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PubMed1978

[Occurrence of various enzymes in synovial fluid of cattle and swine].

The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fructose-1.6-diphosphate aldolase (ALD), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) were determined on the basis of 75 synovia samples taken from the tarsal joints (Art. talocruralis) of 41 cattle for slaughter of different sexes and aged between one and 13 years as well as on the basis of 56 synovia samples taken from the knee joints (Art. femoropatellaris), tarsal joints (Art. talocruralis), and carpal joints (Art. intercarpicus) of 20 fattening pigs. Both the general condition and cell content of synovial fluid in clinically intact joints are described. The activities of ALD and AspAT (less than 15 IU/l), LDH (less than 200 IU/l), and NAG (less than 6,000 IU/l) in synovial fluid of cattle were much lower than those in blood serum of the same species. They were normally distributed. AP activity (less than 150 IU/l) in synovial fluid, however, was higher by several factors as compared to activity in blblished. In swine synovial AspAT and AP activities were just as high as in blood serum, while LDH activities were higher by 1.5 times. Major NAG activity was observed, as well. All enzyme activities were characterised by normal distribution. All five LDH isoenzymes but only one AP isoenzyme were established. The above data were compared with findings reported by other authors, and the comparison showed these results as being characteristic of synovial enzyme activities in clinically intact joints of the two species under review.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1991

The role of PGE2 in the sensitization of mechanoreceptors in normal and inflamed ankle joints of the rat.

The role of PGE2 in the sensitization of high-threshold tarsal joint mechanoreceptors (putative nociceptors) has been investigated in 11 arthritic and 16 normal rats. Injections of a low dose of Freund's complete adjuvant at multiple sites into the tissues surrounding the ankle joint induced a chronic unilateral monoarthritis in the injected limb. Measurements of both spontaneous activity and responses of tarsal joint mechanoreceptors to repeated graded mechanical stimuli were made. All of the mechanoreceptors examined had afferent fibres with conduction velocities in the C- or A-delta range. Using this new model of joint inflammation we have shown that lysine acetylsalicylate reduces the mechanical sensitivity of these joint mechanoreceptors and reduces the spontaneous activity in afferent nerve fibres. Prostaglandin E2 is unable to restore either the spontaneous activity in the afferent axon or the mechanical sensitivity of tarsal joint mechanoreceptors after lysine acetylsalicylate in the arthritic rat. Similarly, PGE2 does not sensitize or excite tarsal joint mechanoreceptors in the normal rat. In the normal rat, however, PGE2 potentiates the excitatory action of bradykinin and enhances the sensitizing effect of bradykinin on the responses of joint mechanoreceptors to mechanical stimulation when both substances are injected simultaneously. These results indicate that PGE2 is not important in the sensitization of these joint mechanoreceptors in this model of chronic joint inflammation but that in other circumstances PGE2 may be able to contribute to a sensitization of joint mechanoreceptors by enhancing the action of bradykinin.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of different projections for radiographic detection of tarsal degenerative joint disease in Icelandic horses.

