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PubMed2000

Matrilineal history of the endangered Cape Sable seaside sparrow inferred from mitochondrial DNA polymorphism.

Restriction analyses were conducted on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) amplified by long-PCR from an endangered bird, the Cape Sable seaside sparrow. The first of several successful mtDNA amplifications was accomplished using the partially digested tissue remains of a transmitter-monitored bird retrieved from the gut of a snake. As many as 91 mtDNA restriction fragments produced by 18 endonucleases were compared in this and four other Cape Sable specimens against mtDNA similarly amplified by long-PCR from other taxonomic forms in the seaside sparrow complex. Results indicate that the Cape Sable birds belong to an 'Atlantic' matrilineal clade, and are highly divergent from other seaside sparrows along the Gulf of Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of duration and time of food availability on the photoperiodic response in the male house sparrow, Passer domesticus.

We investigated the effects of food availability on the seasonal testicular growth in the photoperiodic house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Two experiments were performed, each lasting 4 weeks. In experiment 1, sparrows were exposed to natural (NDL; group 1), short (8L:16D; group 2) and long (16L:8D; groups 3-5) day lengths with access to food ad libitum (groups 1-3) or for 10 h (zeitgeber time (zt) 0-10, group 4; zt 0 is the time of light onset) or for 8 h (zt 8-16, group 5). Testes recrudesced under long, but not short and natural, day lengths, and the recrudescence under long days was influenced by the duration of food availability. In experiment 2, the sparrows were exposed to short (8L:16D, group 1) and long (16L:8D, groups 2-5) day lengths with access to food ad libitum (for groups 1 and 2) or for 6 h (for groups 3-5) at different times during the 16 h light period (group 3- zt 0-6, group 4- zt 5-11, group 5- zt 10-16). As the expected, the testes recrudesced only under long lengths, but the photoinduction was variable among the 4 groups. The testes grew to full size in groups 2 and 3 that received food either ad libitum or for 6 h at zt 0-6, but to sub-maximal size in the groups that received 6 h food either at zt 5-11 (group 4) or at zt 10-16 (group 5). Altogether, these results support the idea that the photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in a seasonally breeding species is influenced both by the duration and the time of food availability.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental changes in digestive physiology of nestling house sparrows, Passer domesticus.

Six decades of studies have speculated that digestive capacity might limit avian growth rate or that developmental changes in the gut might determine developmental changes in digestive efficiency. However, there are no studies on digestive enzymes during avian development, except for studies on mainly domestic birds that exhibit the precocial mode of development. We studied alimentary organ masses, intestinal enzyme activities (sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, aminopeptidase-N), and pancreatic enzyme activities (amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin) during development of a wild passerine bird exhibiting the altricial mode of development. Wild nestling house sparrows were studied immediately after removal from the nest (days 0, 3, 6 of age; day 0=hatch), whereas captives were raised in the laboratory beginning day 3 on a formulated casein/starch-based diet until fledging age (after day 12). Digestive biochemistry was dynamic. Tissue-specific activities of some digestive enzymes continued to increase through fledging, by >10 times in some cases (e.g., sucrase and maltase in midintestine). Total pancreatic amylase activity increased 100 times between hatch and day 12 through a combination of increases in tissue-specific activity and pancreas mass. House sparrows differ from poultry, in whom after about 2 wk of age the specific activity of intestinal and pancreatic digestive enzymes is generally constant or declines during development. The data on intestinal and pancreatic enzymes help explain why digestive efficiency of nestling house sparrows improves with age, and the data seem consistent with the idea that digestive capacity might limit feeding rate and hence growth rate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Renal glomerular and tubular effects of antidiuretic hormone and two antidiuretic hormone analogues in house sparrows (Passer domesticus).

