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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Should nurses in Israeli primary care clinics be expected to manage streptococcal throat infections?

INTRODUCTION: Legal regulations in Israel allow nurses to perform only limited clinical procedures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the probability of streptococcal infection in adults with sore throat, as assessed clinically by standard nursing procedures. DESIGN: Using throat culture as the standard, the contribution of various clinical findings (fever, exudate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood count) to the determination of the diagnosis of streptococcal infection was assessed, using logistic regression analysis. SETTING: Israeli general practice. PATIENTS: 100 consecutive adult patients presenting with a red, sore throat. RESULTS: Six patients showed the full clinical picture of exudate, increased ESR and leukocytosis, with an 82% probability of streptococcal infection. Forty-nine patients showed none of these three findings, and only one of them (among the three patients with rhinitis) had a positive throat swab. Forty-five patients showed an intermediate clinical picture which did not provide a reliable basis for the diagnosis or exclusion of streptococcal infection. Fever alone did not significantly (P < 0.05) predict streptococcal infection. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses may safely discharge adult patients with a red, sore throat without antibiotic treatment only if they have no additional signs or symptoms. The few patients with all the clinical findings may be treated with antibiotics without a throat swab. All other patients should be referred for examination by a doctor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on sore throat pain and other pain symptoms associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection.

OBJECTIVE: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has been widely used for over a century to treat pain and fever associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), but there is a lack of clinical data to support the efficacy of ASA in this disease state. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of ASA for the treatment of sore throat pain associated with URTI. DESIGN: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group design. Two hundred seventy-two patients (mean age: 25 years) with sore throat pain associated with URTI were recruited at two centers. Pain scores were made during a 2-hour laboratory phase and continued for secondary objectives during a 4-hour home phase. Patients were treated with either two effervescent tablets of ASA 400 mg in water or matched placebo tablets. Patients took medication as required over a 3-day home phase. RESULTS: ASA was found to be superior to placebo for: The primary efficacy parameter predefined in the protocol, reduction in sore throat pain intensity over 2 hours (P < 0.001), and for secondary efficacy parameters, reduction in sore throat pain intensity over 4 and 6 hours, relief of sore throat pain over 2, 4, and 6 hours, reduction in intensity of pain associated with headache, and reduction in muscle aches and pains over a 2-hour time period (P < 0.01). No safety problems were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with ASA was shown to provide relief from sore throat pain, headache, and muscle aches and pains associated with URTI.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Perianal streptococcal dermatitis. The possible protective role of alpha-streptococci against spread and recurrence of group A streptococcal throat infection.

OBJECTIVE: To follow the spread of beta-haemolytic streptococci group A (GAS) within a family and examine the protective activity of normally occurring alpha-streptococci against GAS tonsillitis. DESIGN: Follow up of recurrent GAS throat infection within a family. SETTING: Intra familial spread of GAS. PATIENTS: A family of four, the mother suffering from recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis and a son with perianal streptococcal dermatitis. RESULTS: The strain of the GAS found in the perianal region of the boy was identical with that found in the throat of his mother. She had recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis, while the boy remained healthy in the throat. She lacked interfering alpha-streptococci in the throat, while the boy had a massive growth of alpha-streptococci in his throat with capacity to inhibit the growth of the streptococcal isolate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Infection with GAS within a family correlated with the growth-inhibiting activity of the alpha-streptococci in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated the spread of GAS from a patient with streptococcal dermatitis to the throat of another person within the family, and the hindrance of induction of infection in patients carrying interfering alpha-streptococci.

Anus Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Better diagnosis and treatment of throat infections caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci.

