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PubMed1997

[Sucking and drinking behavior as criteria of vitality in newborn calves].

Newborn dairy calves (n = 82) were investigated for relations between frequency and intensity of sucking movements at the one hand and course of parturition, values of a modified Apgar-Score, time between birth and first standing as well as parameters in the blood (lactate, glucose, immunoglobulins, pH, base excess, pCO2) and the incidence of newborn diseases at the other hand. In another group 101 dairy and 533 crossbred calves (dairy x beef) were compared with regard to the course of parturition, vitality, sucking behaviour and the ability to stand and drink without help 12 hours post natum. Sucking behaviour can be recommended as a criterion of vitality alone or as part of a modified Apgar-Score. A frequency of 80 and more intensive sucking movements/min sucking time and the ability to stand and drink without human help within 12 hours post natum are physiological. In milk x beef crossbred calves this ability can be impaired even in cases of normal birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of nonnutritive sucking upon the behavioral arousal of the newborn.

The sample consisted of 20 typical Caucasian infants, 10 males and 10 females, equally distributed between the experimental and control groups. Experimental infants were offered a nonnutritive nipple and permitted to suck to satiety at 1, 4, and 8 hours of age. All infants were offered their first feeding at 12 hours of age. Behavioral arousal of all infants, assessed in accord with the Behavioral Inventory for Assessing States (BIAS), was recorded during comparable time periods at 1, 4, 8, and 12 hours of age. Duration of nutritive sucking, quantity of nutriment consumed, frequency of bubbling, and time required to bubble the infant were monitored during the first feeding. The experimental group engaged in behavioral states characterized by sleep or irritability less frequently and in states characterized by alert wakefulness more frequently than the control group. Feeding exerted no effect upon the behavioral arousal of either group. The experimental group required less time to bubble during feeding than the control group. Results are related to early infant stimulation and to the infant as stimulus in infant-caretaker interaction.

Arousal↗
PubMed2002

Does nutritive and non-nutritive sucking reduce other oral behaviors and stimulate rest in calves?

After a milk meal, bucket-fed calves show non-nutritive oral activities, including cross-sucking, and this can discourage producers from rearing them in groups. Sucking is known to induce a quiet state in humans and rats. We examined if nutritive sucking affects non-nutritive oral activities in calves, if it reduces arousal (assessed through behavior and cardiac activity), and if sucking a dry teat can compensate for the lack of nutritive sucking. In Exp. 1, the behavior and the cardiac activity of individually housed calves fed milk from a bucket were compared to those of calves fed milk through a teat. During the meal, the heart rate of bucket-fed calves was higher than that of teat-fed calves (P < 0.0001). After the meal, only bucket-fed calves displayed bar sucking. Compared to the teat-fed calves, they spent more time licking their pen or their neighbor (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05), their heart rate was less variable (P < 0.01), and they lay down with the head unsupported by the neck less quickly (latency to lie down: 51 min vs 42 min, P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, individually-housed bucket-fed and teat-fed calves were observed with or without access to a non-nutritive teat after the meal. Bucket-fed calves sucked the dry teat for longer than teat-fed calves (P < 0.001). In bucket-fed calves, access to the dry teat reduced the time spent nibbling (P < 0.01) and tended to shorten the latency to lie down (P < 0.10). In Exp. 3, group-housed bucket-fed calves were compared with group-housed calves fed with an automatic teat feeder system. Bucket-fed calves spent more time nibbling at 1 mo, but at 3 mo they spent less time nibbling and cross-sucking; they drank more milk and put on more weight. We conclude that, for calves housed individually, teat-feeding reduces non-nutritive oral activities after the meal and induces a calmer state than bucket-feeding. Providing calves with a dry teat partly compensates for the lack of nutritive sucking. For calves housed in groups, the use of an automatic teat feeder may not reduce calves' motivation for sucking. No improvement of growth was observed with teat-feeding either with a teat-bucket or with an automatic feeder.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritive sucking research: from clinical questions to research answers.

