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PubMedDate not supplied

Combined effects of tenotomy and denervation on the dynamic properties of soleus muscle of the rat.

Isometric contraction time (CT), half relaxation time (1/2 RT), tetanus fusion frequency (TFF) and tetanus: twitch ratio (T : t ratio) were measured in the denervated (D) and tenotomized-denervated (TD) Soleus muscle of the rat. In D muscle there was an apparent speeding effect at the 2nd day after denervation, with a significant decrease of CT, which was followed by the usual slowing process of denervated muscle. In TD muscle, denervation was performed a week after tenotomy. Tenotomy "per se" was ineffective in modifying dynamic properties of muscle, but it accentuated the early shortening of CT caused by denervation, while reducing and delaying the subsequent slowing process. The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that muscle disuse has a speeding effect which counteracts the slowing effect of denervation, and/or that tenotomy modifies the effects of denervation by changing the pattern of fibrillation development.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Unbalanced pelvic girdle in motor disability of cerebral origin. Success and limitations of adductor muscle tenotomy].

One hundred and fifty eight children with an unbalanced pelvis were reviewed. All suffered from cerebral palsy and were treated by tenotomy of the adductor muscles. The aims were: 1 - To improve the position of the femoral head. For this purpose, the best effects were obtained before the age of 4 so that acetabular dysplasia was prevented and the need for pelvic osteotomy, which is often hazardous in this type of patient, avoided. 2 - To achieve better balance of the pelvic girdle. Adductor tenotomy was often associated with tenotomy of the ilio-tibial tract or with division of the costo-iliac or ilio-lumbar muscles with posterior radiculotomies.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1980

The effect of complete tenotomy on blood flow to the anterior segment of the canine eye.

The relative importance of the anterior ciliary arteries to blood flow to the anterior segment and the quadrant distribution of blood to the iris, ciliary body, and ciliary processes were determined in canines with the use of 15 +/- 3 mum 103Ru microspheres with the reference blood flow method. Recti muscles were isolated in both eyes. Then with one eye serving as a sham-operated control, anterior ciliary artery blood flow was disrupted by recti tenotomy immediately prior to microsphere injection. Tenotomy resulted in a significant decrease in blood flow to the anterior segment (0.14 +/- 0.03 ml/min/gm vs. 0.26 +/- 0.05 in the untenotomized control) and to the unit iris, ciliary body and ciliary processes (I, CB, CP) (0.92 +/- 0.16 ml/min/gm vs. 1.44 +/- 0.22 in the untenotomized control). Blood flow values for the anterior segment and the unit I, CB, CP in the tenotomized eye were 50% to 60% of those of the control eyes, indicating that the majority of blood flow to the canine anterior segment is not disrupted by complete tenotomy. In the control eye, blood flow values for the medial quadrant of the unit I, CB, CP were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the inferior or superior quadrants. Blood flow values for all quadrants in tenotomized eyes were 55% to 70% of those for control eyes. Therefore the anterior ciliary arteries do not contribute the majority of blood flow to the canine anterior segment.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Importance of tenotomy of the adductors in the treatment of cerebral palsy manifestations in the lower extremities].

The authors evaluate 303 tenotomies of adductors performed in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) in 1970-1992. They emphasize the correct diagnosis of adduction contracture of the hip joint and correct treatment, incl. early surgery, not only because of the influence of adductors on standing and gait but also on the development of the hip joint in children. The authors draw attention to the increased incidence of subluxations and luxations of the hip joint in recent years in children with CP who were not operated or where the muscular balance and contractures of the hip joint were not modified. They emphasize the fact that in children where tenotomy of the adductors was performed in time before the age of 8 years, with a single exception luxation did not develop. In the authors' opinion tenotomy at the age of cca 11 years is an essential operation but in view of the development of skeletal changes it is late. The authors recommend to pay increased attention to the problem of adductors in CP as regards diagnosis and technical aspects of the operation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Some effects of tenotomy on adult striated muscles.