We infused arginine vasotocin, the natural avian antidiuretic hormone, and two antidiuretic hormone analogues into house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to evaluate the vascular and tubular components of antidiuresis in a small (25-g) bird. During control infusion of 25 mmol L-1 NaCl (0.6 mL h-1), urine flow rate was 0.73 mL h-1, glomerular filtration rate was 10.0 mL h-1, the ratio of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the urine relative to that in the plasma was 16.4, and urine osmolality was 279 mOsmol kg-1. Infusion of arginine vasotocin (0.4 ng kg-1 min-1) decreased urine flow rate by 50% and glomerular filtration rate by 27%, while urine osmolality and the ratio of urine PEG to plasma PEG rose to 150% and 140% of control values, respectively. A higher dose of arginine vasotocin (1.6 ng kg-1 min-1) accentuated these changes. Infusion of the antidiuretic hormone analogue dPTyr(Me)AVT, designed as an antagonist to the V1 (mammalian vascular) receptors for arginine vasopressin, by itself (4.0 ng kg-1 min-1) had no effect on any measured variable (P > or = 0.1). Infusion of the analogue along with arginine vasotocin (0.4 ng kg-1 min-1) abolished the effect of arginine vasotocin on glomerular filtration rate, which suggests that this analogue blocked vascular receptors for arginine vasotocin in house sparrows. Under these circumstances, changes in urine flow rate, the ratio of urine PEG to plasma PEG, and urine osmolality were reduced to nonsignificance. The analogue d(CH2)5[D-Ile2,Ile4,Ala-MH2]AVP, designed as an antagonist to the effects of arginine vasopressin at V2 (mammalian renal tubular) receptors, also was without effect by itself. However, in the presence of this analogue, the effects of arginine vasotocin on urine flow rate and the ratio of urine PEG to plasma PEG were significantly enhanced, and this occurred without any enhanced diminution of glomerular filtration rate. Thus, this analogue appeared to activate a tubular mechanism of antidiuresis. Overall, the data suggest that action of arginine vasotocin at renal vascular receptors plays an important role in effecting antidiuresis in house sparrows. Blockade of renal vascular actions of arginine vasotocin by a V1 antagonist suggest that these receptors may be similar to the mammalian vascular (V1) receptor. The data also suggest a separate action of arginine vasotocin at the renal tubules, but the receptors there apparently differ from the mammalian tubular (V2) receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Body building and concurrent mass loss: flight adaptations in tree sparrows.

Environmental changes are responsible for the evolution of flexible physiology and the extent of phenotypic plasticity in the regulation of birds' organ size has not been appreciated until recently. Rapid reversible physiological changes during different life-history stages are virtually only known from long-distance migrants, and few studies have focused on less extreme aspects of organ flexibility. During moult, birds suffer from increased wing loading due to wing-area reductions, which may impair flight ability. A previous study found that tree sparrows' escape flight (Passer montanus) is unaffected during moult, suggesting compensatory aptness. We used non-invasive techniques to study physiological adaptations to increased wing loading in tree sparrows. As wing area was reduced during natural moult the ratio of pectoral-muscle size to body mass increased. When moult was completed this ratio decreased. We show experimentally a novel, strategic, organ-flexibility pattern. Unlike the general pattern, where body mass is positively coupled to pectoral-muscle size, tree sparrows responded within 7 days to reductions in wing area by reducing body mass concurrently with an increase in pectoral-muscle size. This rapid flexibility in a non-migratory species probably reflects the paramount importance and long history of flight in birds.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Exogenous melatonin reduces the resynchronization time after phase shifts of a nonphotic zeitgeber in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus).

