Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Tic Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Tic disorders: neural circuits, neurochemistry, and neuroimmunology.

The neuroanatomy and neurochemistry underlying tic disorders are thought to involve corticostriatothalamocortical circuits and dysregulation of their component neurotransmitter systems. Tourette syndrome is a tic disorder that begins in childhood and follows a waxing and waning course of tic severity. Although it is generally believed to have a genetic component, its etiology has not been fully elucidated. The clinical entity pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) has led some to suggest that the pathophysiology of tics in some individuals might involve a postinfectious autoimmune component. We review the neural circuits and neurochemistry of Tourette syndrome and evaluate the evidence for and against a role for autoimmunity in the expression of tics.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of tic disorder in two schools in the Basque country: Results and methodological caveats.

Different studies have shown that the prevalence of tic disorder is highly variable, depending on the methodology employed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tic disorder among children of two schools. The study was conducted in three successive steps: information to parents and teachers by way of speeches and projection of videotapes; anonymous fulfilling of an ad hoc questionnaire by teachers and parents and identification of children as "possible tic disorder" according to the questionnaire; and confirmation of the presence of tics by direct observation of children at school (20 minutes in each classroom). Eight hundred sixty-seven children were included. Age ranged from 4 to 16 years. Ninety percent of parents and 99% of teachers fulfilled the questionnaire. Seventy-one children had tics according to parents' and 50 according to teachers' opinion (both coincided in 23 cases). Fifty-seven cases were identified after direct observation in the classroom (prevalence of 6.5%). The vast majority of tics were mild in severity and duration. Prevalence obtained in this study was comparable with data reported in studies using a similar methodology, which is higher than results shown in early studies addressed with less rigid methodology. Most of identified cases were quite mild, not leading to major functional disability. In spite of the methodology employed, it is possible that some cases were lost.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Influence of age and tic disorders on obsessive-compulsive disorder in a pediatric sample.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous disorder with emerging data suggesting that age of onset and/or the presence of tics may define clinically important subgroups. OBJECTIVE: This study set out to evaluate the impact of age and tic disorders on the symptom profile in a pediatric sample of patients with OCD ascertained from a specialty clinic. METHODS: Eighty children with OCD (50 boys, 30 girls) were assessed for symptom type, severity, age of onset, presence of a tic disorder, and functional status. Each child's most impairing obsessions and compulsions were identified and compared by age category (above and below the age of 11 years) and according to the presence or absence of a tic disorder. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 11.1 +/- 3.19 years (range 4-18 years). The most common obsessions reported were contamination and worries about harm. Common compulsions included washing and rituals to prevent harm. The only significant differences across age groups were the percentage of religious worries and slightly higher severity of obsessions in the adolescent age group (p < 0.05). The presence of tics was associated with increased frequency of repetitive behavior unrelated to harm avoidance (p < 0.05). Children without a history of tics were more likely to describe incidents of contamination, washing, and repetitive request for reassurance (p < 0.05 for each). CONCLUSION: In this convenient sample of clinically ascertained children, there were few phenotypic differences in children above or below the age of 11 years. Differences in the distribution of OCD symptoms according to the presence or absence of tics, which has been documented in adult samples, were evident in this sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without a chronic tic disorder. A comparison of symptoms in 70 patients.