The effect, after prolonged survival, of tenotomy on the length of the muscle bell of tibialis anterior and the isometric tensions it exerted was investigated in adult rabbits. When regeneration of the tendon was prevented by its diplacement of bell length decreases by about 20% and, if the tendon of extensor digitorum longus was cut as well, by about 40%; the decrease was only about 10% when the tendon was allowed to regenerate. Tenotomy did not affect the length of the muscle fasciculi relative to that of their belly. The range through which the experimental and comtrol bellies exerted the same proportion of their maximum developed tension was approximately proportional to their maximum developed tension was approximately proportional to their respective length. The maximum tension the muscle exerted fell to as low as 10% of the normal after prolonged severance of its tendon, wheras after prolonged tendon regeneration in was about 80% of the normal. The ratio of the tension to the weight/length of the belly was reduced after tenotomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Tenotomy of the psoas muscle in slow reduction of congenital hip dislocations].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to relate the efficacy of cutting the psoas tendon in case of high congenital hip dislocation treated by slow reduction according to Somerville-Petit. MATERIAL: Twenty psoas tenotomies were realised between 1982 and 1992. The average age was 11 months 15 days old, they were 15 girls and 5 boys. Among them, only 9 patients had never been treated. METHOD: By a short surgical approach close to the lateral lip of Scarpa's triangle, we cut the psoas tendon at the musculotendinous junction doing this suppresses the obstacle that interferes with the femoral head coming down. RESULTS: Results have been evaluated on clinically and especially radiologically. All hips remain stable except one case. A graduated subluxation of the hip occured after removal of the plaster. 18 hips have been revised between the third and fifth year. Clinical results were excellent, on radiological controls 5 hips were considered flawless, 11 satisfying, and 2 were imperfect. Only 2 children have been seen ten years later with excellent clinical and radiological results. DISCUSSION: The hypertrophic psoas tendon interposes between the femoral head and the acetabulum creasing the capsule and the limbus. Cutting tendon of the psoas will decrease the numerous unexplained failures that occured during slow reduction according to Sommerville-Petit method. The use of these surgical techniques may make more outstanding the tenotomies time. CONCLUSION: Tenotomy of the psoas tendon realized by a short surgical approach without any articular effraction, allowed us to obtain complete reduction of the hips dislocation in these 20 patients.

Casts, Surgical↗
PubMed1977

Effects of denervation and tenotomy on the gastrocnemius muscle in the frog: a histologic and histochemical study.

The effects of denervation on the gastrocnemius muscle of the frog were studied by histologic and histochemical methods. Thirteen Rana pipiens underwent unilateral sciatic neurotomy and were sacrificed weekly as long as 46 days. Of the three normal populations of muscle fibers, the small fibers underwent atrophy, the intermediate sized fibers remained unchanged in size, and the large fibers either did not change or underwent hypertrophy between 21 and 46 days. Necrosis of muscle fibers did not occur. Histochemical stains showed persistence of the normal pattern after denervation. The small fibers continued to have a high concentration of both oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activity (NADH-TR, SDH, phosphorylase), and the large fibers continued to have a low concentration of these enzymes. Depletion of glycogen stores was seen with PAS. Hypertrophic muscle fibers had mostly subsarcolemmal nuclei and few internal nuclei, suggesting that they may be physiologically tonic rather than twitch fibers. Achilles tenotomy at the time of denervation prevented the hypertrophy of large fibers. Abnormal inclusions have been demonstrated in mammalian muscle following tenotomy alone, but were not seen in the frog.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1978

Changes in length of sarcomeres following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle.

Tenotomy of the proximal and distal tendons of the soleus muscle of female Wistar rats was performed and sarcomeric length and muscle fascicle length measured. On the first postoperative day muscle bellies were found shortened and their sarcomeric length considerably reduced. Four weeks following tenotomy, although the muscle bellies remained shortened, sarcomeric length was comparable with that of control muscles. Measurement of muscle fascicle lengths at this time showed that those of experimental muscles were nearly 50% less than those of control muscles. It was concluded from these experiments that a reduction of the number of sarcomeres in series had occurred, thus compensating for the reduced length of the muscle belly.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Indomethacin inhibition of tenotomy-induced bone resorption in rats.

Loss of biomechanical function results in rapid bone loss. This study assesses the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in immobilization-related osteopenia. A hind limb of the rat was immobilized by knee tenotomy and bone resorption and formation parameters were quantitated by histological methods in indomethacin-treated (0.5 mg/kg per day) and vehicle-treated animals. Control animals sacrificed 30, 72, and 240 hr post-tenotomy revealed a significant increase in osteoclast number (30 hr) and resorption surfaces (72 hr) and a decrease in trabecular bone volume (240 hr) in the tenotomized tibiae. In the indomethacin-treated tibial metaphysis, no significant differences were noted for these parameters by comparison to the nontenotomized leg. Bone formation parameters remained reduced in the tenotomized legs of both the indomethacin and vehicle-treated groups compared to the control legs. Indomethacin inhibited bone resorption, but did not prevent the decrease in bone formation produced by immobilization over the 10 days of these experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Tenotomy prevents the functional improvement of a muscle reinnervated with a chronically severed nerve.