Continuous melatonin administration via silastic implants accelerates the resynchronization of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) after exposure to phase shifts of a weak light-dark cycle. Constant melatonin might induce this effect either by increasing the sensitivity of the visual system to a light zeitgeber or by reducing the degree of self-sustainment of the circadian pacemaker. To distinguish between these two possible mechanisms, two groups of house sparrows, one carrying melatonin implants and the other empty implants, were kept in constant dim light and subjected to advance and delay shifts of a 12-h feeding phase. The resynchronization times of their circadian feeding rhythm following the phase shifts were significantly shorter when the birds carried melatonin implants than when they carried empty implants. In a second experiment, melatonin-implanted and control birds were released into food ad libitum conditions 2 days after either a delay or an advance phase shift. The number of hours by which the activity rhythms had been shifted on the second day in food ad libitum conditions was assessed. Melatonin-implanted house sparrows had significantly larger phase shifts in their circadian feeding rhythm than control birds. This is in accordance with the first experiment since a larger phase shift at a given time reflects accelerated resynchronization. Additionally, the second experiment also excludes any possible masking effects of the nonphotic zeitgeber. In conclusion, constant melatonin accelerates resynchronization even after phase shifts of a nonphotic zeitgeber, indicating that constant high levels of melatonin can reduce the degree of self-sustainment of the circadian pacemaker independent of any effects on the photoreceptive system.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The effect of pinealectomy on circadian plasma melatonin levels in house sparrows and European starlings.

We determined 24-hr plasma melatonin profiles in intact, sham-pinealectomized, and pinealectomized European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in a light-dark (LD) cycle and in constant darkness (DD). In the intact and sham-pinealectomized birds of both species, a melatonin rhythm was found, with low levels during the day and high levels during the night. Pinealectomy abolished the nighttime peak of melatonin in both species; hence, levels were low at all times sampled. This uniform response of plasma melatonin to pinealectomy contrasts with the differential response of circadian activity rhythms to pinealectomy for these two species. In DD, locomotor activity in pinealectomized house sparrows is usually arrhythmic, whereas in starlings a rhythm usually persists. This suggests that in the latter species free-running circadian rhythms are not necessarily dependent on a rhythm in plasma melatonin. The same is true for the synchronized activity rhythm observed in pinealectomized birds of both species in LD, as well as for the damped rhythm that persists in pinealectomized house sparrows following an LD-to-DD transfer. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the pineal and its periodic output of melatonin constitute only one component in a system of at least two coupled pacemakers. They also suggest that there are species differences in the relative role played by the pineal and other pacemakers in controlling circadian rhythms in behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Circadian feeding and locomotor rhythms in pigeons and house sparrows.

Feeding and locomotor activities were measured simultaneously in homing pigeons (Columba livia) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Feeding, as well as locomotor activity, was found to be regulated by a circadian clock in both of these species. Implantation of melatonin-filled capsules or exposure to constant light abolished feeding and locomotor rhythms in both species. Removal of the pineal gland from pigeons did not abolish either rhythm, whereas pinealectomy abolished both feeding and locomotor rhythms in house sparrows. Although feeding rhythms were generally more robust than locomotor rhythms in both of these species, different feeding and locomotor free-running periods were not observed within any individual pigeon or house sparrow. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that each of these species has a single pacemaker that regulates the timing of feeding and locomotor activity, but they do not rule out the possibility that separate clocks regulate these behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Circadian aspect of photoperiodic time measurement in a female house sparrow, Passer domesticus.

Endogenous circadian rhythms are involved in various photoperiodic responses of birds. Investigations involving the mechanisms of photoperiodic time measurement in birds have been confined mainly to temperate zone species using males exclusively. Due to the paucity of experimental evidence on subtropical birds that have very wide distribution, the present study was performed using subtropical female house sparrows. Photoperiodic sparrows were subjected to various T cycles for 60 days in which a fixed 3-h photophase was combined with scotophase in cycles of 20-30 h duration. Simultaneously, two groups of birds were also exposed to short days (light:dark = 8L:16D) or long days (15L:9D) as controls. Significant ovarian growth was found only in cycles of 3L:17D, 3L:23D, 3L:25D, and 3L:27D as well as in 15L:9D, whereas no positive response was detected in 3L:19D, 3L:21D, and 8L:16D. Plasma levels of estradiol showed a close relation to ovarian growth. The results indicate that photoperiodic time measurement in house sparrows involves an endogenous circadian rhythm.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Kinematics of birdsong: functional correlation of cranial movements and acoustic features in sparrows.

