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PubMed1996

Content analysis of prime-time television medical news. A pediatric perspective.

OBJECTIVES: To assess child health news broadcasts by a major regional television station and to evaluate the attitudes of parents and pediatricians about the context and value of television news reports. DESIGN: Videotaping 6 months of consecutive evening news telecasts (Monday and Friday). Self-administered surveys given to a convenience sample of parents and mailed to community pediatricians. SETTING: Local and national newscasts of prime-time coverage by a major metropolitan television station. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty-four members of the Buffalo (NY) Pediatric Society and 87 parents of children in the outpatient or inpatient departments of The Children's Hospital, Buffalo. RESULTS: Pediatric issues were presented in 15% of local and 21% of national medical news stories. Adult-specific issues were addressed in 48% of local and 33% of national medical news reports. Local pediatric news reports focused on behavior (22%) and major illnesses (22%); national pediatric news concentrated on nutrition (30%), allergy (21%), and major illnesses (21%). Seventy percent of local and 85% of national pediatric news reports referenced an informative source. Fifty-one (59%) of the 87 parents and 69 (48%) of the 144 pediatricians consider television news to be an effective means of increasing awareness of child health issues. Parents and physicians recommended pediatric emergencies, safety, disease prevention, and adolescent issues as important areas of emphasis for television news. Fifty-one percent of the parents (44) and 48% of the pediatricians (69) believed that television reports increase knowledge of how to access local health resources. CONCLUSIONS: Television news reports are important sources of child health information. Pediatric topics on local and national news programs often do not focus on topics considered of highest priority by parents and pediatricians. Greater awareness by pediatricians of the potential value of television news as a tool for public health education is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986-1990.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents has increased, and television viewing has been suggested as a cause. We examined the relation between hours of television viewed and the prevalence of overweight in 1990, and the incidence and remission of overweight from 1986 to 1990 in a nationally representative cohort of 746 youths aged 10 to 15 years in 1990 whose mothers were 25 to 32 years old. Overweight was defined as a body mass index higher than the 85th percentile for age and gender. RESULTS: We observed a strong dose-response relationship between the prevalence of overweight in 1990 and hours of television viewed. The odds of being overweight were 4.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 9.6) times greater for youth watching more than 5 hours of television per day compared with those watching 0 to 2 hours. When adjustments were made for previous overweight (in 1986), baseline maternal overweight, socioeconomic status, household structure, ethnicity, and maternal and child aptitude test scores, results were similar (odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 12.1). We also found significant relations between television viewing and increased incidence and decreased remission of overweight during this 4-year period, adjusted for baseline covariates. The adjusted odds of incidence were 8.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.6 to 26.5) times greater for youth watching more than 5 hours of television per day compared with those watching for 0 to 2 hours. Estimates of attributable risk indicate that more than 60% of overweight incidence in this population can be linked to excess television viewing time. CONCLUSION: Television viewing affects overweight among youth, and reductions in viewing time could help prevent this increasingly common chronic health condition.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2000