During the early stages of nerve implantation, we followed the dynamic properties of the lateral gastrocnemius muscle of the rat, reinnervated with an acutely or chronically severed peroneal nerve. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether 1) the better functional recovery of a muscle reinnervated by a chronically severed foreign nerve is present from the onset of reinnervation, and 2) whether such functional improvement is due to the conditioning lesion effect. Our results indicate that better functional recovery is already apparent one week after nerve implantation, and it is due to the conditioning lesion effect, since tenotomy prevents such improvement. The tenotomy effect underlines the fact that some environmental factors concerning the target tissue, and not only the predegenerated nerve, are involved in the conditioning effect.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in sarcomere length following tenotomy in the rat.

The medial belly of the gastrocnemius and the extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats were tenotomized. One day following tenotomy, the mean sarcomere length of the fast medial gastrocnemius was 1.8 microns, a value comparable to that of tenotomized slow soleus. The mean sarcomere length of the tenotomized extensor digitorum longus, however, was 2.0 microns, a figure which differed significantly from the values obtained for both the soleus and the gastrocnemius. Histological preparations showed the presence of central core degeneration in slow fatigue-resistant fibers of the tenotomized gastrocnemius comparable to that seen in the soleus. No changes were found in the fibers of the tenotomized extensor digitorum longus. The fact that central core lesions were produced in the fibers of soleus and medial gastrocnemius but not in the extensor digitorum longus may be related to the lesser reduction in sarcomere length following tenotomy of the latter muscle.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1983

Changes in elemental composition of single muscle fibers following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle.

Cores were produced in type 1 muscle fibers by tenotomy of rat soleus muscle. The morphology and histochemistry of the muscle fibers was established by light microscopy on cryostat sections stained for hematoxylin-eosin or myofibrillar ATPase and on semithin plastic sections. The ultrastructure was visualized on thin plastic sections. On 6 micrometers of freeze-dried cryosections, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was performed on muscle fibers visualized in the scanning-transmission mode of electron microscopy. This procedure permitted quantification of different intracellular elements such as sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), and phosphorus (P). Spectra from core fibers could easily be compared with those of normal fibers. A conspicuous finding was an increased Na and Cl content and a decreased K content in core fibers compared to normal fibers. It is known that core fibers produced after tenotomy exhibit distinct changes in plasma membrane morphology similar to that found in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The results in this study point to a change in normal intracellular ion composition which could be a result of a deficiency of mechanisms maintaining normal membrane ion gradients.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Anatomy of soleus alpha-motoneurone dendrites in normal cats and in cats subjected to chronic postnatal tenotomy or overload of the soleus muscle.

The anatomy of intracellularly HRP-labeled soleus alpha-motoneurone dendrites was studied both in normal adult cats ("normal soleus", NS) and in adult cats which at a postnatal age of 5-7 days had been subjected to chronic tenotomy of either the soleus muscle ("tenotomized soleus", TS), or all the soleus synergists contributing to the achilles tendon ("overloaded soleus", OS). A set of "structural rules" seemed to govern the architecture of normal soleus alpha-motoneurone dendrites. Thus, the dendrites branched dichotomously and the number of daughter branches originating from a preterminal branch was proportional to the diameter of that parent branch. Branch diameter decreased across branching points according to the "3/2 power rule" of Rall (1959). Branching occurred down to a preterminal branch diameter of about 0.8 micron. Through all branch orders there existed a quite precise relation between the diameter of a preterminal branch and the membrane area of its distal dendritic arborization. The average dendritic path distance from soma to termination was not closely related to the diameter of the stem dendrite, since thick stem dendrites rather generated more profusely branched arborizations than thin stem dendrites. As a corollary of these characteristics close relations existed between the dendritic stem diameter on one hand, and the total number of branches, combined dendritic length, total dendritic membrane area and total volume, on the other. In the OS material, the dendrites were not different from those of normal soleus motoneurone dendrites. In the TS material, the dendrites were less branched and had greater dendritic path lengths, although the relations between various size-parameters within the dendrites were not significantly altered compared with normal dendrites. It was concluded that the change in branching pattern was due to a net elimination of dendritic branches following the muscle tenotomy.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1988

The effect of tenotomy and immobilization on muscle spindles and tendon organs of the rat calf muscles. A histochemical and morphometrical study.