The movements of the head and beak of songbirds may play a functional role in vocal production by influencing the acoustic properties of songs. We investigated this possibility by synchronously measuring the acoustic frequency and amplitude and the kinematics (beak gape and head angle) of singing behavior in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) and the swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). These birds are closely related emberizine sparrows, but their songs differ radically in frequency and amplitude structure. We found that the acoustic frequencies of notes in a song have a consistent, positive correlation with beak gape in both species. Beak gape increased significantly with increasing frequency during the first two notes in Z. albicollis song, with a mean frequency for note 1 of 3 kHz corresponding to a gape of 0.4 cm (a 15 degrees gape angle) and a mean frequency for note 2 of 4 kHz corresponding to a gape of 0.7 cm (a 30 degrees gape angle). The relationship between gape and frequency for the upswept third note in Z. albicollis also was significant. In M. georgiana, low frequencies of 3 kHz corresponding to beak gapes of 0.2-0.3 cm (a 10-15 degrees break angle), whereas frequencies of 7-8 kHz were associated with flaring of the beak to over 1 cm (a beak angle greater than 50 degrees). Beak gape and song amplitude are poorly correlated in both species. We conclude that cranial kinematics, particularly beak movements, influence the resonance properties of the vocal tract by varying its physical dimensions and thus play an active role in the production of birdsong.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A testosterone-independent reduction in net photoperiodic drive triggers photorefractoriness in male tree sparrows (Spizella arborea).

An experiment was performed to determine whether photorefractoriness in male tree sparrows is triggered by a testosterone-independent reduction in net photoperiodic drive or by a photoperiod-induced hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to testosterone negative feedback. Photosensitive male tree sparrows were transferred from 8 h light:16 h darkness (8L:16D) to 20L:4D. Birds were castrated bilaterally on day 28 of photostimulation. Beginning on day 33 and weekly thereafter until day 54, birds were given replacement testosterone (0-1.49 mumol) in s.c. polydimethylsiloxane capsules. Plasma samples collected on days 36, 43, 50 and 57 were assayed for LH. Plasma LH concentrations in birds without replacement testosterone were regarded as reflecting net photoperiodic drive in the absence of testosterone feedback, and the slopes of curves relating the logarithm of plasma LH concentration to dose of replacement testosterone were taken as quantitative measures of testosterone feedback sensitivity. The results showed that a testosterone-independent reduction in net photoperiodic drive beginning between days 43 and 50 preceded any change in sensitivity to testosterone negative feedback. Such results provide compelling evidence that a testosterone-independent mechanism triggers the photorefractory state in male tree sparrows.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of septal lesions on male song and aggression in the colonial zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and the territorial field sparrow (Spizella pusilla)

The present investigation assessed the effect of lesions of the septum on male courtship and aggression in the territorial field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) and the colonial zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). In addition, pair-bonding and a variety of other social behaviors were examined in the zebra finch and dawn song (both the strictly agonistic song type and the multipurpose song type) was examined in the field sparrow. Zebra finches were tested in three phases both before and after receiving bilateral electrolytic lesions of the septum or sham surgery. These phases were: (1) competition tests in which a subject and a stimulus male were exposed to a female in an adjacent cage; (2) sexual behavior tests with a female; and (3) 10-day group cage tests in which subjects were in a mixed-sex environment. Aggressive behaviors (chases, threats, beak fences and pecks) were significantly reduced by septal lesions but not by sham surgery. Directed song (courtship) was significantly reduced in sexual behavior tests, with similar trends in other testing phases. Male field sparrows were tested 2 days pre-surgery and 2 days post-surgery in outdoor aviaries placed in their natural habitat. Tests consisted of dawn song observations and observations of courtship and aggression following introduction of a female to the subject's aviary, which was followed 10 min later by the introduction of another male (without removing the female). Septal lesions significantly facilitated both overt aggression (chases) and the number of simple (multi-purpose) songs. These results provide evidence that the septum participates in the regulation of male aggression and song in songbirds, and further suggest that variations in septal function may exist between territorial and colonial species.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Effect of septal lesions on male song and aggression in the colonial zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and the territorial field sparrow (Spizella pusilla)

