 captive fallow deer (Cervus dama). The alpha-2 agonist was given first in two of the three protocols: 1) detomidine (0.1-0.2 mg/kg i.m.) followed by tiletamine-zolazepam (3.0-6.3 mg/kg i.m.) and 2) xylazine (0.6-0.9 mg/kg i.m.) followed by tiletamine-zolazepam (4-5 mg/kg i.m.). In the third protocol, xylazine (1.0-6.2 mg/kg i.m.) and ketamine (2.5-5.1 mg/kg i.m.) were given simultaneously. Each of the sedative/anesthetic combinations produced acceptable immobilization in fallow deer and both provide an alternative to narcotic anesthesia.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1991

[Anesthesia in dogs with the combination preparation Tilest 500].

Tilest 500 contains tiletamine and the water-soluble benzodiazepine zolazepam in the ratio 1:1. The drug was administered intramuscularly in ten dogs at a dosage of 10 mg/kg bwt of tiletamine and 10 mg/kg bwt of zolazepam and tested for its effects on hemodynamics, respiration, and the antagonistic effect of flumazenil. Initial effects occurred quickly, analgesia and muscle relaxation were excellent 10 minutes after administration. There was a highly significant increase in heart rate and a slight decrease in both mean arterial blood pressure and arterial pO2. In a second group of ten dogs the interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery was ligated which induced local myocardial ischemia. Here Tilest 500 showed electrostabilizing and antifibrillatory properties even in the presence of severe arrhythmias. The benzodiazepine compound of this drug combination can be antagonized by flumazenil. To avoid excitatory reactions flumazenil should not be injected earlier than 45 to 60 minutes after administration of Tilest 500.

Analgesia↗
PubMed2000

Effect of anesthetics on reflex micturition in the chronic cannula-implanted rat.

It is well known that urethane is a suitable anesthetic for acute studies and has been extensively recommended for investigations related to micturition physiology. This is mainly because of the capability of urethane anesthesia to spare reflex micturition as well as its easily established long-lasting and stable anesthetic level. However, urethane anesthesia is usually restricted to acute experiments due to its potential toxicity. This study searched for an alternative to urethane that would be suitable for studies in which recovery from anesthesia was needed. The list of administered drugs was as follows: pentobarbital, thiobutabarbital, ketamine-acepromazine, ketamine-diazepam, tiletamine-zolazepam, fentanyl-droperidol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, propofol, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, azaperone, tribromoethanol, and buprenorphine. Among these drugs, only tiletamine-zolazepam spared the reflex micturition contractions. However, the duration of this anesthesia was too short (approximately 30 minutes) to complete the necessary testing and additional dosing of the anesthetic generally obliterated the micturition reflex. On the other hand, rats given i.v. urethane infusion (10% solution in 0.9% saline, 3.2-4.0 mg/kg/min, total dose 0.56-1.03 g/kg) maintained a stable anesthesia that permitted both reflex micturition and stereotaxic procedures. Rats moved spontaneously 3-16 hours after cessation of i.v. urethane anesthesia and completely recovered in 2 days without significant after-effects. Bladder function was normal. No pathological changes were seen 1 week later. The present results suggest that urethane is the most suitable anesthetic for acute and chronic physiological experiments that require demonstration of reflex micturition. Neurourol. Urodynam. 19:87-99, 2000.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1989

Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists protect against sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice.