The phenomenological features of 35 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients with a lifetime history of tics were compared to 35 age- and sex-matched OCD patients without tics. Seven categories of obsessions and nine categories of compulsions were determined using the symptom checklist of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). Discriminant function analysis revealed that, compared to their counterparts without tics, OCD patients with tics had more touching, tapping, rubbing, blinking and staring rituals, and fewer cleaning rituals, but did not differ on obsessions. These preliminary findings suggest that the types of compulsions present may help to discriminate between two putative subgroups of OCD, i.e. those with and without tics.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Association between the polymorphism in the promoter region of dopamine D4 receptor gene and chronic tic disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To study a possible association between the three functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and chronic tic disorder. METHODS: Genomic DNA was isolated from the venous blood leukocytes of 84 unrelated patients with chronic tic disorder (Study group) and 100 healthy unrelated individuals (Control group). Polymorphisms of DRD4, 1240L/S, 616C/G and 521C/T, were genotyped by the allele-specific primer (ASP) PCR. Genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies were analysed by SHEsis online. RESULTS: There were significant differences in both allele and genotype frequencies (chi(2) = 8.419, P < 0.01; chi(2) = 7.860, P < 0.05 respectively) of DRD4-616C/G between the Study and the Control groups. Haplotypic frequencies of LCT (1240L/S, 616C/G, 521C/T) in the Study group were noticeably higher than in the Control group (chi(2) = 6.371, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between the DRD4-616C/G polymorphism and chronic tic disorder. The individuals with haplotype LCT (1240L/S, 616C/G, 521C/T) are susceptible to this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Risperidone treatment of children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this trial was to investigate the short-term safety and efficacy of risperidone in the treatment of chronic tic disorders in children and adolescents. METHOD: This was an 11-week open-label trial and included seven subjects (five boys and two girls) with a mean age of 12.9 +/- 1.9 years. The sample included five patients with Tourette's syndrome and two with chronic motor tic disorder. The children were seen at baseline and for two follow-up visits. Three children had a comorbid diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). RESULTS: Clinical response, as measured by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale and the Children's version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, revealed a statistically significant reduction in tic scores ranging from 26% [corrected] to 66%. One of three children with comorbid OCD showed substantial improvement; the other two subjects showed no change. The most frequent side effect was weight gain, which ranged from 8 to 14 lb. CONCLUSIONS: Risperidone, a neuroleptic with both serotonin- and dopamine-blocking properties, appears to be effective in reducing tic frequency and intensity in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The relationship between tic disorders and Tourette's syndrome revisited.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between Tourette's syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder is of great clinical and scientific importance because of uncertainties in both prognosis and pharmacotherapeutic strategies. One approach to evaluating the relationship between TS and chronic tics is to examine whether they share similar neuropsychological and psychiatric correlates. METHOD: Children with TS (n = 32) and children with chronic tics (n = 39) were ascertained from an unselected sample of the children referred for psychopharmacological treatment and examined using standardized diagnostic assessments and testing procedures. RESULTS: Children with TS and those with chronic tics were similar to each other and different from controls in clinical correlates that included psychiatric comorbidity, as well as school, neuropsychological, and psychosocial impairments. Patients with TS also had higher rates of obsessive-compulsive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and simple phobia than did patients with chronic tic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that TS and chronic tic disorder are part of the same disease entity, with TS being a more severe form of tic disorder.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Tic disorders in childhood.

Despite our familiarity with tic disorders, their management remains challenging. The difficulty seldom relates to the diagnosis, which is usually based on the history, but rather in dealing with the impact of the tics and multiple comorbidities. The child and family must be educated and must be taught how to facilitate a positive attitude among others who come in contact with the patient. Knowledge and acceptance of the tics by other family members, peers, teachers, and coaches often become central to the child's well-being. Although many children can be managed without pharmacotherapy, medications are often central to achieving success. The goals of therapy and the appropriate choice of medication must be individualized. We are frequently challenged not only by the wide array of medication choices available but also by the decision of which symptom to treat first. The tics, despite being flamboyant, are often viewed by the child and family as less disabling than co-occurring conditions, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsiveness, or rage. Even when tics are the major issue, patients must define their goals for therapy. It is unreasonable to expect a complete resolution of tics and safety usually rules in favor of better tolerated but potentially less efficacious therapies. Developing strategies to minimize the lifelong impact of the multiple components of Tourette syndrome is an essential aspect of the care of these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tic disorders in children and youth - part I].

The authors present the latest approach to the problem of etiopathology of tic disorders: the role of neurotransmitters and dopamine as well as the role of genetic and immunological factors. They present a classification of tic disorders according to American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn. (1944) APA Washington. A general description of the clinical picture is given. Preliminary results of own investigations are discussed. Chronic tics were diagnosed in more then 50% of children under study whereas symptoms of Tourette syndrome were observed in 25% of patients. Children under treatment demonstrated the motoric tics which appeared independently or together with vocal ones. Tics were often associated with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorders and with school problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Tic disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical and genetic features, comorbidity].