The present investigation assessed the effect of lesions of the septum on male courtship and aggression in the territorial field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) and the colonial zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). In addition, pair-bonding and a variety of other social behaviors were examined in the zebra finch and dawn song (both the strictly agonistic song type and the multipurpose song type) was examined in the field sparrow. Zebra finches were tested in three phases both before and after receiving bilateral electrolytic lesions of the septum or sham surgery. These phases were: (1) competition tests in which a subject and a stimulus male were exposed to a female in an adjacent cage; (2) sexual behavior tests with a female; and (3) 10-day group cage tests in which subjects were in a mixed-sex environment. Aggressive behaviors (chases, threats, beak fences and pecks) were significantly reduced by septal lesions but not by sham surgery. Directed song (courtship) was significantly reduced in sexual behavior tests, with similar trends in other testing phases. Male field sparrows were tested 2 days pre-surgery and 2 days post-surgery in outdoor aviaries placed in their natural habitat. Tests consisted of dawn song observations and observations of courtship and aggression following introduction of a female to the subject's aviary, which was followed 10 min later by the introduction of another male (without removing the female). Septal lesions significantly facilitated both overt aggression (chases) and the number of simple (multi-purpose) songs. These results provide evidence that the septum participates in the regulation of male aggression and song in songbirds, and further suggest that variations in septal function may exist between territorial and colonial species.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Some Platyhelminths inhabiting white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis (Aves: Emberizidae: Emberizinae), from Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada.

Twenty-two of 26 white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis, from Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, hosted 1 or 2 species of platyhelminths. One species of cestode and 3 of digeneans were collected. Anonchotaenia quiscali inhabited 50% of the sparrows. This is the third report of A. quiscali; Z. albicollis is a new host. Brachylecithum nanum inhabited 43%, Zonorchis alveyi 15%, and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 8% of the sparrows examined. Ontario is a new geographic distribution record from all 4 parasite species. The proportion of hosts infected with 2 species was not significantly different from expected based on single species prevalences, indicating that there is no competitive interaction among these species of parasites for access to the avian hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Glucose transport by English sparrow (Passer domesticus) skeletal muscle: have we been chirping up the wrong tree?

Glucose uptake by mammalian skeletal muscle has been extensively covered in the literature, whereas the uptake of glucose by avian skeletal muscle has yet to be examined. As skeletal muscle provides the majority of postprandial glucose uptake in mammals, this study was designed to characterize the glucose transport mechanisms and glycogen content of avian skeletal muscle. In addition, plasma glucose levels were measured. English sparrow extensor digitorum communis (EDC) skeletal muscles were used for this study to quantify in vitro radiolabeled-glucose uptake. Uptake of labeled glucose was shown to decrease in the presence of increasing unlabeled glucose and was maximal by 60 minutes of incubation. Various agents known to increase glucose transport in mammalian tissues, via the insulin and contraction-responsive pathways, were used to manipulate and characterize in vitro transport in birds. The typical effectors of the mammalian insulin pathway, insulin (2 ng/ml) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (48 ng/ml), did not increase skeletal muscle glucose transport. Likewise, inducers of the mammalian contraction-responsive pathway had no effect on glucose transport by in vitro avian skeletal muscle (5 mM caffeine, 2 mM AICAR (5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-D-ribofuranoside). Interestingly, 200 microM phloretin, an agent used to block glucose transport proteins, significantly inhibited its uptake (P<0.001). These results suggest that a glucose transporter is responsible for glucose uptake by avian skeletal muscle, albeit at unexpectedly low levels, considering the high plasma glucose concentrations (265.9+/-53.5 mg/dl) and low skeletal muscle glycogen content (9.1+/-4.11 nM glucose/mg) of English sparrows.