The association between television viewing and overweight among Australian adults participating in varying levels of leisure-time physical activity.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of physical activity on the association between television viewing and overweight (body mass index (BMI) > or =25 kg/m2). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study administered by interview to adults randomly selected from the electronic white pages. SUBJECTS: 3392 adults (64% response rate) from a representative population sample in the State of New South Wales, Australia. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported height and weight, two-week leisure-time physical activity recall, one-week average television viewing recall. RESULTS: BMI and physical activity patterns were both associated with hours of television watched. Compared to those participants who reported watching less than one hour of television per day, those watching 1 to 2.5 hours were 93% more likely to be overweight (BMI>/=25 kg/m2), those watching 2.5 to 4 hours were 183% more likely to be overweight, those watching more than 4 hours per day were four times more likely to be overweight. Physical activity was not directly associated with being overweight, but an interaction between activity and television watching was present. Respondents in the low, moderate and high physical activity categories who reported watching more than 4 hours of television per day were twice as likely to be overweight compared to those who watched less than one hour of television per day, irrespective of physical activity participation. CONCLUSIONS: With approximately half the Australian adult population overweight or obese, these findings indicate that public health strategies to reduce overweight and prevent weight gain may need to focus on reducing sedentary behaviours such as television viewing in addition to increasing physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Young adolescents' perceptions of peer sexual behaviours: the role of television viewing.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether young adolescents' perceptions of peers' sexual activity is related to the amount of television viewing, and whether this relationship may be moderated by young adolescents' pubertal development. METHODS: This study used a sample of 12- and a sample of 15-year-olds; 2127 respondents in a targeted sample of nine schools in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium), completed a questionnaire with questions about their television viewing behaviour, the estimated prevalence of given sexual activities in peers, and self-reports on pubertal development and sexual experience. RESULTS: In the sample of 12-year-olds, results demonstrated that a quadratic regression equation provides the best description for the relationship between television viewing and perceptions of peer sexual behaviours, indicating that the 'effect' of television only starts off after a level of about 45 h of television viewing per week. Further exploration showed that this relationship remains significant when controlling for gender and sexual experience, and is stronger at more advanced levels of pubertal development. In the sample of 15-year-olds, linear and unmoderated relationships were found. Irrespective of their pubertal status, gender, or level of sexual experience, television viewing is related to higher expectations of peers' sexual activities. CONCLUSION: Concerns about the impact of television viewing on sexual health should not be limited to older adolescents. This research has identified 12-year-olds who display a higher level of pubertal development and generally spend much time with television viewing as a category of viewers-at-risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of transportation safety measures portrayed in primetime US television programs and commercials.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of transportation related safety behaviors, such as seatbelt and helmet use, in primetime US television programs and commercials. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Top rated television programs and associated commercials from four major US television networks were reviewed for the prevalence of transportation safety related behaviors during a one month period in 2005. Programs were categorized according to the time and network of airing, program type, program rating, and--for commercials--type of product being advertised SUBJECTS: Occupants of automobiles, motorcycles, or bicycles in 507 instances in which a transportation scene was aired. RESULTS: Seatbelt use was depicted in 62% and 86% of individuals in television program and commercial automobile scenes, respectively. The prevalence of motorcycle helmet use was 47% in television programs and 100% in commercials. Bicycle helmets were used in 9% of television programs and 84% of commercials. The frequency of seatbelt use in programs and commercials varied by television rating and genre but did not differ by network, time of airing, or age of character portrayed. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of safety related behaviors aired on major US networks during primetime slots is higher than previous reports but still much lower than national averages. Commercials, in contrast, portray transportation safety measures with a frequency that exceeds that of US television programs or most national surveys.

Advertising↗
PubMed1998

How older people watch television. Telemetric data on the TV use in Germany in 1996.

This study has been prompted by the relatively small body of knowledge on the media use of the elderly. The aim of this study was to show how people 50 years and older use the medium television in Germany. Therefore, the 1996 television usership data collected in a representative 'peoplemeter' panel of about 4,800 German television households have been surveyed, processed and analyzed using standard audience research software. In 1996, Germans 50 years and above watched on average 233 min television per day. The older a person, the longer he or she watches television. Individuals 65 years and older watch television for 253 min per day. This subgroup appears to comprise the most intensive users of the medium. Men 65 years and above may be depicted as the heaviest weekend TV watchers, older women as the medium's closest followers from Monday to Friday. Television program broadcast late in the afternoon and early in the evening have by far the best chances to be chosen by seniors. The affinity of the elderly for the medium can be explained by its potential for offering entertainment, information, and companionship, being a substitute for primary interpersonal communication, a tool for structuring time patterns and keeping up the rhythms of long-established everyday rituals. On the one hand, television can be a 'lifeline' and a 'window to the outside world' for people with little opportunity for direct, unmediated social contact, thus possibly raising their satisfaction of life. On the other hand, prolonged TV use may be seen as an indicator for the degree of loneliness and neglect of the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Watching your troubles away: television viewing as a stimulus for subjective self-awareness.

Three studies explored the role of television viewing in eliciting subjective self-awareness and positive self-feelings. Study 1 assessed the effects of self-awareness manipulations via exposure to a neutral television program on actual-ideal discrepancies. Those who watched television showed significantly smaller self-discrepancies than those who did not, independent of mood. Study 2 demonstrated the ecological validity of this finding by replicating it with people watching television in their own homes. Study 3 investigated whether manipulations of self-feelings affected television watching. Results indicated that those who received failure feedback watched television longer than those in a control condition who likewise watched television longer than those who received success feedback. Television appears to be an effective stimulus to direct the focus away from oneself and to render people less aware of how they are falling short of their standards.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident.

