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Fairness in finance is an intrinsic and challenging goal of health systems. Mexico recently devised a structural reform that responds to this challenge. Through a new system of social protection in health that will offer public insurance to all citizens, the reform is expected to reduce catastrophic and out-of-pocket spending while promoting efficiency, more equitable resource distribution, and better-quality care. This paper analyzes the reform, focusing on financial features, expected benefits, and future challenges. It also highlights aspects of relevance for other countries that are striving to formulate and implement health policies to promote universal social protection and fair financing.
Among other things, this Law extends the scope of social protection granted to mothers In France. It seeks to ensure that women who stay at home to bring up their families are not penalized in any way and to encourage such women to have a third child. The following are among measures of the Law: 1) entitlement to receive benefits in kind from the sickness insurance scheme in the event of divorce or the death of the spouse was previously restricted to a limited period (one year, extended until the date of the third birthday of the last child); it is now granted without limit of time and without charge, in the event of either contingency, to single parents aged 45 or over who have, or have had, three or more dependent children; 2) the possibility for any parent with dependent children residing in France and not engaging in any occupational activity to join the voluntary old-age pension scheme has now been extended to cover invalidity; the contributions payable (which may be deducted from family allowances) will be calculated on the basis of the minimum guaranteed wage (SMIC); 3) reversionary pensions of widows between ages 55 and 65 who have dependent children are to be increased by a uniform amount, set at 400 francs per month and adjustable; and 4) periods of maternity leave will be taken into account in the determination of seniority rights within an enterprise, particularly in the context of notice of dismissal (half of all periods of parental educational leave were already taken into account).
Although persons with developmental disabilities living in the United States have been treated in a pejorative manner at various times throughout the nation's history, the eugenics era (1900-1930) stands out as a time when such individuals-then referred to as "feebleminded"--were subject to particularly extreme indignities. Numerous methods of dehumanizing such persons were employed during this era. Of special significance was the use of the organism metaphor, whereby the "unfit" members of society were compared to a parasite, cancer, virus, or plague infecting the social body. The use of rhetoric advancing the organism metaphor in eugenic writing is described in this paper as is the effect that such rhetoric had on the societal response to such persons.
Among other things, this Decree sets forth the duties of the Minister of Social and Women's Affairs of Cameroon. The Minister is to be responsible for "the formulation and implementation of policy concerning social protection and welfare, the social advancement of the individual and the family, and the advancement of women in society without any form of discrimination and with complete assurance of equality of rights in the political, economic, social, and cultural spheres." The Minister is also to be responsible for "demographic action."
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Hospital forms of medicosocial care of elderly and senile subjects in Russia are reviewed on the basis of published reports and authors' data. Together with outpatient forms, hospital forms of care of the elderly have been widely used of late and are functioning within the framework of public health and social protection systems. Integration of medical and social services in the sphere of health protection of the elderly is emphasized.
OBJECTIVE: This paper presents the results of an evaluation of a model of dieting (Huon, G.F., & Strong, K.G., International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 361-370, 1998). It represents the culmination of a large-scale time-extended study of dieting among adolescent girls. METHODS: Data were collected from approximately 1,000 girls. A battery of questionnaires assessed dieting status, social influence, vulnerability (conformity) disposition, protective social skills, and aspects of the familial context as core components of the model. RESULTS: When the data were subjected to analyses within structural equations modeling, all specific hypotheses within the model found strong support. Moreover, multiple indices revealed that the model had a very good fit with the data and accounted for 89% of the variance in commitment to dieting. CONCLUSION: This study provides strong support for the validity of Huon and Strong's model of dieting among Australian girls. Its generality among girls in other cultures remains to be established.
The politics of preventive health care have changed dramatically in the last fifteen years. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, prevention was the motherhood issue of health care reform. With only the slightest glimmer of controversy, vaccination, promotion of lifestyle changes, mass screening, and safety regulation all became widely accepted strategies for improving health and reducing medical expenditures. By the mid-1980s, the dark side of each strategy became visible. Vaccinations can cause serious and permanent injuries; lifestyle factors are being used to raise insurance premiums, to deny eligibility for disability insurance benefits, and to deny employment. Screening is similarly used to deny employment, and new technologies for prenatal screening have raised fears of stigma and selective abortion among racial, handicapped, and antiabortion groups. Occupational safety regulation is increasingly focused on excluding the "high-risk" individual from jobs. In the absence of social protections from these economic and social harms, citizens have used tort and civil rights litigation to resist preventive health measures.