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide↗
PubMed2006

Oleic acid uptake by in vitro English sparrow skeletal muscle.

Studies of prolonged avian flight have shown it to require large amounts of energy supplied mainly by free fatty acids (FFA). In the present study, the high levels of plasma ketone bodies found in sparrows (2.58 mmol l(-1)) are supportive of the use of fatty acids for flight. To determine the nature of fatty acid (oleic acid, OA) uptake, various pharmacological agents were used. The uptake of OA was examined using the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle of English sparrows incubated in vitro. Initial studies demonstrated that radiolabeled OA uptake decreased in the presence of increasing unlabeled OA, suggesting that uptake occurred by a facilitative transport process. To further characterize OA uptake, EDC muscles were incubated with either: insulin (2 ng ml(-1)), insulin-like growth factor isoform-1 (IGF-I; 48 ng ml(-1)), 5'-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR; 2 mmol) or caffeine (5 mmol). Insulin, but not IGF-I, significantly increased OA uptake by avian EDC (P < 0.01). Caffeine and AICAR were ineffective at increasing OA uptake. A specific inhibitor of FFA transport by fatty acid transporters (FAT/CD36), sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO; 500 micromoles), significantly decreased OA uptake at 2.5 min. The effectiveness of SSO suggests that a FAT/CD36-like protein is expressed in avian tissues. As uptake of OA was not completely blocked by SSO, it is likely that other mechanisms for FFA movement across membranes, such as diffusion, may be present.

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide↗
PubMed2005

Increased sensitivity of the serotonergic system during the breeding season in free-living American tree sparrows.

In order to understand the physiological role of serotonin in regulating aggressive behaviour it is important to understand how this neuromodulator acts within the context of a naturally fluctuating social and physical environment. To accomplish this, we examined the effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine during the breeding season in free-living male American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) in Northern Alaska. During this time period males are maximally aggressive towards territorial intruders. Male, territorial sparrows were injected with either vehicle or a 10 mg/kg dose of fluoxetine. One hour later, aggression was measured using a simulated territorial intrusion. Depending upon when birds were sampled, the aggression scores for vehicle and fluoxetine treatments were grouped according to the number of days after territorial behaviour was initiated. The three groups were: early, days 1-5; middle, days 6-10; and late, days 11-15. There was a significant overall difference between groups (F(5,36)=5.18, P<0.0015). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that the level of aggression did not differ between the three groups of saline injected birds. However, fluoxetine injected birds showed a time dependent decrease in aggression. When compared to control birds the middle and late fluoxetine groups had significantly less aggression. Furthermore, the late group of fluoxetine treated birds were significantly less aggressive than the early group of fluoxetine birds. This demonstrates that free-living male ATSPs show a rapid change in their behavioural response to fluoxetine across the first 2 weeks of the breeding season. The rapidity of the change in responsiveness suggests a dynamic sensitivity of the serotonergic system.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Discrimination of consonance and dissonance in Java sparrows.

Six adult Java sparrows were trained to discriminate between consonant and dissonant sounds consisting of three tones. In the consonance group, the perching response was reinforced when consonance was presented, but not when dissonance was presented. Both groups were given an inversion test, in which the first inversion of the chord was used as a stimulus. Four of six birds learned the discrimination and were given two tests. In the first test, novel consonances and novel dissonances were presented. All birds maintained the discrimination. When inverted consonances and dissonances were presented in the second test, the discriminative behavior was not well demonstrated. When novel dissonances consisting of tones with different intervals were presented in the third test, birds trained to perch for dissonance performed well, whereas those trained to perch for consonance did not. In summary, Java sparrows were able to discriminate between consonances and dissonances and demonstrated generalization to new combinations, they do not discriminate the same consonances and dissonances.

Animals↗