The morphological and histochemical alterations in the muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs of tenotomized or immobilized calf muscles of rats (m. soleus, m. gastrocnemius) were studied in 54 animals. The intact contralateral feet served as controls. There was no change in the number of mechanoreceptors in either the tenotomized or the immobilized muscles. The diameter of the intrafusal fibers was increased somewhat after 1 week, but decreased by 14% to 40% in 3 weeks. The periaxial space of muscle spindle had diminished or disappeared by 2 weeks from the beginning of the procedures. The thickness of the outer capsule of the spindles had markedly increased, especially in the polar region. In the Golgi tendon organs the capsule had also thickened significantly and the internal space diminished. The alterations were similar following tenotomy or immobilization, but more marked after tenotomy than after immobilization.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The state of the contralateral neuromotor apparatus of the rat in conditions of unilateral tenotomy.

The effects of unilateral transection of the Achilles tendon (tenotomy) on the electromyographic characteristics of the gastrocnemius muscle on the contralateral side were studied in rats. Motor responses, reflex responses, and motor unit spike activity in the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle were studied in baseline conditions and on afferent stimulation before and 10 days after tenotomy. Changes in the nature of motor unit spike activity and responses to afferent stimulation were observed. The results obtained here demonstrate increases in the excitability of individual motoneurons in the contralateral motor center of the gastrocnemius muscle after exclusion of the symmetrical gastrocnemius muscle from the overall pattern of movement activity.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1987

The effects of digastric muscle tenotomy on jaw opening in the rabbit.

The digastric and geniohyoid muscles of the rabbit both produce jaw-opening torque. Anatomic and biomechanical analysis, and electromyography of normal chewing, are not wholly adequate in determining the roles of these two synergists. Cinematographic and electromyographic records of pellet and carrot chewing were obtained before and after tenotomy of both digastric muscles. After tenotomy, jaw opening occurred more slowly and maximum gape was reduced for both foods. However, the overall frequency of chewing was unchanged, and the jaw muscles did not change their contraction patterns. Changes in opening speed and amount of gape result from loss of functional digastric muscles, not fully compensated for by the synergistic geniohyoids. The changes in opening speed and maximum gape are consistent with a biomechanical analysis which predicts a maximal contribution to jaw-opening torque by the geniohyoid muscle of about 25 per cent at the start of opening, and a substantial reduction of this torque in the course of the opening movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Degeneration and alteration of axons and intrafusal muscle fibers in spindles following tenotomy.

The effect of tenotomy (cutting of distal and proximal tendons) on the spindles in soleus muscle of adult rats was examined by light and electron microscopy in tissue obtained 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 14 days after surgery. Degenerative changes in the spindles progressed with time; also, the degree of alteration observed in a spindle varied with its position in the muscle, i.e., the earliest and most extensive changes occurred in spindles situated near the tendons. The disorganization and breakdown of myofibrils in the intrafusal muscle fibers were observed 3 days after tenotomy and continued with longer periods after surgery. The progression of morphological changes included alteration in fiber outline and the external lamina of the intrafusal muscle fibers and changes in the extracellular environment within the spindle capsule. The intrafusal muscle fibers of some spindles were shortened, apparently due to the loss of their polar ends, and degenerated axons which apparently supplied the intrafusal muscle fibers were also observed. Completely necrotic intrafusal fibers were absent. A possible relationship between the observed morphologic alterations and an adjustment of the spindle to muscle shortening is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The response of the rat soleus muscle to tenotomy after dorsal root section.

Both soleus muscles of rats were tenotomized 5-10 days after deafferentation of one side which was achieved by section of the 4th and 5th lumbar dorsal roots. When examined 2 weeks after tenotomy, all experimental muscles showed central degenerative changes in slow fatigue-resistant fibers. These changes were absent from muscles that had been only deafferented. Experimental deafferented muscles examined 6 weeks after tenotomy showed a substantial recovery which was comparable to that seen in tenotomized muscles with intact afferent innervation. It is concluded that (1) deafferentation does not inhibit the recovery of tenotomized fibers, and (2) the loss of afferent fibers plays no part in the protection from central degeneration known to be afforded by denervation of tenotomized muscles.

Afferent Pathways↗