Radiographs from 196 tarsi in 98 Icelandic horses were evaluated to compare the accuracy of four different projections in detecting radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in the distal tarsus. The extent and localization of tarsal degenerative joint disease found in one projection when reading all four projections of the same tarsus together was compared with the combined findings from all four projections. The results of reading individual radiographic projections without knowledge of the other three projections was also evaluated. Degenerative joint disease was detected most frequently in the plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique (P1L-DMO) projection. The location with the highest relative frequency of radiographic findings was the dorsolateral aspect of the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints respectively. Radiographic signs of active bone remodelling was detected in 30 (33%) and periarticular osteophytes in 51 (56%) of 91 tarsi with degenerative joint disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of lateral heel wedges on sagittal and transverse plane kinematics of trotting Shetland ponies and the influence of feeding and training regimes.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Lateral heel wedges are used to treat horses and ponies with patella fixation or bone spavin. However, these therapies are purely empirically based and lack scientific evidence. OBJECTIVES: Lateral heel wedges would change joint motion in the sagittal, but mainly in the transversal planes, in healthy horses. This effect would be increased by restricted feeding and decreased by extra training. METHODS: A group of 24 Shetland ponies age 3 years was used, as foals had been assigned to restricted and ad libitum (ad lib) feeding, and low and high level training groups of 6 animals each. An experienced judge evaluated passive patella luxation in the square standing pony, using a score of 0 (normal) to 4 (stationary patella luxation). The motion of the markers, glued to the skin covering skeletal landmarks on the left fore- and hindlimbs, was recorded 3 dimensionally at a frequency of 300 Hz using a modified CODA-3 apparatus while trotting on a treadmill at a speed of 3.0 m/sec, before and directly after 5 degrees lateral heel wedges had been applied to the hindlimbs. After data analysis, the kinematic variables in the sagittal and transversal plane, under these 3 conditions (wedge, feeding, training), were compared statistically using a multivariate repeated measures analysis, general linear model (P < 0.05). RESULTS: In the sagittal plane, an acute change in hind hoof conformation resulted in a less animated trot with a less protracted forelimb and less hindlimb flexion. This is similar, although less pronounced, to the decrease in limb flexion reported previously as a result of restricted feeding. More specifically, lateral heel wedges resulted in significant changes in the transversal plane angles of all joints in the hindlimb. The stifle joint became maximally 1.8 degrees more adducted just before the end of the stance phase, while the tarsal joint was 2.9 degrees and fetlock joint 4.7 degrees more abducted (P < 0.05). In the restricted feeding group, stifle joint adduction was 85 degrees and tarsal joint abduction 5.6 degrees larger than in the ad libitum feeding group (P < 0.05). The patella luxation score was also significantly higher in this group (1.8) compared to ponies fed ad libitum (0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of lateral heel wedges on the equine locomotor system in the transversal plane movement relieve tension from the medial patellar ligament and decrease pressure on the medial side of the tarsal joint. However, the fetlock joint experiences considerably more out of plane stress. Poor body condition resulted in a 2x worse patella luxation score, while the effect on stifle and tarsal joint movement in the transversal plane was almost 5x and 2x larger, respectively, than a lateral wedge. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The clinical importance of general body condition for maintaining lateral stability in the equine hindlimbs is established, but future research may prove that wedges are beneficial to treat patella fixation and bone spavin in the long term.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Kinematic evaluation of gait in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture.

OBJECTIVE: Noninvasive, computer-assisted, three-dimensional kinematic gait analysis was used to describe lameness in a chronic model of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs. DESIGN: Hind limb lameness was evaluated prior to and at 1, 3, and 6 months after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. ANIMALS: Seven clinically normal large dogs. PROCEDURE: Dynamic flexion and extension angles and angular velocities were calculated for the coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints. Distance and temporal variables were determined. Essential Fourier coefficients were used to develop mean flexion extension curves for all joints and to compare changes in movement that developed with CCLR over time. RESULTS: Each joint had a characteristics pattern of flexion and extension movement that changed with CCLR. The femorotibial joint angle was more flexed throughout stance and early swing phase of stride and failed to extend in late stance. Angular velocity of the femorotibial joint was damped throughout stance phase, with extension velocity almost negligible. The coxofemoral and tarsal joint angles, in contrast to the femorotibial joint angle, were extended more during stance phase. These changes were documented as differences noted in the essential Fourier coefficients. Stride length and frequency also varied significantly after CCLR. CONCLUSIONS: Cranial cruciate ligament rupture affects movement of the coxofemoral and tarsal joints, as well as the femorotibial joint, in gait. A pattern of joint movement may be discerned in which the coxofemoral and tarsal joints compensate for the dysfunction of the femorotibial joint. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Methods were developed that will improve objective evaluation of CCLR and its treatment in dogs.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

[Flat foot: treatment by sub-talar arthrodesis with reposition of the talus calcaneum (author's transl)].

Since 1962, the authors have used a technique of sub-talar arthrodesis combined with talar-calcaneal reposition ("horseman" operation) in cases of valgus flat foot, accompanied by symptoms, in moderate forms with exaggerated talar-calcaneal divergence and verticalisation of the talus. This operation involves only the sub-talar joint. The mid-tarsal joint is untouched. Technique must be precise in order to avoid hyper or hypo-correction. The results are constantly good. The mid-tarsal joint remains free, which offers a definite advantage in comparison with classical double tarsectomy.

Arthrodesis↗
PubMed1985

[Functional results of tibio-tarsal arthrodeses. Apropos of 52 reviewed cases].