This study examined the influence of bomb-related television viewing in the context of physical and emotional exposure on posttraumatic stress symptoms--intrusion, avoidance, and arousal--in middle school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Over 2,000 middle school students in Oklahoma City were surveyed 7 weeks after the incident. The primary outcome measures were the total posttraumatic stress symptom score and symptom cluster scores at the time of assessment. Bomb-related television viewing in the aftermath of the disaster was extensive. Both emotional and television exposure were associated with posttraumatic stress at 7 weeks. Among children with no physical or emotional exposure, the degree of television exposure was directly related to posttraumatic stress symptomatology. These findings suggest that television viewing in the aftermath of a disaster may make a small contribution to subsequent posttraumatic stress symptomatology in children or that increased television viewing may be a sign of current distress and that it should be monitored. Future research should examine further whether early symptoms predict increased television viewing and/or whether television viewing predicts subsequent symptoms.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Toppled television sets cause significant pediatric morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify pediatric injuries and deaths that result from toppled television sets. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of incident files compiled by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) data systems and The Children's Hospital of Alabama (TCHA) inpatient medical records. SETTING: United States, January 1990-June 1997. TCHA, May 1995-October 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morbidity or mortality as a result of a television set falling onto a child. RESULTS: Over the 7-year period from January 1990 to June 1997, 73 cases that involved falling television sets were reported to the CPSC, including 28 deaths. The mean age of all victims was 36 months (SD +/- 25.4 months). The mean age of those who died was 31 months (SD +/- 22 months). Females accounted for 42 incidents (58%) and 19 deaths (68%). The most common anatomic site of injury was the head, which accounted for 72% of cases investigated by CPSC personnel. Of the 14 deaths further investigated by the CPSC, head injury was responsible for 13, with a generalized crushing injury accounting for the other. Of the 45 cases in which data were available, dressers or stands were identified as the television support 76% of the time. The TCHA database yielded five additional cases, including one death, with demographics similar to the CPSC data. CONCLUSION: Serious injury and death can occur as a result of children toppling television sets from elevated locations in the home. The furniture on which a television set is situated is of fundamental importance. An estimate of overall risk to the population is impossible to determine from these data. In light of 73 reported cases with 28 deaths; however, injury prevention counseling and other strategies supporting in-home safety should include a secure and child-safe location for television sets. Attention should be paid to safer design and placement of this ubiquitous product. television, wounds and injuries, accidents, human, infants, children.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2002

Television viewing and initiation of smoking among youth.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, and the risk of disease increases the earlier in life smoking begins. The prevalence of smoking among US adolescents has increased since 1991. Despite bans on television tobacco advertising, smoking on television remains widespread. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether youth with greater exposure to television viewing exhibit higher rates of smoking initiation. METHODS: We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child Cohort to examine longitudinally the association of television viewing in 1990 among youth ages 10 to 15 years with smoking initiation from 1990-1992. Television viewing was based on the average of youth and parent reports. We used multiple logistic regression, taking into account sampling weights, and controlled for ethnicity; maternal education, IQ, and work; household structure; number of children; household poverty; child gender; and child aptitude test scores. RESULTS: Among these youth, smoking increased from 4.8% in 1990 to 12.3% in 1992. Controlling for baseline characteristics, youth who watched 5 or more hours of TV per day were 5.99 times more likely to initiate smoking behaviors (95% confidence interval: 1.39-25.71) than those youth who watched <2 hours. Similarly, youth who watched >4 to 5 hours per day were 5.24 times more likely to initiate smoking than youth who watched <2 hours (95% confidence interval: 1.19-23.10). CONCLUSIONS: Television viewing is associated in a dose-response relationship with the initiation of youth smoking. Television viewing should be included in adolescent risk behavior research. Interventions to reduce television viewing may also reduce youth smoking initiation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The association between television viewing and irregular sleep schedules among children less than 3 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Regular sleep schedules are an important part of healthy sleep habits. Although television viewing is associated with altered sleep patterns and sleep disorders among children and adolescents, the effect of television viewing on the sleep patterns of infants and toddlers is not known. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that television viewing by infants and toddlers is associated with having irregular naptime and bedtime schedules. METHODS: We used data from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health, a nationally representative, cross-sectional study of the health and health care of children 4 to 35 months of age. Our main outcome measures were whether children had irregular naptime and bedtime schedules. Our main predictor was hours of television watched on a daily basis. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusting for a variety of factors including demographic information, measures of maternal mental health, and measures of family interactions, to test the independent association of television viewing and irregular naptime and bedtime schedules. RESULTS: Data were available for 2068 children. Thirty-four percent of all children had irregular naptime schedules, and 27% had irregular bedtime schedules. Mean hours of television viewing per day were as follows: 0.9 hours/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8-1.0 hours/day) for children <12 months of age, 1.6 hours/day (95% CI: 1.4-1.8 hours/day) for children 12 to 23 months of age, and 2.3 hours/day (95% CI: 2.1-2.5 hours/day) for children 24 to 35 months of age. In our logistic regression model, the number of hours of television watched per day was associated with both an irregular naptime schedule (odds ratio: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.18) and an irregular bedtime schedule (odds ratio: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: Television viewing among infants and toddlers is associated with irregular sleep schedules. More research is warranted to determine whether this association is causal.