Nutritive sucking and feeding behaviors have the potential to predict developmental outcomes. Research is beginning to connect nutritive sucking behaviors and neurodevelopmental outcomes, providing an important understanding of how infants develop during the first year of life. A program of research has evolved using sucking behaviors as the primary indices of both maturation and development in preterm infants. Clinical questions were the guiding force behind 5 funded grants from the National Institutes of Health and many small grants from foundations and professional organizations. Three of the National Institutes of Health studies were research based and 2 were for development of the feeding instrumentation. These cumulative grants have generated a significant volume of data; highlights and clinical implications of this work are presented in this article.

Child Development↗
PubMed1994

Behavioral and physiologic effects of nonnutritive sucking during gavage feeding in preterm infants.

Behavioral and physiologic responsivity to nasogastric gavage feeding was assessed in 36 preterm infants on 2 consecutive d. On one of these days, a pacifier was provided during and after the gavage segment of the standardized protocol. The protocol was divided into segments that included baseline, preparatory handling, pregavage, gavage, and postgavage periods. Patterns of cardiac (heart period and vagal tone), oxygen saturation, behavioral state, and defensive behavioral responses to gavage were quantified. These stable preterm infants responded to handling and gavage feeding with reduction in heart period, vagal tone, and oxygen saturation. These responses were not altered by provision of a pacifier, although there was a tendency for fewer episodes of bradycardia and oxygen desaturation. Conversely, behavioral state was affected significantly by nonnutritive sucking: when provided with a pacifier, infants exhibited less behavioral distress, spent less time in fussy and active awake states during and after feeding, and returned to a sleep state significantly faster. There is converging evidence to suggest that nonnutritive sucking lessens behavioral distress to iatrogenic stressors but does not alter physiologic responsiveness.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed2004

Effects of diet and handling on initiation of independent ingestion in rats.

The present study examined the effects of dietary manipulation on the age of onset of weaning in rat pups. In Experiment 1, female rats were placed on a standard chow (SC) or high-fat (HF) diet 1 week following mating. Pups were weighed daily from birth to Day 12, then animals were placed into specialized cages for separate recording of food intake of pups and dams. Pups were offered the same diet as their dam, and food intake and body weight were determined twice daily until Day 25. The results demonstrated that pups reared by dams fed the HF diet initiated independent ingestion on Day 16, approximately 24 hr before pups reared by dams fed the SC diet. There were no differences in body weight in pups across the two diets. While few differences were noted across diets in pups' or dams' behavior, HF pups appeared to demonstrate a delay in the establishment of circadian patterns of food intake. In Experiment 2, all dams were maintained on an SC diet until the day after parturition. At that time, dams and litters were placed into specialized cages and divided into four groups: HF/HF, HF/SC, SC/SC, and SC/HF (dam's diet/pup's diet, respectively). The results demonstrated that dams given the HF diet had pups that initiated food intake approximately 2 days before the pups of dams given the SC diet. In addition, pups offered the HF diet, independent of the dam's diet, initiated food intake approximately 0.8 days prior to pups offered the SC diet. Further, by Day 12, HF dams had pups that were heavier than SC dams. The results suggest that the onset of weaning in rats is affected by maternal diet and the weaning diet available to the pup.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Chin marking behavior, sexual receptivity, and pheromone emission in steroid-treated, ovariectomized rabbits.

The effect of daily injections of estradiol benzoate (1 or 10 micrograms) and of progesterone (10 mg) on chin marking activity, sexual receptivity, and emission of nipple-search pheromone in ovariectomized rabbits was investigated. Both estradiol treatments resulted in a significant increase in all three measures over baseline and control group levels within 1-3 days, and withdrawal in a return to pretreatment levels within 2 weeks (Experiment I). In contrast, the administration of progesterone to such estradiol-primed does resulted in an almost immediate suppression of chin marking and lordosis, but in marked enhancement of pheromone emission and aggressive behavior (Experiment II). However, progesterone given alone to nonprimed does had no effect on any of these measure (Experiment III). The response profiles resulting from these treatments correspond well to patterns reported for intact does during estrus (= estradiol alone), pregnancy (= estradiol plus progesterone), and at parturition (= progesterone withdrawal).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Factors associated with intersucking in Swiss dairy heifers.