This study aims to assess the diagnostic value of a rapid streptococcal antigen test in addition to four clinical features in patients with sore throat, using throat culture and antibody titre as reference tests, and to evaluate the efficacy of the current antibiotics used in the treatment of throat infections caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). Four clinical features (fever [history of] > or = 38 degrees C, lack of cough, tonsillar exudate, and anterior cervical lymphadenopathy) are recorded in 355 patients aged four years to > or =15 years. A rapid antigen diagnostic test (RADT) is performed, as well as a throat culture. Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre is performed in patients 11 years. GABHS from patients are tested for susceptibility to different antibiotics. Throat cultures were positive for GABHS in 19% patients. Rapid tests were positive in 24%. Compared with throat culture, the rapid test gave a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 91%, positive predictive value of 73% and a negative predictive value of 98%. For patients with three or four clinical features, however, the sensitivity was considerably higher at 97%. Using the ASO test as a reference, no association was found between RADT and culture results. Zithromax showed the highest prescription rate (25.5%) and produced a high cure rate (91%) in patients with GABHS pharyngitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The impact of 'open throat' technique on vibrato rate, extent and onset in classical singing.

Mitchell, Kenny et al. (2003) identified 'open throat' as integral to the production of an even and consistent sound in classical singing. In this study, we compared vibrato rate, extent and onset of six advanced singing students under three conditions: 'optimal' (O), representing maximal open throat; 'sub-optimal' (SO), using reduced open throat; and loud sub-optimal (LSO), using reduced open throat but controlling for the effect of loudness. Fifteen expert judges correctly identified the sound produced when singers used open throat with 85% accuracy. Having verified the technique perceptually, we used a series of univariate repeated measures ANOVAs with planned orthogonal contrasts to test the hypotheses that frequency modulations associated with vibrato rate, extent and onset would vary outside acceptable or desirable parameters for SO and LSO. Hypotheses were confirmed for vibrato extent and onset but not for rate. There were no significant differences between SO and LSO on any of the vibrato parameters. As vibrato is considered a key indicator of good singing, these findings suggest that open throat is important to the production of a good sound in classical singing.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

In vitro monodisperse aerosol deposition in a mouth and throat with six different inhalation devices.

Experiments were performed to determine the effect of different pharmaceutical aerosol inhalation devices on the deposition of monodisperse aerosols in an idealized mouth and throat geometry. The devices included two dry powder inhalers (Diskus and Turbuhaler), two nebulizers (Pari LC STAR and Hudson T-Updraft), and a metered dose inhaler with attached holding chamber (Aerochamber), in addition to a straight tube (1.7 cm inner diameter). Aerosol particles (DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate) of diameters of 2.5, 5, and 7 microm generated by a vibrating orifice generator were inhaled at steady air flow rates of Q = 5-90 L/min through the devices and into the mouth-throat. Deposition in the mouth-throat and after-filter were determined by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric assay. The amount of deposition in the mouth and throat region was found to depend on the type of device that the aerosol entered through. Deposition in the extrathoracic region with the two types of jet nebulizers did not differ significantly (p > 0.1) from that of a straight tube or each other over their entire tested range of 590 > or = pd2Q > or = 11,375, where p is particle density (in g/cm3), d is particle diameter (in microm), and Q is flow rate (in cm3/s). The metered dose inhaler with attached holding chamber was found to differ from the straight tube only at two intermediate values of pd2Q = 5,145 and 16,033. The deposition occurring for the dry powder inhalers was found to be significantly greater than for the straight tube for all values of pd2Q > or = 10,954 for the Diskus and pd2Q > or = 9,435 for the Turbuhaler. Deposition with the dry powder inhalers was found to be up to 14 times greater than that with the straight tube. Thus, the inhaler geometry that the aerosol passes through prior to entering the mouth and throat region can greatly affect the deposition in the mouth-throat.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2001

