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PubMedDate not supplied

[Epizootic outbreaks of trichinosis in 2 pig farms from the Metropolitan Region of Chile].

In Chile swine trichinosis has presented a progressive decreasing in the last two decades of XX century. T. spiralis pig infection descended from an average of 0.683 per 1000 in 1980-1984 to 0.315 in 1985-1989 and to 0.115 in 1990-1996. In the particular case of Metropolitan Region this decreasing has been more marked: from an average of 0.058 per 1000 in 1990-1994 to 0.003 in 1995-1999. Between the end of June 1999 and middle January 2000 in Metropolitan Region abattoirs T. spiralis was detected in 15 (4.9%) out of 306 swine from two pigsties located in El Monte (E.M.) and Padre Hurtado (P.H.) 45 and 30 km south-west from Santiago. In the same period another four pigs from the same premises were found infected in abattoirs of other regions. During inspection visits it was stated that both pig farms had deficient sanitary conditions. Phototrichinoscopy was positive in three out of five Rattus norvegicus collected in E.M. In pigsty PH the examination of diaphragm samples of 25 dogs and 17 cats resulted negative. In the premises originating T. spirali infected swine the Metropolitan Environmental Health Service Abattoirs Program carries out an epidemiological vigilance consisting in the follow-up of animals destined for slaughtering in order to initiate prophylactic actions oriented to eliminate eventual sources of trichinosis infection for human and rearing pigs.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

A common-source outbreak of trichinosis from consumption of bear meat.

This paper discusses an outbreak of trichinosis that occurred in 1998 in Montgomery County, Ohio, and the investigation that followed. The outbreak was associated with consumption of bear meat from a hunt in Ontario, Canada. The person who had the index case had eaten two bear burgers that were cooked rare in a microwave oven. Bear meat from the same hunt later was consumed by 15 other people at a church supper and an additional 13 people who did not attend the supper. Of the 15 attendees at the church supper who ate the bear meat, seven developed illness consistent with Trichinella infection (attack rate about 47 percent). An additional seven people attended the supper but did not eat the bear meat and did not become ill. Having eaten bear meat at the church supper was associated with an increased risk of illness (p = .05). Inadequate cooking of the bear meat resulted in the transmission of live trichinae. The 13 other people who ate the bear meat but did not attend the supper reported no illness. A total of eight people, including the person with the index case, met the case definition for trichinosis. Adequate cooking of the bear meat or consumption of uninfected portions of the meat was probably the protective factor for those who did not become ill after consuming the bear meat.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Trichinosis from wild boar meat in Gojjam, north-west Ethiopia.

An outbreak of trichinosis associated with ingestion of meat from a wild boar in Gojjam administrative region, Ethiopia, is reported. Of the 30 soldiers, 20 who ate the meat raw, became ill and 5 of them were admitted to the Armed Forces General Hospital (AFGH). Even though they presented with a typical history and clinical features the disease was not even suspected at the peripheral hospital. The diagnosis was confirmed, at the AFGH, by deltoid muscle biopsy in all the 5 cases. Trichinosis being increasingly recognized as a public health problem in Ethiopia, warrants public education and more awareness by health workers.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Persistence of IgG, IgM, and IgE antibodies in human trichinosis.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum IgG, IgM, and IgE antibodies against Trichinella spirals s. str. following an outbreak of human trichinosis in 1989 in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, for two years and seven months in order to observe diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA as well as the persistence of antibodies. It was found that the sensitivity of IgG-ELISA, as determined from biopsy-positive cases, reached 100% on the 50th day of infection. For IgM-ELISA, peak sensitivity was 93.33% at the 57th and IgE-ELISA 100% at the 85th day of infection. Two years and seven months after infection, the diagnostic sensitivity of IgG-ELISA was 88.24%, and that of IgE-ELISA was 47.06%, while the sensitivity of IgM-ELISA was only 11.76%. It was suggested from the data that IgM-ELISA is a helpful indicator of infection within three years. Other two groups of trichinosis cases, i.e., high-titer and seroconversion cases, were also studied. Antibody response curves were constructed from mean ELISA values from each group. It was revealed that all curves were similar in shape, independent of the group studied. The only exception was IgG-antibody response in the high-titer group, which showed the highest antibody level at the first collection of blood samples, i.e., 23 days after infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis in diagnosis of experimental trichinosis.

Definite diagnosis of trichinosisis mainly by direct demonstration of larvae, however, these methods are neither feasible nor sensitive. Thus, confirmation relies mainly on positive serology. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) using crude larval antigen were assessed as a tool in the diagnosis of trichinosis. Sera were tested one, two, five, eight, and twelve weeks post-infection. It was found that ELISA was positive in all tested sera from the second till the 12th week (100% sensitivity). As regards CIEF, 36% of the sera were positive two weeks post-infection, while all sera were positive at 5 and 8 weeks. Ninety per cent of the tested sera gave positive results at the 12th week post-infection. ELISA proved to be more sensitive in diagnosing trichinosis both early and late in infection, while CIEP test was more specific since no false positive results were noticed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Trichinosis with severe myopathic involvement mimicking polymyositis. Report of a family outbreak.