Intersucking is a problem that may lead to udder damage, mastitis, milk loss, and culling of breeding animals. To analyse the risk factors for intersucking in dairy heifers in Switzerland, we asked 130 randomly selected dairy farmers about a broad spectrum of environmental factors that might be associated with intersucking (such as housing conditions, management, and the feeding of calves and heifers). In total, 2768 heifers (Swiss Brown Cattle, Simmental and Holstein Friesian) were included of which 303 had ever performed intersucking. Data at the farm level were analysed using path analysis (linear and logistic regression). Two outcome variables were considered: the occurrence of intersucking on the farm and the proportion of intersucking heifers above the cut-off of 7.2%. Farms where calves had no access to barnyard or pasture, where calves were reared in pens in enclosed buildings, where heifers after weaning were not restrained while feeding, where heifers after weaning received <0.5kg concentrate per day, and where heifers after weaning were fed > or =40% maize silage (dry-matter ratio) were most likely to have intersucking heifers.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A descriptive analysis of nursing behavior in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

Earlier studies have clarified the sequence and control of behavioral interactions during nursing in the rat. For comparison, we analyzed nursing behavior in the precocial guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). The behaviors of 6 dams with litters of 3 pups were videotaped under undisturbed conditions during both phases of the light-dark cycle and after reunion during the light phase on Days 1, 2, 3, 6, and 13 postpartum. More time was spent nursing in the light than in the dark and in the 1st week than on Day 13. Pup licking was not required for nipple attachment to occur even on Day 1. Dams displayed a crouched nursing posture accompanied by 120 s or more of body plus head immobility, similar to the crouched stance in the rat; body plus head immobility was rarely seen in females not in a crouched stance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A possible function of the preference for hind nipples in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).

Prairie vole pups (Microtus ochrogaster) in laboratory cages prefer hind nipples. In this research, the author observed 8 litters of prairie voles in a seminatural environment to confirm the preference for hind nipples and to determine if young on hind nipples were groomed more frequently or dislodged less frequently than were young on other nipples. Prairie vole pups in seminatural environments preferred hind nipples; this preference was illustrated by the progressive use of more anterior nipples only as litter size increased and by the reluctance of pups to voluntarily release their hold on hind nipples. Maternal grooming of young did not vary with suckling location. Prairie vole young on hind nipples, however, were dislodged less frequently than were young on other nipples. Less frequent dislodgment from hind nipples during maternal movements may play a role in the preference for hind nipples in prairie voles.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritive sucking and neurobehavioral development in preterm infants from 34 weeks PCA to term.

PURPOSE: To investigate changes in nutritive sucking patterns, behavioral state, and neurobehavioral development of preterm infants from the 34 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) to term. DESIGN: Nonexperimental descriptive correlational design was used. METHODS: A convenience sample included 66 preterm infants with a gestational age between 24 and 34 weeks at birth. Mean gestational age was 29.7 weeks, with a mean birthweight of 1379 grams. Instruments included the Kron Nutritive Sucking Apparatus, the Anderson Behavioral State Scale (ABSS), and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS). A feeding procedure was administered at 34 and 40 weeks PCA with BNBAS administered at 40 weeks PCA. Data analysis strategies included t-tests, Spearman rho correlations, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, and a Random Coefficients Model. RESULTS: There were significant differences in number of sucks (p < 0.001), intensity of sucking pressures (p < 0.001), average time between sucks (p < 0.001), and average time between bursts (p < 0.001) from 34 weeks PCA to term. With maturation, it was noted that the preterm infants were significantly more alert during the sucking protocol from 34 weeks to term (p < 0.001). Yet, infant sucking parameters at 34 weeks PCA and term were not significantly related to the BNBAS or to the infant's state. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These results demonstrate that high risk preterm infants mature significantly in their sucking behaviors and in their ability to maintain a more alert behavioral state from 34 weeks PCA to term. However, unlike full term infants--where state is positively correlated to feeding (sucking) success--the preterm infant state of alertness may not enhance sucking skills at 34 weeks PCA. These infants may be too stressed to manage both feeding and stimulation from the environment that is unavoidable when alert. However, this relationship does appear to change by 40 weeks PCA.

Female↗