Non-competitive antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor have been evaluated as anticonvulsants against sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice. The ED50 values for protection against sound-induced clonic seizures 15 min following the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration are: MK-801, ED50 = 0.5 nmol (i.c.v.); 0.14 mumol/kg (i.p.); phencyclidine, ED50 = 14 nmol (i.c.v.); 1.9 mumol/kg (i.p.); dextrorphan, ED50 = 35 nmol (i.c.v.); 18.5 mumol/kg (i.p.); tiletamine, ED50 = 40 nmol (i.c.v.); 5.6 mumol/kg (i.p.); SKF-10047, ED50 = 50 nmol (i.c.v.); 23.5 mumol/kg (i.p.); dextromethorphan, ED50 = 70 nmol (i.c.v.); 28.0 mumol/kg (i.p.); ketamine, ED50 = 110 nmol (i.c.v.); 15.5 mumol/kg (i.p.). The anticonvulsant effects of ketamine and tiletamine are of short duration (10-30 min), whereas the anticonvulsant effects of MK-801 and dextromethorphan last for 45 min or longer. The effects of phencyclidine, SKF-10047 and dextrorphan are of intermediate duration. Mild to moderate behavioural excitation is associated with the anticonvulsant activity of all the non-competitive NMDA antagonists. For MK-801, phencyclidine, dextrorphan, SKF-10047 and ketamine there is a close correlation between their relative anticonvulsant potencies and their potencies for displacing [3H]MK-801. The anticonvulsant effect is likely to be primarily mediated via NMDA antagonism at the PCP/MK-801 site.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Effects of acepromazine on pulmonary gas exchange and circulation during sedation and dissociative anaesthesia in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To study pulmonary gas exchange and cardiovascular responses to sedation achieved with romifidine and butorphanol (RB) alone, or combined with acepromazine, and during subsequent tiletamine-zolazepam anaesthesia in horses. ANIMALS: Six (four males and two females) healthy Standardbred trotters aged 3-12 years; mass 423-520 kg. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, cross-over, experimental study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Horses were anaesthetized on two occasions (with a minimum interval of 1 week) with intravenous (IV) tiletamine-zolazepam (Z; 1.4 mg kg(-1)) after pre-anaesthetic medication with IV romifidine (R; 0.1 mg kg(-1)) and butorphanol (B; 25 microg kg(-1) IV). At the first trial, horses were randomly allocated to receive (protocol ARBZ) or not to receive (protocol RBZ) acepromazine (A; 35 microg kg(-1)) intramuscularly (IM) 35 minutes before induction of anaesthesia. Each horse was placed in left lateral recumbency and, after tracheal intubation, allowed to breathe room air spontaneously. Respiratory and haemodynamic variables and ventilation-perfusion (; multiple inert gas elimination technique) ratios were determined in the conscious horse, after sedation and during anaesthesia. One- and two-way repeated-measures anova were used to identify within- and between-technique differences, respectively. RESULTS: During sedation with RB, arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)) decreased compared to baseline and increased mismatch was evident; there was no O(2) diffusion limitation or increase in intrapulmonary shunt fraction identified. With ARB, PaO(2) and remained unaffected. During anaesthesia, intrapulmonary shunt occurred to the same extent in both protocols, and mismatching increased. This was less in the ARBZ group. Arterial O(2) tension decreased in both protocols, but was lower at 25 and 35 minutes of anaesthesia in RBZ than in ARBZ. During sedation, heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (Qt) were lower while arterial-mixed venous oxygen content differences and haemoglobin concentrations were higher in RBZ compared with ARBZ. Total systemic vascular resistance, mean systemic, and mean pulmonary arterial pressures were higher during anaesthesia with RBZ compared to ARBZ. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Acepromazine added to RB generally improved haemodynamic variables and arterial oxygenation during sedation and anaesthesia. Arterial oxygenation was impaired as a result of increased shunt and mismatch during anaesthesia, although acepromazine treatment reduced disturbances and falls in PaO(2) to some extent. Haemodynamic variables were closer to baseline during sedation and anaesthesia when horses received acepromazine. Acepromazine may confer advantages in healthy normovolaemic horses.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1996

Inductive effect of Telazol on hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 2B in rats.

Telazol, a 1:1 combination of tiletamine HCl and zolazepam HCl, is an anesthetic and immobilizing agent that has been in use in veterinary medicine and animal field studies for more than a decade. No information is available, however, regarding the effects of Telazol, or its constituents, on hepatic cytochromes P450. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of Telazol on the rat hepatic cytochrome P450 system. Adult male rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of Telazol dose at a of 20, 40, 80, or 120 mg/kg body weight (six rats/dose), while control rats received the vehicle only. Animals were killed 24 hr later, and hepatic microsomes were prepared. Treatment with Telazol resulted in dose-dependent increases in benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase and testosterone 16 beta-hydroxylase activities. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, and testosterone 6 beta- and 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities were essentially unaltered at all doses of the drug. Densitometric quantitation of immunoblots probed with polyclonal antibody against cytochrome P450 2B1 indicated a 17-fold increase in the hepatic level of cytochrome P450 2B1 for rats treated with the highest dose of Telazol. In contrast, the level of cytochrome P450 2B2 was increased slightly but not significantly. In the presence of 0.5 mg of anti-cytochrome P450 2B1 IgG/nmol P450, benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity was inhibited by 92% in hepatic microsomes prepared from a rat treated with Telazol at a dose of 120 mg/kg compared with only 25% inhibition in hepatic microsomes from a control rat. In summary, the results demonstrate that Telazol specifically induced expression of the cytochrome P450 2B isozymes in rats.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1992

Contribution of amino acid transmitters to epileptiform activity and reflex suppression in electrically head stunned sheep.

