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PubMed2006

Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling.

The purpose of this study was to measure and verify the esthetic influence of the bilateral spaces between maxillary teeth and lip corners, called negative space (NS), during smile. The sample was comprised of 60 smile photographs obtained from 60 individuals (30 men and 30 women) aged 18 to 25 years old. Two orthodontists and two lay people evaluated these pictures regarding esthetics by a visual analogue scale. In each picture, the right and left NS were measured in millimeters and in proportion to the smile width (SW). Data were analyzed for statistical significance (P = .05). The mean NS of the sample was 6.68 +/- 1.99 mm, and the NS proportion in relation to the SW was 9.6 +/- 2.56%, for both sides of the arch. No significant asymmetries were observed between the right and left sides. The NS was significantly larger in men than in women when measured in millimeters (P = .028) (7.08 +/- 2.24 mm in men vs 6.28 +/- 1.62 mm in women), but the NS proportion to the SW was similar (9.94 +/- 2.24% in men vs 9.26 +/- 1.61% in women). When the 12 individuals with the smallest NS in proportion to SW were compared with the 12 individuals with the largest NS in proportion to SW, there was no statistical difference regarding the esthetic evaluation (P = .11). It was concluded that the NS did not influence the esthetic evaluation of smile photographs in the sample in this study, for both orthodontists and lay people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Upper lip asymmetry in adults during smiling.

PURPOSE: This study examined the incidence of upper lip asymmetry in adults while smiling. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two-hundred ten students between the ages of 21 and 44 years were examined. Subjects determined to have an occlusal plane cant were eliminated from the study. Repeated smiles were then evaluated in the remaining subjects to check for upper lip asymmetry. RESULTS: Fifteen subjects were observed to have occlusal plane cants and were eliminated from the study. Of the remaining 195 subjects, 17 (8.7%) were found to have an asymmetrical smile secondary to canting of the upper lip. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was not a high incidence, the results of this study indicate there is clinically evident upper lip canting associated with smiling in the adult population that needs to be considered in patients undergoing orthognathic and cosmetic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

When the smile is a cue to familiarity.

The question discussed in the two following experiments concerns the effect of facial expressions on face recognition. Famous and unknown faces with neutral or smiling expression were presented for different inspection durations (15 ms vs 1000 ms). Subjects had to categorize these faces as famous or unknown (Experiment 1), or estimate their degree of familiarity on a rating scale (Experiment 2). Results showed that the smile increased ratings of familiarity for unfamiliar faces (Experiments 1 and 2) and for famous faces (Experiment 2). These data are discussed in the framework of current face-recognition models and are interpreted in terms of social value of the smile. It is proposed that the smiling bias found here acts at the level of the decision process.

Cues↗
PubMed1989

"Smile" reconstruction in facial paralysis.

Reanimation of the face following facial nerve paralysis, especially the socially important smile, presents a complex surgical challenge requiring an individualized approach. Both neural and non-neural operative procedures have been used in an attempt to achieve the goal of a symmetrical synchronous smiling expression. A retrospective review of the results of both neural and nonneural methods was made to determine the relative efficacy of various methods. Of the neural techniques, early direct nerve repair primarily consistently achieved the best functional recovery. Double nerve grafts were found to be superior to a single nerve graft in nerve severance with a nerve gap at the facial nerve trunk bifurcation in delayed cases. In long-standing cases, ipsilateral or cross-face nerve grafting followed by functioning muscle transfer gives the most acceptable synchronous smile. Although cross-face nerve graft only, hypoglossal facial transfer, or non-neural techniques such as temporal muscle transfer achieved restoration of the smile, their inconsistent results and asynchronous action still limited the patient's confidence in social interactions.

Facial Expression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aspects of early social smiling by infants with Down's syndrome.