Is it possible to decrease antibiotic prescribing in primary care? An analysis of outcomes in the management of patients with sore throats.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess whether it was possible to change clinical practice through the introduction of an evidence-based protocol for the management of sore throats. The impact of the changed clinical practice on patients was also assessed. METHOD: An observational study was carried out comparing management of patients with sore throats in a semi-rural general practice (14 000 patients), before and after the introduction of an evidence-based protocol, using a multidisciplinary approach. All patients over the age of 2 years presenting with sore throats as their chief presenting complaint were included in the study which ran for two 6-month periods: February-July 1997 (n = 435) and February-July 1998 (n = 350). Antibiotic prescribing rates, consultation and reconsultation rates, duration of sore throat, analgesia requirements and satisfaction were assessed. RESULTS: Antibiotic prescribing was significantly reduced in period 2 (56% compared with 19%). Consultation rates decreased by 19% in period 2. Median number of days to recovery of sore throats was the same in both groups. Reconsultation rates and dissatisfaction rates were the same in both groups. CONCLUSION: Using a multidisciplinary approach, it is possible to reduce antibiotic prescribing for sore throats significantly without adversely affecting outcome.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid latex agglutination compared with the throat culture for the detection of group A streptococcal infection.

The Culturette Brand rapid latex agglutination test was compared with the throat culture for accuracy in detecting Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) on paired throat swabs from 1047 children with suspected streptococcal pharyngitis. In this comparison the rapid latex agglutination test had a sensitivity of 78%, a specificity of 88%, a positive predictive value of 52% and a negative predictive value of 96%. In 45 study patients from whom it was possible to obtain paired acute and convalescent sera, the latex agglutination test and the throat culture were compared against each other for detection of infection due to GABHS as evidenced by a 4-fold or greater titer rise of serum antistreptococcal antibodies. The latex agglutination test detected and failed to detect the same number of infections as the throat culture. Thus although a significant number of false positive latex agglutination tests occurred when compared to the throat culture, there is limited evidence in this study that the latex agglutination test is equal to the throat culture in detecting patients who have serologically confirmed infection due to GABHS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dexpanthenol pastille and benzydamine hydrochloride spray for the prevention of post-operative sore throat.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of dexpanthenol pastille and benzydamine hydrochloride spray on the prevention of a sore throat. METHODS: One hundred and eighty patients undergoing general anaesthesia, who were ASA I-II and with their ages ranging between 15 and 70 years, were randomly allocated to three groups, each consisting of 60 patients. For group B, four puffs of benzydamine hydrochloride were sprayed into the mouth initially 30 min before the operation and repeatedly 5 min before anaesthesia induction. For group D, two pastilles of dexpanthenol were administered orally to be sucked 30 min before the operation. For group P, four puffs of distilled water were sprayed into the mouth initially 30 min before the operation. Post-operatively, patients were evaluated for a sore throat for the duration of 24 h. RESULTS: The incidence of a sore throat was significantly lower for group D when compared with group B and group P. The incidence of a sore throat was similar for group B and group P. According to the sore throat grading system, the number of patients experiencing no complaints was significantly higher for group D when compared with group B and group P. The number of patients achieving moderate scores was significantly higher for group B when compared with group D. CONCLUSION: The administration of 200 mg of dexpanthenol prophylactically before endotracheal intubation is effective in the prevention of post-operative sore throat.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

[Quantitative analyses of the normal throat flora of children with upper respiratory tract infections].

Relationship between the normal throat flora and pathogenic bacteria recovered from the throat in 139 children with upper respiratory tract infections in winter were studied using quantitative analyses. Pathogenic bacteria examined include S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, S. aureus, and S. pneumoniae, and the normal floras include alpha-streptococci, gamma-streptococci, Neisseria species, and Micrococci. Children with S. pyogenes in their throats (S. pyogenes group) were examined with anti-streptococcal antibodies such as anti-streptolysin O, anti-streptokinase, and anti-deoxyribonuclease B. Eighty seven pathogenic bacteria were recovered from 72 children (51.8%) out of 139. S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae groups showed significantly lower alpha-streptococci and gamma-streptococci in incidence of appearance when compared with children with the no pathogenic bacteria in their throats (no bacteria group). H. influenzae group showed significantly lower gamma-streptococci and higher Neisseria sp. in incidence of appearance compared with the no bacteria group. Positive cases for anti-streptococcal antibodies showed a significantly lower alpha-streptococci in number compared with negative cases for antibodies and the no bacteria group, and a significantly lower gamma-streptococci in incidence of appearance compared with the no bacteria group. These data suggest that the normal throat flora may have a role in prevention of colonization by the pathogenic bacteria in vivo, as were shown in vitro by many authors, and that the quantitative analysis of the normal flora is useful because this methodology might reveal whether the bacteria recovered from the throat show the pathogenicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Are follow-up throat cultures necessary when rapid antigen detection tests are negative for group A streptococci?