In sheep, administration of a combination of zolazepam and tiletamine hydrochloride resulted in a dose dependent reduction in the duration of epileptic activity induced by an electric stun applied to the head. The compound also lengthened the normal period of reflex suppression that occurs after a stun. Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists (2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic and 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acids) also reduced the duration of epileptic activity following an electric stun. These drugs did not alter the time of pedal and ear pinch reflex suppression. Administration of bicuculline (a gamma amino-4-butyric acid [GABA] receptor antagonist) reduced the period of stun induced reflex suppression and increased seizure duration. Administration of a GABA receptor agonist, baclofen, increased the duration of reflex suppression. The results suggest that the development of epileptiform-like activity following application of an electric current to the head is dependent upon excitatory amino acid receptors. The reflex suppression that also arises following an electric stun is contributed to by the activation of GABA receptor mechanisms.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed2000

A practical method for non-surgically inserting intra-arterial catheters in European wild boars (Sus scrofa).

In endocrinological studies, the usual methods for taking blood samples are impractical because of the need for frequent sampling, and catheterization is required. The catheterization methods described for domestic pigs are not suitable for use with European wild boars (Sus scrofa) under field conditions. We describe a method for inserting an intra-arterial catheter into the European wild boar. The animals were sedated with a combination of medetomidin (Domitor 1 mg/ml, Orion-Farmos, Finland) and zolazepam and tiletamine (Zoletil forte vet 50 mg/ml + 50 mg/ml, Virbac Laboratories, France). Four animals were catheterized and sampled at 2-h intervals for 48 h in March under winter conditions and five in June under summer conditions. In March, all the catheters remained in place for the entire sampling period. In June, one animal managed to displace the catheter from its artery, but it was recatheterized and the rest of the samples were collected without problems. This catheterization method is relatively easy to carry out and requires no special facilities.

Anesthetics, Dissociative↗
PubMed2001

Abuse of telazol: an animal tranquilizer.

BACKGROUND: Telazol (tiletamine hydrochloride 50 mg/mL, zolazepam hydrochloride 50 mg/mL) is utilized in veterinary medicine as a small-animal anesthetic. Telazol is comparable to ketamine in efficacy, and in conjunction with ketamine, has been responsible for one reported human fatality. We report a case of a woman who abused telazol. CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old female employee at a local zoo was found unresponsive by fellow workers in a clean animal treatment room. Initial reports were that she had injected veterinary-grade diazepam and telazol. On-scene paramedics reported her as obtunded and arousable to deep painful stimuli, with gag reflex intact. Systolic blood pressure was 90 mm Hg by palpation. A fresh needle puncture mark was present on her right arm; nearby were a syringe, tourniquet, and bottles of each drug. Emergency Department assessment included airway, breathing, circulation, and intravenous access. She was lavaged and given activated charcoal with a cathartic. Shortly after arrival, she became alert and oriented. Family members insisted this was not an overdose. The patient had been previously evaluated for reported episodes of syncope, "only in the evening, while at work," and was prescribed diazepam for anxiety. Product information on telazol was limited to the Veterinary Drug Physician's Desk Reference. A urine drugs-of-abuse screen was positive for benzodiazepines and cannabinoids. The patient subsequently revealed a history of recreational use of telazol. She was discharged to an in-patient detoxification facility, 12 hours postadmission. CONCLUSION: Telazol used in veterinary medicine as an anesthetic agent, is structurally related to ketamine. Telazol causes almost immediate anesthetic effects, and sudden alertness is not uncommon as the effects of the drug subside. Urine drugs-of-abuse screens are unlikely to identify telazol. We report a veterinary worker who abused telazol.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Homocysteic acid as a putative excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter: I. Postsynaptic characteristics at N-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptors on striatal cholinergic interneurons.