UNLABELLED: Tic disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical and genetic features, comorbidity. BACKGROUND: Aim of the study is to evaluate the clinical and genetic characteristics of tic disorders, in view of individuating similarities or differences relevant to the prognosis among different nosological groups. METHODS: A retrospective study of 79 children and adolescents (average age 9.3 yrs) was performed. The cases were diagnosed according to DSM-IV as: transitory tics (TT) 13 cases; chronic tics (CT) 50 cases; Tourette disease (TD) 16 cases. They were compared to a control group of 18 school age children without any neurological or psychiatric disturbance. The study included: semi-structured interviews focused on natural history of the disturbances, familiarity, presence of perinatal pathology, comorbidity; neurological examination, EEG, psychodiagnostic tests and investigation. RESULTS: Mean age of onset and type of first symptoms are the same in the three groups. Compared to the control group there is a significant increase in: familiarity for tics disturbances in TD; presence of perinatal pathological factors in the three groups of patients; comorbidity for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in CT and TD, comorbidity with ADHD in CT group. Three clinical cases are reported to exemplify the mixed features in the families and the different responsivity to the pharmacological treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[A case of transient tic disorder with abnormal findings on 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT].

We report a case of transient tic disorder with abnormal findings on 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. The patient was 5-year-old girl with vocal and motor tic. There was no evidence of structural abnormality on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed spikes and sharp waves on both frontal lobes and parietal lobes (left-side dominant). 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT demonstrated focal regions of hyperperfusion in the both frontal lobes, both parietal lobes and right temporal lobe corresponding to the abnormal findings detected by EEG. It also demonstrated an area of hyperperfusion in the right basal ganglia. It is suggested that 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT is useful for the diagnosis and the understanding of the clinical state of tic disorder.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

Association of small life events with self reports of tic severity in pediatric and adult tic disorder patients: a prospective longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical experience suggests an association between stressful life events and fluctuations in symptom severity of tic disorder patients. The aim of the present study was to examine this possible relationship in a prospective longitudinal design. METHOD: Two groups of patients with tic disorder according to the research criteria of the Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group were included in this study (Sept. 2001 through March 2002): a pediatric group aged from 7 through 16 years (N = 25) and an adult group aged 18 years and older (N = 32). During a 12-week period, participants were asked weekly to fill out questionnaires regarding the occurrence of small life events and self ratings of tic severity. RESULTS: Twenty-four of 25 patients in the pediatric group completed the study, and 28 of 32 patients in the adult group completed the study and reported at least 1 life event. In the adult group as a whole, we found a weak but statistically significant correlation between negative small life events and tic severity during the same week (r = 0.268, p <.001). However, only a minority of individual pediatric (21%) and adult (18%) patients demonstrated significant relationships between the frequency of small life events and tic severity in the same week or 1 week later (p </=.05), with undesirable small life events positively associated with tic severity in some patients and negatively associated with tic severity in other patients. CONCLUSION: Contrary to traditional views, in general, life events do not account for changes in tic severity. Only in a minority of tic disorder patients do fluctuations in symptom severity appear to be associated with possibly stressful small life events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Psychopathology in a Swedish population of school children with tic disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns of psychiatric comorbid disorders and associated problems in a school population of children with tic disorders. METHOD: From a total population of 4,479 children, 25 with Tourette's disorder (TD), 34 with chronic motor tics (CMT), 24 with chronic vocal tics (CVT), and 214 with transient tics (TT) during the past year were found. A three-stage procedure was used: tic screening, telephone interview, and clinical assessment. The TD group was compared with 25 children with TT and 25 controls without tics. RESULTS: Psychiatric comorbid disorders were found in 92% of the children with TD. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was most common, and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity were similar in children with TD and CVT, but not with CMT and TT. Aggressive behavior was more common in children with TD than other tic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric comorbid disorders are common even in community-based samples of children with TD and CVT. TD and CVT seem to be part of the same disease entity, with TD being a more severe form. Chronic tics may be a marker for behavioral and learning difficulties in children, and awareness of these associations is critical to the care and treatment of children with tics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Muscle control in chronic tic disorders.