Fifty-two patients with ankle arthrodesis were reviewed after an average follow-up of 7 years with a range between 2 and 22 years. Two-thirds of the patients had good results and 1 in 4 had fair results. In 4 cases there were bad results. Thirty-seven patients could walk without any limitation thanks to mobility of the mid-tarsal joint. Most of the patients developed radiological arthrosis of the subtalar joint with limited movement in 29 instances. In contrast, hypermobility of the mid-tarsal joint was present in almost half of the cases. Good functional results were related to the preservation of mobility in the subtalar and mid-tarsal joints. The time required to obtain a good functional result was about one-and-a-half years. After this the results were stable, provided that the ankle fusion was in a good position. Most of the poor results were related to arthrosis of the sub-talar joint or trophic changes. Secondary extension of fusion to other joints was deceptive. It is concluded that combined arthrodesis of the tibio-talar and sub-talar joints should be done only in cases of severe arthrosis. In other cases, the mobility of the sub-talar and mid-tarsal joints should be preserved.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed2000

Shank rotation: A measure of rearfoot motion during normal walking.

Motion of the shank in the transverse plane is coupled with pronation and supination of the rearfoot, and so its motion relative to the foot can be used as an indicator of the pattern of motion in the rearfoot. Compared to the more commonly used assessment of motion in the frontal plane between the heel and the shank, motion of the shank in the transverse plane relative to the foot provides a more complete measure of the pattern of motion of the rearfoot because it reflects the motion in all three joints of the rearfoot (the ankle, subtalar joint and mid-tarsal joint) not solely the ankle and subtalar components. This work aimed to provide normative data for this alternative measure of rearfoot function. Data on angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration were derived from motion-analysis conducted on 25 subjects. The results suggest a difference between the pattern of angular displacement indicated when motion of the shank relative to the foot is examined and the pattern of angular displacement indicated when motion in the frontal plane between the shank and heel is examined. Specifically, the former suggests that resupination of the rearfoot after rearfoot pronation during the initial period of gait, starts at the beginning of mid-stance, while the latter suggests resupination beginning in late mid-stance. Where comparisons were possible, data on the velocity and acceleration appeared reasonable and provide further parameters with which to investigate the role of motion in the rearfoot in the development of pathologic conditions and the effects of intervention on motion in the rearfoot.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of expected response to selection for orthopedic health and performance traits in Hanoverian Warmblood horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether selection schemes accounting for orthopedic health traits were compatible with breeding progress in performance parameters in Hanoverian Warmblood horses. ANIMALS: 5,928 horses. PROCEDURE: Relative breeding values (RBVs) were predicted for osseous fragments in fetlock (metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal) and tarsal joints, deforming arthropathy in tarsal joints, and pathologic changes in distal sesamoid bones. Selection schemes were developed on the basis of total indices for radiographic findings (TIR), dressage (TID), and jumping (TIJ). Response to selection was traced over 2 generations of horses for dressage and jumping ability and all-purpose breeding. Development of mean RBVs and mean total indices in sires and prevalences of orthopedic health traits in their offspring were used to assess response to selection. RESULTS: Giving equal weight toTIR andTID, TIJ, or a combined index of 60% TID and 40% TIJ, 43% to 53% of paternal grandsires and 70% to 82% of descending sires passed selection. In each case, RBVs and total indices increased by as much as 9% in selected sires, when compared with all sires, and prevalences of orthopedic health traits in offspring of selected sires decreased relatively by as much as 16%. When selection was exclusively based on TID, TIJ, or TID and TIJ, percentages of selected sires were 44% to 66% in the first and 73% to 84% in the second generation and TID and TIJ increased by 9% to 10% and 19% to 23%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with exclusively performance-based selection, percentages of selected sires changed slightly and breeding progress in TID, TIJ, or TID and TIJ was only slightly decreased; however, prevalences of orthopedic health traits decreased in offspring of TIR-selected sires.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lisfranc arthrodesis for chronic pain: a cannulated screw technique.

Nine patients with injury to the tarsometatarsal joint underwent fusion with cannulated screw fixation after conservative treatment had failed. Symptoms consisted of localized pain, forefoot abduction, and progressive collapse of the medical column. Early diagnosis and treatment were associated with a better functional outcome. The technique involved either a single or double incisional approach, resection of joints, reduction and fixation with cannulated cancellous screws. A total of 43 joints were fused: 37 tarsometatarsal joints and 6 tarsal joints. A partial Lisfranc joint complex fusion (medial three joints) was performed in four patients and a total joint complex fusion was performed in five patients. Intertarsal fusion was performed when pathologic change was evident. A cannulated screw was used to fixated 40 of the 43 joints fused. Reduction was performed prior to arthrodesis, when significant fracture-dislocation had occurred. The cannulated self-tapping cancellous screw technique provides a method of reduction that decreases technical difficulty while providing compression across the fusion site. After an average follow-up of 29 months (range 20 to 36 months), seven patients (78%) rated their outcome as good. One patient had a fair result (11%), and one patient had a poor result (11%).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness and poor performance among horses used for barrel racing: 118 cases (2000-2003).