Smiling by five Down's syndrome and seven nonhandicapped infants was recorded longitudinally during face-to-face interactions with their mothers over the first 6 months of the infants' lives. Two conditions, 'mobile' (mothers were asked to talk to the baby as naturally as possible) and 'immobile' (silent and maintain an impassive face), were contrasted. Between-group comparisons confirmed previous findings of significantly delayed emergence and less frequent smiling by the infants with Down's syndrome. Their smiles were also found to be shorter, and less discriminative between the two face-to-face conditions. The non-handicapped infants showed significantly more cry/distress vocalizations in the immobile than in the mobile condition, while the reverse was found for the Down's syndrome infants. A close temporal association between smiling and eye contact with mothers was found for both groups of infants. In a free interaction condition, mothers of the Down's syndrome babies showed a stronger tendency to use kinaesthetic and tactile stimulation than mothers of the non-handicapped infants.

Child Development↗
PubMed1999

Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: the golden percentage.

UNLABELLED: With increasing application of cosmetic dental treatment comes the need for a greater understanding of esthetic principles. Scientific analysis of beautiful smiles has revealed repeatable, objective principles that can be systematically applied to evaluate and improve dental esthetics in predictable ways. Symmetry across the midline, anterior or central dominance, and regressive proportion are three composition elements required to create utility and esthetics in a smile. The Golden Proportion has been suggested as one possible mathematic analysis tool for assessing dominance and proportion in the frontal view of the arrangement of maxillary teeth. It has proven to be controversial in developing esthetically beautiful smiles and cumbersome for evaluating symmetry. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This article considers a bilateral analysis of apparent individual tooth width as a percentage of the total apparent width of the anterior segment and proposes the concept of the Golden Percentage as a more useful application in diagnosing and developing symmetry, dominance, and proportion for esthetically pleasing smiles.

Cuspid↗
PubMed1996

Increasing social smiles of young children with disabilities.

Play activities associated with eliciting smiles in typically developing infants were used with three young children with severe disabilities whose smiling behaviors were substantially delayed. Two children showed increased social smiles in response to auditory (high pitched human voice) or tactile (gently blowing air at child's face, hands or body) stimuli but none smiled in response to rattles or pop-up toys.

Arousal↗
PubMed1997

Polygraphic evaluation of laughing and smiling in schizophrenic and depressive patients.

Polygraphic recordings was used to assess laughing and smiling, and results were compared for 34 normal controls, 24 schizophrenic patients, and 15 depressive patients. The schizophrenic and the depressive patients showed reduced "laughs of pleasure," i.e., laughing in reaction to a comic video assessed by laughing score; however, the depressive patients in remission showed the same laughing reaction as the controls. "Smiles as social signals" during interviews were reduced for the schizophrenic patients but remained for the depressive patients. There was a tendency for greater reduction of both laughing and smiling in disorganized- versus paranoid-type schizophrenia, suggesting that the disturbance of affect might be more severe in the former. These results show the possibility that polygraphic recording of laughing and smiling might be a useful method for investigating the disturbance of affect in schizophrenic and depressive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Smiling, frowning, and autonomic activity in mildly depressed and nondepressed men in response to emotional imagery of social contexts.

The study examined self-reported emotion and facial muscle and autonomic activity of depressed and nondepressed men in response to the social context of emotional situations. 20 university men, assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory, were asked to imagine happy and sad situations with and without visualizing other people. No differences were found between men classified as depressed and nondepressed on self-reported emotion and facial muscle activity. Smiling did not show differences between social contexts although self-reported happiness was increased during happy-social compared to happy-solitary imagery. Adjusting smiling for social context differences in happiness showed less smiling during happy-social than during happy-solitary imagery. In contrast, self-reported sadness and frowning were greater during sad-social compared to sad-solitary imagery. No differences between social contexts were found when frowning was adjusted for social context differences in sadness. Depressed-scoring men showed higher mean heart rate during sad-social than sad-solitary imagery whereas nondepressed-scoring men showed higher mean heart rate during happy social compared to happy-solitary imagery. The results indicate that men may frown more when sad but generally do not smile more during happy-social imagery, independent of depression. Depressed mood may affect heart rate during sad imagery but may not alter facial muscle activity and self:reported emotion in men.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Hitchhikers' smiles and receipt of help.

