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PubMed2007

Brief report: designing a playground for children with autistic spectrum disorders--effects on playful peer interactions.

This study investigated possible changes in social play and initiations in eight boys (5 to 7-years-old) with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) who were moving from an old to a new school playground that was designed specifically to enhance playful peer interaction. Each boy was observed for half an hour over three occasions in the old, then the new setting. The playgrounds differed in design, spatial density and identity of potential play partners. As hypothesised, frequency of group play and overall social initiations increased significantly in the new setting. We discuss how playgrounds with appropriate levels of physical challenge and support for both structured, imaginative play and solitary observation may support peer interactions in children with ASD.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Gambling and the older Chinese in Canada.

In Canada, there is a lack of research on gambling among the older adults from ethnic minority groups, especially the older Chinese. In this study, two research questions were used to examine gambling among the older Chinese: (1) What is the pattern of gambling among the older Chinese in Canada? (2) What are the predictors associated with gambling among the older Chinese in Canada? The data for this study were collected as part of a multi-site study on health and well-being of 2272 older Chinese in Canada. Four main questions related to gambling were used in this study. Among the 2257 participants who answered the questions on gambling, 26.6% of them reported that they gambled. Results of the hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that being male, having lived in Canada longer, having a higher level of social support, having more service barriers, and having a stronger level of Chinese ethnic identity would increase the probability for an older Chinese to participate in gambling. Conversely, having a post-secondary and above level of education and having a higher level of life satisfaction would reduce one's probability of gambling. Although city of residency was also significant in predicting gambling, further analysis showed that its effect was actually caused by other factors including services barriers, social support, life satisfaction, Chinese ethnic identity, and education.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Being a Parkinson's patient: immobile and unpredictably whimsical literature and existential analysis.

What is characteristic of being a Parkinson's patient? This article intends to answer this question by means of an analysis of novels about people with Parkinson's disease, personal accounts, and scientific publications. The texts were analyzed from an existential-phenomenological perspective, using an adapted version of the existential analysis. Being a Parkinson's patient is apparently characterized by an existential paradox: life appears simultaneously immobile and unpredictably whimsical. This may manifest itself in the person's corporeality, in his being-in-time and in-space, in his relating to things and events, his life-world, and in his being-together-with-others as an individual. Finally, some specific characteristics of being a Parkinson's patient are described that may be relevant for purposes of adequate care, as is to be specified by further research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms.

BACKGROUND: Two strategies for preventing the onset of alcohol abuse, and marijuana and cigarette use were tested in junior high schools in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. The first strategy taught skills to refuse substance use offers. The second strategy corrected erroneous normative perceptions about prevalence and acceptability of use among peers and established conservative groups norms regarding use. METHODS: Four experimental conditions were created by randomly assigning schools to receive (a) neither of the experimental curricula (placebo comparison), (b) resistance skill training alone, (c) normative education alone, or (d) both resistance skill training and normative education. Students were pretested prior to the program and post-tested 1 year following delivery of the program. RESULTS: There were main effects of normative education for summary measures of alcohol (P = 0.0011), marijuana (P = 0.0096), and cigarette smoking (P = 0.0311). All individual dichotomous measures of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use indicated significant reductions in onset attributable to normative education. There were no significant main effects of resistance skill training. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that establishing conservative norms is an effective strategy for preventing substance use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Social integration of the physically disabled in Barbados.

An emergent concern with the rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people in developing nations has created a need to identify cultural beliefs and behaviors which may affect the integration of the disabled into normative social roles. The focus of this study is the social integration of physically disabled adults among the nonelite, colored population of Barbados, West Indies. This paper analyses the role participation of 30 physically disabled adults within the context of Barbadian beliefs and behaviors related to the disabled and to the 'normal' adult. Although village Barbadians do not expect the physically disabled to fulfill normative adult roles, some disabled individuals in this study do perform adult activities, such as maintaining employment and engaging in sexual relationships. However, very few of them participate in the reciprocal relationships among peers and neighbors through which village Barbadians achieve status and 'respect' as adults.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social identities and response to treatment for alcohol and cocaine abuse.

This study examined the relationship between social identities and response to treatment for alcohol and/or cocaine abuse. Individuals who reported more valued (i.e., positive and important) social identities were expected to have better treatment outcomes. Forty-five participants were interviewed at treatment entry and at 3 and 6 months after starting treatment. The number of valued identities increased between treatment entry and 3 months. Participants with a greater number of valued identities at treatment entry were more likely to be abstinent at 3 months. Participants who reported more interference between substance use and valued identities were also more likely to be abstinent at 3 months, suggesting a possible motivational mechanism for the link between identities and response to treatment. Neither number of valued identities nor conflict between substance use and identities predicted abstinence between 3 and 6 months. Interaction effects, specific identities, and protective and motivational functions of social identities are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ecological Assessment of Substance-abuse Experiences (EASE): findings from a new instrument development pilot study.