The actions of the stereoisomers of homocysteic acid (HCA) were characterized at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type receptors which mediate excitatory amino acid-evoked [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) release from striatal cholinergic interneurons. Like NMDA, L-HCA and D-HCA evoked the release of [3H]ACh formed from [3H]choline in striatal slices. The concentration-response curve for L-HCA was virtually superimposable on that for NMDA, yielding an equal EC50 value (56.1 microM) and maximal response. However, D-HCA was weaker, with an EC50 value of 81.1 microM, and an apparently smaller maximal response. L-HCA-evoked [3H]ACh release was inhibited by the same categories of compounds which inhibit NMDA-evoked [3H]ACh release: the divalent ion Mg2+ (IC50 = 25.8 microM); competitive NMDA antagonists 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (IC50 = 51.2 microM) and 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (IC50 = 20.1 microM); and the dissociative anesthetics tiletamine (IC50 = 0.59 microM) and MK-801 (IC50 = 0.087 microM). Like NMDA, L-HCA produced a tachyphylaxis in this system. Tachyphylaxis to NMDA resulted in a decrease response to L-HCA, and conversely, tachyphylaxis to L-HCA resulted in a decrease response to NMDA. The results suggest that L-HCA is an agonist at the NMDA-type receptor and may represent an endogenous ligand for this excitatory amino acid receptor.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1990

Dissociative anaesthesia in free-ranging male koalas and selected marsupials in captivity.

Forty seven free-ranging, adult, male koalas were captured and administered an intramuscular injection of the dissociative anaesthetic, Telazol (tiletamine HCl plus zolazepam HCl), at dose rates of 5.0 to 7.7 mg/kg body weight. Anaesthesia induction was rapid and smooth and resulted in a surgical plane of anaesthesia lasting 30 to 45 min. There was no depression of heart rate or respiration. Mild salivation occurred in most animals, but was not a problem because the swallowing reflex was retained. There was no mortality or morbidity and the anaesthesia level was sufficient to allow electroejaculation and multiple blood sampling with no apparent animal discomfort. For 10 of 19 males in which anaesthesia was required for a 90 min protocol, a supplementary Telazol injection (average, 2.5 mg/kg) was necessary. All koalas recovered completely within 3 to 4 h of the initial injection. The results suggest that the optimal Telazol dosage for the adult male koala is 7.0 mg/kg body weight. The retrospective analysis of 259 anaesthesia records involving 14 species indicated that Telazol was equally effective and safe in other captive marsupials.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1976

Influence of cataleptoid anaesthetic agents on the intraocular pressure in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Trained monkeys which allowed a tonometry while conscious were used to test the influence of cataleptoid anaesthetics on intraocular pressure (IOP). The drugs were injected intramuscularly in two dosages: with the lower dose (DT) it became just possible to perform a tonometry in untrained monkeys. The second dose (DS) induced surgical anaesthesia. The drugs used were: Phencyclidine, DT: 0.6-0.7 mg/kg, DS: 1.2-1.4 mg/kg. Ketamine, DT: 4-6 mg/kg, DS: 25 mg/kg. CI-744, a combination of a pure cataleptoid anaesthetic (Tiletamine) and a tranquilizer (Zolazepam), DT: 2-3 mg/kg and DS: 7.5 mg/kg. Tonometry was performed prior to and 15 and 30 min after drug administration. Except for phencyclidine in the smaller dose, which had virtually no effect on IOP, the drugs lowered IOP about 10-30% on an average with a large intra- and interindividual scatter.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of injectable anaesthetic regimens in Mammoth asses.

Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg body weight [bwt])-ketamine (2.2 mg/kg bwt) (X/K) anaesthesia was evaluated, in nine Mammoth asses, for effectiveness and compared with two other injectable anaesthetic combinations: xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bwt)-butorphanol (0.044 mg/kg bwt)-ketamine (2.2 mg/kg bwt) (X/B/K); and xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bwt)-tiletamine-zolazepam (1.1 mg/kg bwt) (X/T). All drugs were given intravenously (i.v.). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial blood pH, PCO2, PO2, recumbency time and number of attempts to stand were measured. Quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation and response to stimulus were evaluated subjectively. One animal did not become recumbent with X/K. Recumbency times were significantly (P < 0.05) different: the shortest time was with X/K (24 mins) and the longest time with X/T (46 mins), with X/B/K, it was 37 mins. Assess required significantly more attempts to stand with X/T (n = 3) than with X/K (n = 1) or X/B/K (n = 2). No significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, arterial PO2 or PCO2 were detected between groups. Arterial pH was significantly lower at 15 mins in the X/B/K and X/T groups than in the X/K group. Although X/K generally produced effective immobilisation, the combinations of X/B/K and X/T, appeared to be more satisfactory and relatively safe, and provided longer recumbency times and increased muscle relaxation compared with X/K.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