The frequency of obtaining false-negative Group A Streptococcal (GAS) rapid antigen detection (RAD) tests utilizing currently available kits in a private practice setting and the cost effectiveness of requiring follow-up throat cultures were studied. Laboratory records of the Elmwood Pediatric Group (EPG), Rochester, NY, were retrospectively reviewed to identify all patients with pharyngeal RAD tests for GAS performed from January 1996 through May 1999. From January 1996 through October 1997 (study period 1), EPG physicians used either a RAD test or a throat culture to identify GAS; from November 1997 through May 1999 (study period 2), RAD tests were used as the primary test on all patients. Rapid antigen detection test negative results were confirmed with culture. During the 3-year study 11,427 RAD tests were performed. 8,385 (73.4%) were negative and 3,042 (26.6%) were positive. In study period 1, 3,547 (73.2%) were negative and 1,299 (26.8%) were positive; in study period 2 4,837 (73.5%) were negative and 1,743 (26.5%) were positive. Of the 8,385 negative tests, 8,234 (98.2%) were followed up with throat cultures. Of these, 200 (2.4%) were identified to have been negative RAD tests that were throat culture positive (132 [3.8%] of 3,474 in study period 1 and 68 [1.4%] of 4,764 in study period 2). A cost analysis was performed for study period 2, which showed that abandoning throat culture confirmation would generate a cost saving of $13,521 per year to the practice. Throat culture confirmation of RAD test negative results in pharyngitis patients may not be medically necessary for most patients with currently available RAD tests and is costly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A follow-up study of throat carriers of streptococci among schoolchildren in Otsu City.

Studies on the prevalence of beta-hemolytic streptococci in throats among primary school children were performed in Otsu City. In the first study, evidence of streptococcal infections was investigated in 41373 children of first grade of all primary schools for the 13 years from 1970 to 1982. An average of 12.2% of the strains isolated belonged to group A. The order of frequency of the other Groups was B, C and G respectively. The most predominant type of Group A streptococci was Type 12. In the second study, evidence of streptococcal infections was investigated in 87 children of the first grade of one primary school for the 5 years from 1977 to 1982. Throat cultures were repeated four times a year during the period of five years. Entire negative throat cultures over a 5-year period were observed in only 4 children. The prevalence of beta-hemolytic streptococci and Group A streptococci in throats were higher than those observed in the first study. The predominant types of Group A were Types 1, 6 and 28, although the relative predominance of these Types varied at different times during 5 years. High serum ASO titers were observed in the children who harbored Type 6 strains of Group A streptococci in throats. In 5 children Group A streptococci were frequently recovered from throats during the study period, and the same type of strains of Group A streptococci were isolated repeatedly.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are sore throat patients who hope for antibiotics actually asking for pain relief?

PURPOSE: Antibiotics are still overprescribed for self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections such as acute sore throat, and physicians mention patient's desire for antibiotics as a driving force. We studied patients' concerns when visiting their family physician for acute sore throat, more specifically the importance they attach to antibiotic treatment and pain relief. METHODS: Family physicians in 6 peer groups in Belgium participated in an observational postvisit questionnaire survey. Patients aged 12 years and older making an office visit for acute sore throat were invited to indicate the importance of different reasons for the visit. RESULTS: Sixty-eight family physicians provided data from 298 patients. The 3 most frequently endorsed reasons for visiting the physician were examination to establish the cause of the symptoms, pain relief, and information on the course of the disease. Hopes for an antibiotic ranked 11th of 13 items. Patients who considered antibiotics very/rather important valued pain relief significantly more than patients who considered them little/not important (P <.001). Patients who hoped for antibiotics felt more unwell (P <.001), had more faith in antibiotics to speed recovery (P <.001), and were less convinced that sore throat was a self-limiting disease (P <.012). A multivariate model, adjusted for age, sex, and educational status, showed that the desire for pain relief is a strong predictor of the hope to receive a prescription for antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that patients with acute sore throat and who hope for antibiotics may in fact want treatment for pain. Trials are needed to test whether exploring patients' expectations about pain management and offering adequate analgesia can assist physicians in managing sore throats without prescribing antibiotics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Typing of group B streptococci from the throat and urogenital tract of females.