A newly developed instrument that assesses a client's orientation to addiction or recovery communities using social context referents was pilot tested with a sample of 103 adults seeking treatment for substance abuse at outpatient and residential treatment facilities on the East Coast. Preliminary findings show promising subscale reliabilities, and suggest that drug- and recovery-related social identities are related to drug-use severity and drug-use concern; and drug-related attitudinal congruence between the treatment-seeker and family and treatment-seeker and other significant persons are related to intention to make behavioral changes in reducing substance abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Prototype perception and smoking: are negative or positive social images more important in adolescence?

It is suggested that a more profound understanding of cigarette smoking among adolescents should include the social images they have of smokers. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the role of smoker prototypes in adolescents' smoking status and to compare the role of negative and positive smoker images. Data were collected from high school students in two counties of the Southern Plain Region of Hungary (N=548; ages between 14 and 21 years). The self-administered questionnaires contained items on sociodemographics, smoking occurrence, and smoker prototypes. Factor analysis revealed three smoker prototypes: a negative prototype (e.g., dull, childish), a positive social appearance prototype (e.g., cool, popular), and a positive individual competence prototype (such as smart, independent) all with satisfactory reliability. Odds ratios suggest that the role of the negative prototypes for nonsmokers is greater than the role of positive prototypes for smokers. For boys, positive individual competence prototype also seems to be important. Health promotion programs should focus on fostering negative social images in prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and perceived efficacy as mediators of the relation of supportive parenting to psychosocial outcomes among urban adolescents.

The present study examined the direct and indirect relationships among supportive parenting, ethnic identity, self-esteem, perceived efficacy, and psychological adjustment in an urban sample of 133 African American (M age=16.37) and 110 European American (M age=16.43) adolescents. Although the mediational model was partially supported for both African American and European American youth, the data better fit the model for the African American group. Specifically, perceived efficacy fully mediated the relation between ethnic identity and depressive symptoms, and partially mediated the relation between self-esteem and depressive symptoms for African American youth. For European Americans, self-esteem fully mediated the relation between supportive parenting and perceived efficacy. This study illustrates the importance of examining developmental models separately for adolescents from different ethnic/racial backgrounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Competence under challenge: exploring the protective influence of parental support and ethnic identity in Latino college students.

This longitudinal study examined the protective influence of psychological and family factors on academic achievement in 123 Latino college (101 Mexican American, 14 Central American, 8 mixed Mexican/Central American) students. Three cultural resources--ethnic identity, family interdependence, and parental support--were hypothesized as protective factors that modify the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage in a positive direction. The pattern of findings suggests that Latino students with greater psychological and family resources evidence greater academic achievement. After covarying between-person differences in gender and generational status, both ethnic identity and parental support moderated the effects of low socioeconomic status on academic achievement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The role of sense of belonging and social support on stress and depression in individuals with depression.

This longitudinal study examined the role of sense of belonging, social support, and spousal support on the relationship between perceived stress and symptoms of depression in 90 men and women who had a history of depression (n = 51) and who did not have (n = 39) a history of depression. Data were obtained at 3, 6, and 9 months after initial entry into the study. A series of regression analysis procedures revealed a mediation effect, but not a moderation effect, of sense of belonging and perceived social support on the relationship between perceived stress and depression in only the depressed group. Spousal support had neither a direct effect nor an interaction effect on the perceived stress-depression relationship in the depressed group. For the comparison group, perceived stress did not correlate significantly with the symptoms of depression. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that increased perceived stress and lower sense of belonging had significant direct effects on the severity of depression and the effects were consistent over the period of 9 months. Social support and spousal support had only indirect effects that fluctuated over time. The results emphasize that interventions geared toward stress reappraisal and promotion of sense of belonging should yield direct and stable effects of decreasing depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The experience of agency nurses working in a London teaching hospital.