Child Care↗
PubMed2006

Television viewing and pedometer-determined physical activity among multiethnic residents of low-income housing.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the association between television viewing and pedometer-determined physical activity among predominantly racial/ethnic minority residents of low-income housing in metropolitan Boston in 2005. METHODS: We used mixed models to analyze the association between reported hours of television viewing and pedometer-determined steps per day among 486 adults. We also examined whether television viewing was associated with the achievement of 10000 steps per day. RESULTS: There was a mean 3.6 hours of average daily television watching. In multivariable analyses, each hour of television viewing on an average day was associated with 144 (95% confidence interval [CI]= -276, -12) fewer steps per day and a decreased likelihood of accumulating 10,000 steps per day (odds ratio [OR]=0.84; 95% CI=0.71, 0.99). Weekday and weekend television viewing were each also associated with fewer steps per day. CONCLUSIONS: Average daily television viewing was associated with reductions in total pedometer-determined physical activity levels (approximately 520 steps per day) in this lower-income sample. As part of a comprehensive physical activity promotion plan, recommendations to reduce television viewing should be made.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Television advertising of foodstuffs potentially detrimental to oral health--a content analysis and comparison of children's and primetime broadcasts.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to examine the nature, content and duration of advertisements broadcast during children's television; determine the proportion of advertisements promoting food; identify the potential of the food advertised to be detrimental to oral health; and to compare the nature and content of advertisements aimed at children with those transmitted during evening 'primetime' television. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Children's and primetime television, broadcast on a main independent terrestrial channel in South Wales were video recorded, 237 and 42 hours being analysed in total. RESULTS: Analysis of the recording resulted in a total of 3,236 commercials, of which 2,345 were broadcast during children's television and 891 in primetime. During children's TV, 62.5% of advertising time was devoted to foodstuffs, significantly greater (P< 0.001) than the 18.4% of time spent advertising foods during primetime. Of the time spent advertising foods, during children's television 73.4% was devoted to products deemed potentially detrimental to oral health (primarily high in sugar), compared to 18.6% similarly categorised during evening television. CONCLUSIONS: Commercials for products which have the potential to adversely affect oral health constitute a large proportion of advertising time during children's television. Current codes of the Independent Television Commission governing advertising directed at children should be reviewed.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Television-viewing characteristics of adults: correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among television viewing, eating practices, and overweight and health status of a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. METHODS: Data on adults aged 20 years or older from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-1996 were used for the study. Participants' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, macronutrient intakes, weight status, prevalence of health conditions, television viewing, and overweight status were analyzed. Survey design effects were used in the analyses. RESULTS: More than 2 hours of television viewing per day was associated with a high mean body mass index and overweight or obesity in both men and women. Other characteristics associated with watching more than 2 hours of television per day were being 50 years of age or older, having a high school education or less, living in a household with income below 131% of the federal poverty level, and not being employed. Adults who watched more than 2 hours of television per day had high intakes of energy and macronutrients and were more likely to be overweight. They also obtained more energy from snacks and supper. A higher percentage of adults with health conditions watched more than 2 hours of television per day compared with adults without health conditions. CONCLUSION: Obesity intervention programs, especially those aimed at adults who are retired or not employed, should emphasize reducing time spent viewing television or videos or participating in similar sedentary activities and discourage snacking or eating while watching television.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Energy expenditure, television viewing and obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To measure energy expenditure (EE) of television viewing, sitting, and resting and duration of self-selected television viewing in obese and non-obese men and women. DESIGN: Cross-over randomized study consisting of two separate 24-h stays in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. SUBJECTS: 123 obese and non-obese healthy men and women (age: 38 +/- 9, BMI: 29.4 +/- 7.9) MEASUREMENTS: Rates of energy expenditure during resting (RMR), sitting (EEsit) and television viewing (EEtv) using indirect calorimetry technique on two separate 24-h stays in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Physical activities and work of body movements during these periods using a large force platform system located inside the calorimeter. RESULTS: Rates of EE for television viewing, adjusted for differences in body composition were 18% higher than resting metabolic rate (RMR), but similar to rates of other sedentary activities. There were no significant differences between obese and non-obese subjects in metabolic rates during resting, television viewing, and other sedentary activities. Average time of self-selected television viewing was significantly greater in obese than in non-obese subjects and also in women than in men. CONCLUSION: EE rate for television viewing in adults is higher than RMR and similar to other sedentary activities. Obese adults choose television viewing as a form of leisure activity more often than non-obese individuals and as a result they could significantly reduce other forms of physical activities and total daily EE.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Association of television viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement.