We describe an outbreak of trichinosis in 3 members of a rural family. In the 3 patients eating raw pork was the source of infection. They presented with myalgias and severe proximal muscle weakness mimicking polymyositis. The diagnosis was made by demonstration of larvae of Trichinella spiralis in the muscle biopsy and also by the presence of anti-Trichinella antibodies detected by double immunodiffusion in their sera. We call attention to the unusual clinical presentation of trichinosis in our patients that was manifested by severe muscle weakness that may be confused with polymyositis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Cardiac trichinosis--echocardiographic study].

Trichinosis is an intestinal and tissue infection of man caused by Trichinella spiralis. The most frequent and serious complication is myocarditis. M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were carried out on 16 patients with clinical manifestation of trichinosis. The parameters of the left ventricular function, measured by echocardiography were examined, and the results were compared with the same parameters in 50 normal individuals. In 11 patients a variety of morphologic findings, like pericardial effusion, adhesions, focal endomyocardial fibrosis, dilated left ventricular cavity, were found. In one patient intra cavitary thrombus was bound. Pathologic parameters of the left ventricular function were registered in 15 patients.

Cardiomyopathies↗
PubMed1991

[Trichinosis. A study of a large outbreak on the Iberian peninsula].

An epidemic outbreak of trichinosis after wild boar meat ingestion was analysed. The most frequent clinical manifestations were: muscular pain, fever, periorbitary edema and conjunctivitis. Laboratory tests showed eosinophilia and increased muscular enzymes. There was no mortality. 10 patients had electromyograms, which all showed an inflammatory myopathy pattern. The one fiber study showed similar signs as those found in cases of polymyositis. There was a significant statistical relationship between intensity and duration of symptoms in the intestinal phase and eosinophils levels in peripheral blood. There was also a statistically significant relationship between CPK levels and decrease of mean duration of motor unit potential. Treatment with thiabendazole and steroids was useful. The indirect immunofluorescence test (IIT) proved an excellent method for diagnosing trichinosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Enzymatic and serologic study of human trichinosis. Apropos of a recent epidemic in a suburb south of Paris].

An enzymatic and immunologic study of 18 patients with trichinosis leads to the following conclusions: The stage of muscular invasion in trichinosis is accompanied by a release of cellular enzymes representative of striated muscle fibres in nearly all the cases. This release can be observed by a study of the LDH iso-enzymes at a time when immunological techniques are not always significantly positive. The specific aspect of this phenomenon can be proposed with reservations since there does not exist any interference with other enzymatic systems such as the gamma-GT and furthermore no other evident cause of muscular lysis is present. The existence of a blood hypereosinophilia completes the biological picture. These early modifications of the enzymatic activities are most probably transient.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of the medical and social cost of 2 trichinosis outbreaks in France in 1985].

Two outbreaks of trichinosis occurred in France in 1985 and 1,073 cases were identified. These outbreaks were related to the consumption of parasitized horse meat. The medical and social cost of these outbreaks have been estimated with a sample of 92 patients. The average medical cost was 1,200 FF by outpatient and 17,300 FF by hospitalized patient. For the 1,073 cases, the total cost of these 2 outbreaks is estimated to have been between 7 and 11 millions FF. Of this sum, the hospitalization fees exceeded 51% and the social cost was 36% (loss of productivity). Since October 1985, a decree of the French Ministry of Agriculture has imposed a parasitologic test on all horse carcasses slaughtered in France or imported. This examination costs under 5 FF (under $1) per carcass. This study shows that the systematic examination for trichinosis of horse meat carcasses should be continued and that more sensitive screening methods should be developed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sporadic trichinosis].

A retrospective analysis was carried out to disclose the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 13 cases with sporadic trichinosis, proved by muscle biopsy at the "Salvador Zubirán" National Nutrition Institute and studied between 1977 and 1986. The number of cases per year was one or two with an increase to five in 1986. None of this patients showed a direct correlation between the type of diet or a specific area of the city. The clinical symptoms and physical findings were similar to those described previously for trichinosis, regardless of the clinical setting. In 69.1 percent of the cases the diagnosis was suspected based on clinical and physical data, and 84.6 percent had blood eosinophilia. Muscle biopsy was taken due to predominant muscular symptoms (92.3%) and this method was the most useful test to establish a specific diagnosis; no correlation was found between the number of larvae or cyst and the clinical symptoms. Thiabendazole and/or prednisone was administered and resulted in apparent improvement of the myopathy and blood eosinophilia during the follow-up (x: 7 months). A discussion is presented in relation to the usefulness of the muscle biopsy when a lack of specific enzyme tests exists; we emphasize the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings to suspect this zoonosis when a multisystemic inflammatory disease with striking myopathy is detected.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of three immunodiagnostic tests in detection of trichinosis in naturally infected rats.