This Husserlian phenomenological study explored the lived experience of eight full-time agency nurses working in the environment of intensive care in London, United Kingdom. In-depth interviews were used to ascertain the participants' experiences of full-time agency nursing in intensive care. Colaizzi's [Colaizzi P. Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In: Vale R, King M, editors. Existential-phenomenological alternatives for psychology. London: Oxford University Press; 1978, p. 48-71] method of data analysis was utilised. Thematic analysis identified three cluster themes: the shared experience of lacking confidence; the shared experience of deskilling; and the shared experience of feelings of isolation. The theme of the shared experience of lacking confidence identified the importance of support and understanding of agency nurses' needs in the ICU. The theme of the shared experience of deskilling illuminated participants concern at not having the opportunity to care for patients of higher acuity. The theme of the shared experience of feelings of isolation highlighted that often participants did not feel they "belonged to a team". Study findings suggest the need to include: the implementation of protocols within the clinical setting; the provision of performance feedback to agency nurses; and the consideration of ongoing structured professional development and education for ICU agency nurses.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with career decision in Taiwanese nursing students: a questionnaire survey.

The vocational decisions of nursing students have always been a concern for nursing educators and administrators. It is unclear, however, what factors play a role in determining the professional choices made by these students. Limited research into this area has been undertaken in Taiwan. This study, therefore, was designed to investigate the factors associated with career choices in Taiwan's nursing students. The convenience sample included all fourth-year nursing students of a college in eastern Taiwan. A validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire developed by the investigators was used in the study. The sample population consisted of 231 fourth-year nursing students. Notably, 65.4% reported that they would not choose nursing as a career after graduation. Significant variables associated with this career decision were clinical ability (t=2.35, p<0.05), degree of stress during clinical practice (t=-3.04, p<0.01), and perceived support from staff nurses (t=2.28, p<0.05). These results suggest that both educators and administrators need to reconsider the way nursing students are educated, and indicate that strategies must be developed to enhance students' motivation to select nursing as a career.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development and initial demonstration of a community-based intervention for homeless, cocaine-using, African-American Women.

Drug abstinence is difficult to achieve and maintain, especially when clients return to their pretreatment environment. Forging ties with the natural helping networks in the community, such as religious organizations, may reinforce abstinent behaviors established during treatment. This study evaluated Bridges to the Community, a supplemental component to an intensive residential treatment program. Bridges uses members of African-American churches as mentors for recovering women. This demonstration project included 118 female participants with primary cocaine dependence who received either standard treatment or Bridges plus standard treatment. Participants in both groups reduced substance use, risk-taking behaviors, depression, and increased self-esteem. Participants who received Bridges had greater treatment retention, reported 100% cocaine abstinence at follow-up, and were more satisfied with their treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Use of clinical space as an indicator of student nurse's professional development and changing need for support.

A current challenge in educating nurses of the future is to support them during periods of immersion into the realities of today's health care settings during clinical practice rotations. The professional development of nursing students is dependent on their ability to integrate what they learn in the classroom with the realities that confront them during their clinical experiences. The success of clinical practice as a learning experience is dependent upon comprehensive learning support that is a collaborative responsibility between the triad of educator, clinical practitioner and student. Educators and clinical practitioners who work with students during clinical practice rotations must have an ability to recognise, and understand, the organisational behaviour of student nurses, to act as a mentor and support agent. Undergraduate student nurses undertaking their first clinical practice experience participated in an ethnographic hermeneutic study that explored the ways clinical practice in a small rural community influenced the way they shaped their professional identity. A key concern of ethnography is the way participants use space thus the theme described in this paper presents the ways students traversed space within the clinical environment and discusses how this use of space is indicative of students' professional development.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed2006

Belongingness: A critique of the concept and implications for nursing education.

Clinical experience is recognised as central to nursing education. Quality clinical placements across a range of venues are vital to the development of competent and confident professionals. However there is evidence, both empirical and anecdotal, suggesting that nursing students' clinical placement experiences are often fraught with problems. These problems are long standing and multi-dimensional. For many students clinical placements are typified by feelings of alienation and a lack of belongingness. This paper proposes that the problematic nature of clinical placements may be better understood through the lens of 'belongingness'. A critical review of selected studies drawn from the psychological and social science literature provides insight and useful direction for a more focused review of the nursing literature. The potential relationships between belongingness, nursing students, and their clinical placement experiences are then exemplified by excerpts taken from the nursing literature (including unpublished material). Finally, an ongoing study that seeks to address the paucity of empirical research in this area is highlighted.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The experience of marginalization in new nursing graduates.

This article discusses the conceptual history of marginalization, suggesting its use as a framework within which to understand some of the causal relationships between the high rate of attrition of new nursing graduates from professional nursing and the difficulties incurred during their transition from student to professionally practicing nurse. The application of marginalization in this article focuses on the vulnerability and alienation that these newly graduated nurses experience during their introduction to acute-care practice. The article further suggests that they are both inadequately prepared by their undergraduate education to enter into the full scope of their new role as professional practitioners, and ineffectually orientated to an oppressive workplace culture that they are expected to sustain.

Acculturation↗