OBJECTIVE: To identify types of musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness or poor performance in horses used for barrel racing. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 118 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical and lameness examination findings, diagnostic tests performed, diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS: Most horses were examined because of lameness (n = 72 [61%]) rather than poor performance (46 [39%]), but owner complaint was not significantly associated with age or body weight of the horse. The most common performance change was refusal or failure to turn properly around the first barrel (19/46 [41%]). The right forelimb (n = 57 [48%]) was most commonly affected, followed by the left forelimb (51 [43%]), the left hind limb (31 [26%]), and the right hind limb (25 [21%]). In 31 horses (26%), both forelimbs were affected, and in 6 (5%), both hind limbs were affected. The most common musculoskeletal problems were forelimb foot pain only (n = 39 [33%]), osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints (17 [14%]), suspensory ligament desmitis (15 [13%]), forelimb foot pain with distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis (11 [9%]), and bruised feet (10 [8.5%]). In 81 (69%) horses, the affected joint was treated with intra-articular medications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in horses used for barrel racing that are examined because of lameness or poor performance, the forelimbs are more likely to be affected than the hind limbs, with forelimb foot pain and osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints being the most common underlying abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of standing tarsal angle on joint kinematics and kinetics.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The tarsal joint is a frequent site of lameness, but little objective information is available regarding the effects of tarsal conformation on joint movements or forces. OBJECTIVE: To compare tarsal kinematics and kinetics in horses with large, intermediate and small tarsal angles. METHODS: Sagittal plane standing angle of the right tarsal joint was measured in 16 horses as they stood squarely with the hind hooves vertically beneath the hip joint. Tarsal angles were classified as small (< 155.5 degrees), intermediate (155.5-165.5 degrees) or large (> 165.5 degrees). Reflective markers, attached over the centres of joint rotation, were tracked during stance as the horses trotted across a force plate at a standardised speed. Joint angles and ground reaction forces were combined with morphometric data to calculate net joint moments and net joint powers across the tarsus using inverse dynamics. RESULTS: In all horses, the tarsus flexed during the impact phase and extended in late stance. Tarsal angles were stratified according to standing tarsal angle throughout stance. Horses with large standing angles showed less flexion and less energy absorption at the tarsus during the impact phase than those with intermediate or small angles and generated less vertical impulse than horses with small standing angles. Net extensor moment at the tarsus during stance was lower for horses with large standing angles. CONCLUSIONS: In horses with large tarsal angles, less concussion was absorbed during the impact phase, which may be a factor in the development of degenerative joint disease; and the smaller vertical impulse and extensor moment later in stance may limit propulsive ability. However, the smaller net joint moment may reduce the risk of plantar ligament desmitis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The effects of conformation on kinematics and kinetics of the tarsal joint may influence both performance and soundness.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1975

[Ball and socket ankle joint and tarsal synostosis (author's transl)].

Ball and socket ankle joints in 4 patients with "tarsal coalition" have first been described by Lamb and later by others. This report deals with a further case. The boy with a congenitally short left leg and absence of the lateral two toes was seen at the age of 4 months. He was again seen at 11 years of age after a sprain of the right ankle. Roentgen-examination showed calcaneotarsal synostosis and a ball and socket ankle joint with a fatigue fracture of the lateral metatarsal. The shape of the ankle joint appears to be part of a non-inheritable congenital defect with early embryonal disturbance of cleft formation in the tarsus.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

The treatment of Lisfranc injuries.