EMG was recorded in nine subjects suffering from chronic tic disorder. Six subjects suffered asymmetrical tics and three had symmetrical tics. EMG in tic-affected and contralateral nonaffected sites was recorded at rest, during a baseline period, and at postbiofeedback training. All subjects received 2-4 biofeedback training sessions aimed at enhancing their ability to control levels of muscle contraction in both affected and nonaffected sites. All nine subjects met the criterion of discriminating unaided between levels of 0, 25%, 50%, and 75% of their fullest contraction. Five of the six people with asymmetrical tics showed lower resting EMG on the affected side at baseline, but EMG significantly increased in tic-affected but not nonaffected muscles after exercises aimed at enhancing muscle control. Six subjects reported a clinically significant > or = 40% decrease in tic frequency. The reflexlike quality of tic muscles can modified by biofeedback training and this constitutes a useful and relatively quickly acquired aid to tic management.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Persistent tic disorders are associated with 17q12 duplications.

Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Persistent Tic Disorder (PTD) are childhood-onset neuropsychiatric conditions with high heritability. Due to current sample size limitations, identifying TS/PTD risk genes has been challenging. This study addressed this issue by conducting a meta-analysis of microarray copy number variant (CNV) studies from three TS/PTD genomics consortia, supplemented with new data from 3291 cases. This approach more than doubled the sample size of previous TS/PTD CNV studies, with CNV calls generated from 5725 TS/PTD cases and 10,982 matched controls. The results confirmed that TS/PTD cases 1) have a higher burden of ultra-rare deletions overlapping loss-of-function intolerant genes (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.68, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;9.3&#xd7;10-5) and 2) are more likely to carry established neurodevelopmental CNVs (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.42, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;3.9&#xd7;10-2) compared to controls. Additionally, a novel, genome-wide significant CNV locus for TS/PTD was discovered, involving duplications at 17q12 (hg19 chr17:34.8 - 36.2&#x2009;Mb). This locus is associated with a known duplication syndrome associated with variable neuropsychiatric traits, but has not been previously linked to tic disorders. Eight cases and one control carried the canonical ~1.4&#x2009;Mb duplication at chr17:34.8-36.2&#x2009;Mb, while one additional case had a smaller 110&#x2009;kb duplication within this known CNV that included only one gene, ACACA (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;26.7, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;5.69&#xd7;10-7). Overall, this study provides further evidence that rare, genic CNVs play a substantial role in the genetic architecture of TS/PTD and identifies a new genome-wide significant association with this neurodevelopmental disorder.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Tic disorders in the adolescent.

This chapter addresses the multidimensional nature of tic disorders. The several major dimensions include (1) duration of symptoms (from less than 1 year to lifelong); (2) intensity of symptoms (from mild to severe); (3) frequency of symptoms (from rare to constant); (4) variety of symptoms (from single motor group/single phonic tic to multiple occurrences of both types); (5) complexity of tics (from simple motor/phonic tics to tics involving multiple motor groups or the production of multiple sounds including involuntary phrases); (6) response to treatment (from good to minimal or no response); and (7) comorbid psychiatric disorders (from none to multiple). These dimensions and their relationship to a variety of tic disorder diagnoses are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Adult-onset tic disorders.

We report on 8 patients with adult-onset motor tics and vocalisations. Three had compulsive tendencies in childhood and 3 had a family history of tics or obsessive-compulsive behaviour. In comparison with DSM-classified, younger-onset Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, adult-onset tic disorders are more often associated with severe symptoms, greater social morbidity, a potential trigger event, increased sensitivity, and poorer response to neuroleptic medication.

Adult↗