Group B streptococci were isolated from the urogenital tract of 54 of 168 patients (32%) examined at a gynecological outpatient department. 11 (7%) of the patients were group B throat carriers. In contrast to the frequency of type III group B steptococci in the urogenital tract (41% of group B streptococcal carriers) only 1 of 11 strains isolated from the throat belonged to type III. Apart from 1 patient who carried type III streptococci in the urogenital tract, all patients who were both throat and urogenital tract carriers harboured the same type in both sites. Significantly more patients who were only throat carriers of group B streptococci or harboured another type in the throat than in the urogenital tract, harboured lactose-fermenting group B streptococci as compared to patients who were only carriers of group B streptococci in the urogenital tract. These results pointed out the possible existence of "throat-preferring" and "urogenital-preferring" group B streptococci.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Temporal and spatial pattern analysis of pharyngeal swallowing in patients with abnormal sensation in the throat].

There are many patients who complain of abnormal sensations, such as an obstructive sensation, foreign body sensation, difficulty in swallowing, etc., in the throat, which do not have an obvious cause. The causes of such unpleasant symptoms have not been adequately investigated. As one of the potential factors in volved in abnormal sensations in the throat, we considered the existence of subclinical dysphagia. We then performed videofluoroscopic analysis in patients with an abnormal sensation in the throat to examine whether or not there were functional disorders in swallowing. Videofluoroscopy was performed in 42 subjects, 30 patients with abnormal sensation in the throat and 12 volunteers without swallowing problems. We devised a temporal and spatial analysis system of swallowing using personal computer technology. Videofluoroscopic swallowing sequences during spoon feeding (3-5ml) and drinking from a cup (15-20ml) of liquid barium, were analyzed. The results suggest that two temporal measurements of swallow from videofluoroscopic studies are appropriate for parameter of subclinical dysphagia: the time it takes the bolus to move through pharynx from the point at which the bolus head passes the tongue base until the bolus head extends caudally beyond the piriform sinus while feeding from a spoon (S2), and the time it takes the bolus to move through the upper esophagus from the point at which the bolus head passes the bottom of the piriform sinus until the bolus tail passes the same point while drinking from a cup (C1). Then, we selected C1 and S2 for variables and detect the patients who have subclinical dysphagia with cluster analysis. Forty-two subjects were divided into two groups: those composed of 14 patients (cluster 1), and those composed of 16 patients and 12 controls (cluster 2). We thought 14 patients in cluster 1 would have subclinical dysphagia for the cause of abnormal sensation in the throat. Temporal and spatial analysis revealed three forms of pharyngeal swallow in cluster 1. In 6 patients, the bolus stall in the valleculae prior to the onset of the pharyngeal swallow. In other 6 patients, the bolus stall in the piriform sinus before swallowing reflex. In the other 2 patients, the bolus moved smoothly but slowly without delay in pharynx. Our results indicate that a delayed swallowing reflex is the main functional finding in videofluoroscopy in patients with subclinical dysphagia contributing to an abnormal sensatin in the throat.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibiotic prescribing patterns for sore throat infections in a university-based primary care clinic.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies reveal that a high percentage (over 50%) of episodes for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are treated with antibiotics, regardless of appropriateness or the necessity for prescription. We identified antibiotic prescriptions in a primary health care centre (PHC) and evaluated their suitability for sore throat infections. We also explored whether symptoms, signs, diagnosis and antibiotics prescribed differed by gender. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We collected data on all patients visiting the centre over a period of 12 weeks with a main complaint of sore throat who were prescribed antibiotics after taking a blood count and throat culture. Patients older than 16 years of age were included in the study irrespective of sex, nationality, marital status, occupation or location of residence. The chi square (chi2) statistical test was used in comparing categorical variables. A P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: During the period of study, 579 patients with URTIs presented to the health centre, from which 339 patients with a sore throat were enrolled. Of the study group, 48.7% (165) were male and 51.3% (174) female, with the majority of patients being under 30 years old (54.3%). Throat cultures were positive in 56 patients (16.5%). Most of patients were diagnosed as having pharyngitis (22.7%), and the most frequently prescribed medicine was an oral penicillin (39.1%). Two hundred eight-six patients (84.4%) had 2 or fewer Centor criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Throat cultures were positive in only 16.5% of the patients prescribed antibiotics. This indicates that physicians in the health centre of the university are prescribing antibiotics inappropriately and inconsistently. This also highlights the need for more prescriber education, especially as the range of medications available to the general practitioner for prescribing increases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effect on antibiotic prescribing of repeated clinical prompts to use a sore throat score: lessons from a failed community intervention study.