BACKGROUND: Excessive television viewing in childhood has been associated with adverse effects on health and behavior. A common concern is that watching too much television may also have a negative impact on education. However, no long-term studies have measured childhood viewing and educational achievement. OBJECTIVE: To explore these associations in a birth cohort followed up to adulthood. DESIGN: Prospective birth cohort study. SETTING: Dunedin, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 1000 unselected individuals born between April 1, 1972, and March 31, 1973. Ninety-six percent of the living cohort participated at 26 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Educational achievement by 26 years of age. RESULTS: The mean time spent watching television during childhood and adolescence was significantly associated with leaving school without qualifications and negatively associated with attaining a university degree. Risk ratios for each hour of television viewing per weeknight, adjusted for IQ and sex, were 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.65) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.67-0.85), respectively (both, P<.001). The findings were similar in men and women and persisted after further adjustment for socioeconomic status and early childhood behavioral problems. Television viewing during childhood (ages 5-11 years) and adolescence (ages 13 and 15 years) had adverse associations with later educational achievement. However, adolescent viewing was a stronger predictor of leaving school without qualifications, whereas childhood viewing was a stronger predictor of nonattainment of a university degree. CONCLUSIONS: Television viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with poor educational achievement by 26 years of age. Excessive television viewing in childhood may have long-lasting adverse consequences for educational achievement and subsequent socioeconomic status and well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Television exposure and overweight risk in preschoolers.

OBJECTIVE: To test the independent effect of television exposure in preschool-aged children on overweight risk. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. SETTING: Ten US sites. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand sixteen children selected via conditional random sampling. MAIN EXPOSURE: Being awake in the room with the television on for 2 hours or more per day, by maternal report at age 36 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Child overweight (body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters] > or =95th percentile) calculated from measured anthropometrics at ages 36 and 54 months. Covariates tested included child sex and race; maternal marital status, education, age, and depressive symptoms; income-needs ratio, child behavior problems; Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment total score; hours per week in nonparental care; and proportion of television exposure that was educational. RESULTS: At age 36 months, 5.8% of children were overweight; at age 54 months, 10.0% were overweight. Exposure to 2 or more hours of television per day was associated with an increased risk of overweight at both age 36 months (odds ratio, 2.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-6.24) and age 54 months (odds ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.83) in unadjusted analyses. Only maternal age altered the concurrent relationship, and the effect of television remained significant (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-5.62). Television exposure at age 36 months was no longer a significant predictor of overweight at age 54 months when controlling for covariates. CONCLUSION: Excessive television exposure is a risk factor for overweight in preschoolers independent of a number of potential confounders associated with the quality of the home environment.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Televised movie trailers: undermining restrictions on advertising tobacco to youth.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of televised movie trailers that included images of tobacco use during 1 year and the extent of youth exposure to those trailers. DESIGN: Content analysis combined with Nielsen data measuring media exposure. All movie trailers (N = 216) shown on television from August 1, 2001, through July 31, 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exposure among youth aged 12 to 17 years to televised movie trailers that included smoking imagery. RESULTS: Of the movie trailers televised during the study period, 14.4% (31 trailers) included images of tobacco use. Tobacco use was shown in 24.0% of the 23 trailers for R-rated (restricted) movies and 7.5% of the 8 trailers for PG-13- and PG-rated (parental guidance) movies. Ninety-five percent of all youth aged 12 to 17 years in the United States saw at least 1 movie trailer depicting tobacco use on television during this 1 year, and 88.8% saw at least 1 of these trailers 3 or more times. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all US youth aged 12 to 17 years were exposed to images of tobacco use on television in the context of a movie trailer during the study period. Given the relationship between youth exposure to tobacco use in movies and smoking initiation, the public health community should work to enact policy to reduce or eliminate the influence of tobacco use in televised movie trailers.

Adolescent↗