The Counter current immunoelectrophoresis (CEP), the Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Indirect immunofluorescent (IF) were evaluated in detection of antibodies in naturally infected rats. The test subjects included ten infected rats as indicated by digestion method of muscle biopsy and 13 rats free from trichinosis. Of the immunodiagnostic tests evaluated, the CEP gave the highest diagnostic accuracy. The ELISA was the least accurate. The high sensitivity and specificity of the CEP for detection of anti-trichinellal antibodies suggest that it could be developed as a serodiagnostic test for trichinosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Field evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for swine trichinosis: efficacy of the excretory-secretory antigen.

A field evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for swine trichinosis was done with sera obtained from 5 herds experiencing ongoing transmission of Trichinella spiralis. Epizootiologic studies conducted on these herds offered an opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of an ELISA, using larval T spiralis excretory-secretory antigens. Sera from 162 infected pigs and 143 serum samples from noninfected pigs originating from the same farms were tested. The infection status of the pigs was determined by digestion of diaphragm or tongue muscle samples. Two criteria were established to classify the ELISA optical density (OD) readings: Criterion I stated that an OD greater than or equal to 5 times the mean OD of several normal swine sera pools was positive; criterion II stated that a OD greater than or equal to 4 times the normal sera values was positive. The results obtained did not reveal obvious serologic variations among infected herds located in the 4 states involved. Overall, the test detected 93% (criterion I) and 96% (criterion II) of infected pigs. The majority of false-negative sera was from hogs that had less than 5 larvae/g of muscle; 1 hog had 73.8 larvae/g of diaphragm muscle. The false-positive rates were 8% for criterion I and 9% for criterion II. The actual rate for these false-positive samples may have been overestimated, because generally, only small tissue samples (0.4 to 10 g) were digested; larger sample sizes might have altered the results. The relevance of this qualification is that these pigs originated from herds with prevalence rates greater than 50%. Other factors that may account for occasional false-positive sera or false-negative sera in the swine trichinosis ELISA are discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Trichinosis in a herd of swine: cannibalism as a major mode of transmission.

In a herd of approximately 1,000 hogs, evaluation of muscle specimens collected at various intervals during a 12-year period (1973 to 1985) indicated continuous transmission of Trichinella spiralis. The farm's rat population and the incidence of trichinosis in the rats was high during 1974, but diminished markedly by 1978. In January 1984, a longitudinal investigation, using tracer pigs, was performed to determine whether rodents and/or other wild animals were involved in transmission of T spiralis on this farm. Tracer pigs exposed to rodents and wild animals did not become infected with T spiralis. The rodent population on the farm was small and none of the rodents trapped and examined were found to be infected. Hog cannibalism also was evaluated as a mode of T spiralis transmission. Results of the investigation indicated that hog cannibalism was the mode of transmission for trichinosis in the herd.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Trichinosis presenting as a neck mass.

Trichinosis is a rare cause of a neck mass, but should be considered by the physician when contemplating a differential diagnosis. This disease is still endemic in parts of the world and is directly related to the ingestion of incompletely cooked pork. A case is presented in which a 68-year-old man was diagnosed as having a squamous cell carcinoma of the mandible only to have trichinosis diagnosed on the final pathologic report. The case presentation is followed by a historical review and discussion.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Trichinosis in Thailand during 1962-1983.

Various studies on trichinosis in Thailand since the first outbreak in 1962 up until 15 July 1983 are reviewed. There were 67 outbreaks, affecting 2,792 persons and resulting in 85 deaths. Most of the outbreaks occurred in the north of the country which is mountainous. Hilltribe pigs and wild boars were the common sources of human infection. Incidence of Trichinella spiralis larvae in dog meat in the area favoring of dog meat consumption is cautioned to create a public health problem in the future. Some Thai dishes are proved as viable T. spiralis larvae source due to cooking procedures. Control measures of trichinosis launched by the Department of Livestock Development are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Trichinosis in Provence. Apropos of a familial epidemic].

An outbreak of trichinosis following meals in a rural area of Provence is reported. The epidemiologic parameters reconstitute the contamination cycle (man-pig: fox-rat) which indicated indisputably the diagnosis, the appropriate therapy, and also evidenced a rural zoonosis of trichinosis in Provence. The clinical picture among twenty-one people included morbilliform rash in 38% of cases and an enanthema in 24% of cases, uncommon findings, with respect to their frequency, and the other usual signs. Early laboratory diagnosis was made possible by blood analysis for hypereosinophilia and immunoassay (ELISA) for antigen-specific IgE. Treatment with benzimidazoles was quite effective.

Adult↗