OBJECTIVES: Infections with group A streptococcus (GAS) occur in 10% to 20% of patients with sore throats, whereas antibiotics are prescribed 50% of the time. Clinical scoring rules can more accurately predict the likelihood of GAS infection, but whether family physicians will adopt such approaches is unclear. This study sought to determine whether repeated clinical prompts to use a scoring approach could help family physicians lower antibiotic use in patients with a sore throat. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized trial in which physicians were assigned to use either (1) chart stickers that prompted them to calculate a score based on clinical findings and provided management recommendations linked to score totals or (2) a clinical checklist. POPULATION: Ninety-seven family physicians in Ontario, Canada, assessed 621 children and adults with sore throat and obtained a throat swab for culture. OUTCOMES MEASURED: (1) Unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions given to patients with a negative throat culture and (2) overall antibiotic use. RESULTS: There were no differences between the control and intervention group in unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions (16.1% vs 20.4%, respectively, P =.29) or overall antibiotic use (27.9% vs 28.1%, P =.97). However, a number of physicians dropped out of the study; as a result, the characteristics of the physicians in the 2 groups were dissimilar in factors related to prescribing. After adjusting for these differences and patient clustering by physician, the odds ratio for the effect of the intervention on unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 1.40) and 0.57 for overall antibiotic use (95% CI = 0.27, 1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Chart prompts during clinical encounters to use a clinical score in the assessment of patients with a sore throat did not reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing by family physicians. The problems encountered in conducting this community-based intervention trial are discussed in relation to the negative result.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of chamomile-extract spray for prevention of post-operative sore throat.

A randomized, double-blind study was carried out to assess the effect of 111 mg of Chamomile extract spray compared with normal saline spray (placebo) administered before intubation on post-operative sore throat and hoarseness. One hundred and sixty-one ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status I, II elective surgical patients were recruited. Forty-two out of 80 patients (52.5%) in the Chamomile group scored no post-operative sore throat in the post-anesthesia care unit compared with 41 out of 81 patients (50.6%) in the placebo group, p=0.159. Post-operative sore throat and hoarseness both in the post-anesthesia care unit and 24 hour after operation were not statistically different. There was no statistically significant relationship between sore throat or hoarseness and ASA physical status, sex, history of smoking, grade of laryngoscopic view, number of intubation attempts, condition during intubation and condition of extubation. However, there was significant correlation between use of oral airway and sore throat in the post-anesthesia care unit and 24 hours after operation (p=0.031 and 0.002 respectively). Chamomile extract spray administered before intubation, therefore, can not prevent post-operative sore throat and hoarseness.

Administration, Topical↗