Thirty-one patients with fracture-dislocations of the tarsometatarsal joint were examined to assess the functional end results after a mean follow-up of 2.9 years (range 20 to 56 months). Sixty-one percent were polytrauma patients; 39% suffered isolated fractures. Forty-five percent had associated lesions of the tarsal joint complex (Chopart and subtalar joint). According to the Baltimore Painful Foot Scoring System (PFS), 52% achieved an excellent or good result and 48% a fair or poor result. Of the four different treatment modalities, open reduction and temporary screw or K-wire fixation yielded the best results. The major determinants of acceptable results were the type of treatment, type of lesions, the quality of initial reduction and associated involvement of the tarsal joint complex. The extent of the initial injury was the determining factor in the development of late degenerative arthritis. Degenerative changes of the tarsal joint were seen in almost all cases (94%). Such changes were more frequent after temporary screw fixation but did not seem to influence the final results. An initial anatomical reduction did not guarantee excellent results but minimized the chance of late degenerative arthritis. Primary arthrodesis demonstrated no advantage in our series. Although partial arthrodesis may be necessary in severely comminuted joints, it cannot be routinely advocated and should be used as a salvage procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Genetic analyses of the radiographic appearance of the distal sesamoid bones in Hanoverian Warmblood horses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether additive genetic correlations existed between certain aspects of the radiographic appearance of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bones (RNB) or between RNB and other types of radiographic changes in the limbs of Hanoverian Warmblood horses. ANIMALS: 5,157 horses. PROCEDURES: Quasi-linear and binary traits were defined by the appearance of canales sesamoidales (CSs) and the structure and contour of the forelimb navicular bones (NBs). Prevalences of osseous fragments in the metacarphophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) and tarsocrural joints and deforming arthropathy in tarsal joints were analyzed as binary traits. Genetic parameters were estimated by use of multivariate linear models. RESULTS: Heritability estimates for the RNB traits ranged from 0.10 to 0.34. Additive genetic correlations among those traits were usually close to unity. Extensive radiographic changes in the NBs, including changes in CSs and alterations in structure and contour, had correlations with less distinct radiographic changes. Negative additive genetic correlations were observed between small numbers of short and conical CSs in the central portion of the distal border of the NB and osseous fragments and arthropathy, and between most types of radiographic findings in the NBs and osseous fragments in tarsal joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The genetic bases for different types of RNB were not identical. The detection of correlations between normal RNB and findings of short and conical CSs versus deformed CSs and structural and contour changes warrants further study. Genetically justified distinction between physiologic and pathologic NB changes will increase the efficiency of selecting against NBs with radiographically apparent alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Noninvasive kinematic analysis of the walk in healthy large-breed dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To use computer-assisted kinematic analysis to describe the walk in healthy dogs and to adapt Fourier transformation for analysis of the data. DESIGN: Evaluation of normal walk in dogs, using kinematic and force plate analysis. SAMPLE POPULATION: 15 healthy large-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Morphometric data were collected to describe the sample population. Temporal and distance variables were measured to describe the walk. Flexion and extension movements were described for the scapulohumeral, cubital, carpal, coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints. Fourier transformation was adapted to facilitate analysis of the joint angle waveforms. RESULTS: Unique and complex patterns of flexion and extension movements were observed for each joint studied. The walk had consistency of movement in the sample population in temporal and distance variables and joint movements. Variances attributable to intra- and interdog differences were similar and 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the mean Fourier coefficients from which they were calculated for all 6 joints. The number of essential Fourier coefficients required to represent the joint angle waveforms was 3 for the coxofemoral joint, 5 each for the femorotibial, scapulohumeral, cubital, and carpal joints, and 6 for the tarsal joint. CONCLUSIONS: Computer-assisted kinematic gait analysis proved to be a reliable and consistent technique for assessment of movement at the walk in dogs, and Fourier transformation was shown to be an effective tool for analysis of the kinematic data. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The database derived from the normal sample population in this study can be used as a model of musculoskeletal function at the walk for future comparisons with disease and treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Kinematic gait analysis of hind limb symmetry in dogs at the trot.

OBJECTIVE: To describe intratrial differences in hind limb symmetry in healthy dogs at the trot, using noninvasive, computer-assisted, three-dimensional kinematic gait analysis. ANIMALS: 8 clinically normal large-breed adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Dynamic flexion and extension angles and angular velocities were calculated for the coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints of dogs at the trot. Temporal and distance variables were computed. Essential Fourier coefficients were used to determine mean flexion and extension curves for all joints and to compare differences in movement between right and left hind limbs. Variances attributable to limb, dog, and trial were determined. RESULTS: Each joint had a characteristic pattern of flexion and extension movement that was used to compare intratrial symmetry of hind limb gait. Significant differences were not detected in temporal or distance variables between the right and left hind limbs. Significant differences were not noted in essential Fourier coefficients used to characterize coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joint angles and angular velocities, with the exception of the cosine-0 coefficient for coxofemoral angular velocity. Variation in joint angle and angular velocity measurements were attributable to individual dog and trial. Variation attributable to limb was negligible. CONCLUSIONS: Intratrial evaluation of right-left hind limb symmetry, using kinematic gait analysis, indicated objectively that hind limb movement is symmetrical at the trot in healthy large-breed dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Documentation of hind limb symmetry at the trot will help provide a basis for direct comparison of both hind limbs in future studies evaluating gait and treatment of dogs with musculoskeletal disease.

Animals↗