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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Prevalence of dentofacial characteristics in a belgian orthodontic population.

The aim of this retrospective study was to provide quantitative information on the prevalence of dentofacial characteristics to find correlations between them and to determine the orthodontic treatment need in a Belgian orthodontic population. Data were acquired from 1,477 patients who had initial records made at the Department of Orthodontics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium between February 1983 and June 1997. The prevalence of Angle Class I, Class II div. 1, Class II div. 2 and Class III malocclusions was, respectively, 31%, 52%, 11% and 6%. The male-to-female ratio was 4:6. Spacing and trauma to teeth occurred more in males than in females. The prevalence of the following dentofacial characteristics was significantly different between the Angle classes: segmental crossbite; crossbite of one tooth; facial asymmetry; protral and lateral mandibular shift; horizontal and vertical growth patterns, impacted teeth; traumatised teeth; ectopically erupting canines; age at first records. No significant difference in the prevalence of the Angle classes between the sexes was found. Several clinically relevant correlations were found between the examined dentofacial characteristics. This Belgian orthodontic population from the Leuven region seems to be comparable to other orthodontic populations in Europe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Using economic analysis to determine the resource consequences of choices made in planning clinical trials.

In the planning stages of a clinical trial, investigators and funding agencies must make decisions which affect the conduct of those trials. One such decision concerns the choice of the minimum difference in outcomes between experimental and control therapies which would be considered clinically important, a variable which is used to calculate the sample size requirement. This choice is often determined by arbitrary rules-of-thumb. In order to make explicit the resource implications of such arbitrary choices this paper describes a cost-effectiveness model which determines the consequences (in resource allocation terms) of attempting to demonstrate smaller differences in outcomes. Incorporating economic principles into the decision making process in planning clinical trials may be helpful in allowing investigators and funding agencies to set priorities when allocating funds across trials competing for a fixed research budget.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Dynamic response characteristics of CO2-induced air hunger.

The time course of change in 'air hunger', the uncomfortable urge to breathe, was assessed following sudden increases and decreases in PETCO2. Healthy normal men and women were mechanically ventilated at constant tidal volume and frequency, and were required to rate the perceived intensity of air hunger every 10-15 sec. PETCO2 was changed by altering FICO2 unbeknownst to the subject. Air hunger changed to its new level following steps with a median time constant of about 50 sec during hyperoxia. Changes in air hunger following PETCO2 steps were slightly faster when background gas was slightly hypoxic. Although the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that air hunger and ventilatory drive share the same receptors and central neural processes, analysis of dynamic response is probably not sensitive enough to disprove the hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Ultrasound screening and perinatal mortality: controlled trial of systematic one-stage screening in pregnancy. The Helsinki Ultrasound Trial.

During a 19-month period, 95% of all pregnant women in the greater Helsinki area, Finland, entered a study to compare one-stage ultrasonography screening with selective screening according to antenatal hospital use, obstetric procedures, and fetal outcomes. Of 9310 women who entered the trial, 4691 were randomly allocated to ultrasound screening between the 16th and 20th gestational weeks and 4619 to follow-up only. Screened and control groups otherwise had the same antenatal care, which included ultrasonography according to usual practice. Screened women made fewer visits to the antenatal outpatient clinic than did women in the control group (2.3 vs 2.6). There were no differences in the number of labour inductions or mean birthweights in the two groups. Perinatal mortality was significantly lower in the screened than in the control group (4.6/1000 vs 9.0/1000); this 49.2% reduction was mainly due to improved early detection of major malformations which led to induced abortion. All twin pregnancies were detected before the 21st gestational week in the screening group compared with 76.3% in the control group; perinatal mortality in the small series of twins was 27.8/1000 vs 65.8/1000, respectively.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation in a down-loaded mental health system.

Speculation that policy and funding shifts in the nation's mental health system would negatively impact program evaluation services in community mental health centers (CMHC) is substantiated. Performance of program evaluation activities was investigated in 71 CMHCs in 15 states over a two-year period. Twenty-five percent of the centers reported cutbacks, including staff attrition and diminished funding devoted to evaluation functions. The majority of centers reported no changes, but many directors representing these centers also indicated that they had never fully developed a capacity for performing evaluations and would cease to devote attention to these activities without available funding. In some centers evaluation functions are being transferred to clinical administrators; integrated into quality assurance activities; performed "as needed' by external consultants; or ignored altogether. Many centers are developing or enhancing a computerized information system to improve internal efficiency and to meet state accountability requirements. The professional issues raised to these trends as well as their implications for federal and state policy are discussed.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed1992

Sample size determination based on Fisher's Exact Test for use in 2 x 2 comparative trials with low event rates.

A collection of sample size tables are presented for designing comparative trials when the event rates p1 and p2 are low. The tables are based on exact power calculations for Fisher's Exact Test. Both one-sided and two-sided alternative hypotheses are considered. A comparison is made between these sample sizes and those obtained by using popular asymptotic approximations.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1983

Patient education in the hospital health-care setting.

The implementation of patient education within the hospital setting can be justified for a variety of reasons. The rationale for implementing patient education can be justified in terms of escalating emphasis on consumerism and informed participation on the part of the health-care recipient, the support of federal legislation, the support of hospital regulatory bodies, the support of third-party insurance carriers and private foundations, increased cooperation and compliance on the part of the patient, reduced stress levels for the hospitalized patient, and the improvement of staff-patient relationships. All of these serve as a database that justifies the integration of patient education within hospital care services. Patient education is the responsibility of the existing health-care system. In many instances, patient education is still not being approached in a serious manner. Therefore this paper attempts to provide a number of reasons health-care professionals functioning within the hospital setting should implement this process.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1987

Organizational resources in support of patient education programs: relationship to reported delivery of instruction.

Two studies of patient education programs tested hypotheses regarding the relationship between structural, attitudinal, and resource variables and reported receipt of instruction by patients and delivery of instruction by providers. Three predictor variables--degree of structure for implementation, provider perception of reinforcement for doing patient education, and perceived payoffs from the program, were significantly related to measures of the dependent variable. Age of the program, administrator support for social change and staff support for the program, did not show significant relationships with receipt/delivery of instruction. Future studies might investigate: how coordinative functions are carried out rather than whether a coordinator for the program has been named, the relationship between financial condition of the hospital and ability to deliver patient education services, and the relationship between patient education resources and outcome variables such as health care services used and cost. Research about resources necessary to ensure adequate delivery of instruction to patients is as important as is research about resources necessary to ensure adequate delivery of instruction to patients is as important as is research about the design of instruction.

Data Collection↗