The positive association of smiling on helping behavior is well established in social psychology. Nevertheless, no study was found for the effect of smiling on hitchhiking success. An experiment was carried out in France where hitchhiking is a legal and common practice. Four confederates, 2 young men and 2 young women, selected for their "average attractiveness" hitchhiked, signaled to 800 (503 men and 297 women) motorists driving along the road on a peninsula. In half of the cases, the confederate smiled at the motorist. Analysis showed that, when hitchhiking women were smiling, motorists stopped more frequently but not when hitchhikers were men. Also, in all conditions, motorists who stopped were male.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[The perfect smile].

Cosmetic dentistry is similar to cosmetic surgery in the sense that it changes the human body, thereby challenging the dichotomy between nature and culture. They have implications for knowledge and meaning related to body and health. Change your smile is a booklet that may be picked up by patients in the waiting rooms of Norwegian dentists. On the basis of the booklet's detailed account of the perfect smile, I discuss some aspects of the aesthetics of teeth and the smile, with a focus on the explicit and implicit messages in specific images, on the production of ideals and the evaluation of risk. The booklet not only provides images of the perfect smile and accounts of the success it would bring to your personal and professional life. It also points out the risks that follow from failure to conform to the ideal. In this article, these phenomena are seen in the light of increasing "cosmetic dentalization" and "cosmetic dental healthism".

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of the smile photograph.

Optimal facial esthetics is one of the objectives in orthodontic treatment and an important issue in modern society. In this context, orthodontic treatment permits individuals with dental malpositions to achieve improved dentofacial esthetics. To reach this result, the orthodontist needs to recognize the characteristics considered normal and pleasant in dental arches and smiles. The objective of this article is to review and discuss criterion adopted by dental literature to technically analyze the smile, such as dental midline, smile line, dental exposure, negative space, dental proportion, and symmetry. This article proposes a way to visualize an ideal smile for each patient.

Cephalometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Laughter and smiling. The gesture between social philosophy and psychobiology].

The human individual experiences his gestuality unaware, making it even more revelatory of his current state of mind. Certain actions represent innate behaviour, while others are discovered or assimilated during learning. The actions that signify the sending of any kind of message to another person, become "gestures". Laughter is an example of expressive behaviour and, as such, plays an important part in social interaction, insofar as it supplies signals that influence the response of other individuals. After a review of the philosophical and sociological interpretations inherent in laughing and smiling, the correlations between weeping, smiling and laughing are examined specifically from as ethological standpoint. The neurophysiological aspects whereby the crying, smiling and laughing mechanisms depend on a multifactorial control system, that implies the activation of limbic and frontal circuits, a motor cortex response and an activation of the autonomic response of the vegetative nervous system, correlated to the cortico-hypothalamic ways, are then examined. The pathological observations carried out in Man are identified with the study of psychomotor epilepsy in the context of "gelastic crises", cataleptic-gelolegic crises "and the pseudo-bulbar syndrome" with crying and spastic laughing. Finally, the possible therapeutic implications correlated with the laughing mechanism are discussed. In fact, the facial contractions, associated with the emotional experience connected with them, would appear to function as a standard brain signal. Interesting are the findings of changes in neuromediator and endorphin modifications implied in the neurophysiological smiling and laughing mechanism. A further basic element is the involvement of the autonomous system which can be correlated with the concept of the trophotropic response according to Hesse, with an increase in parasympathetic tone and reduction in sympathetic tone.

Crying↗
PubMed1994

The shape of a normal smile: implications for facial paralysis reconstruction.

Sophisticated smile reconstruction for facial paralysis requires an understanding of the facial movements during a normal smile. This study analyzes the direction and extent of movement of the upper and lower lips, nasal labial folds, and nasal base during smiling. Twenty normal subjects were analyzed using cine studies. A stop frame vector analysis was done on reference points on the lips and lower face. The greatest movement occurred at the commissure and upper lip. Intersubject variation in direction and extent of movement is great. Intrasubject variation in movement in comparing left and right sides was also quite large. Techniques of facial paralysis reconstruction that apply forces to the mouth, which mimic the vectors of movement on the patients' normal side, are most likely to provide a symmetrical smile reconstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Determinants of dental esthetics: a rational for smile analysis and treatment.

An attractive smile has always been the focal point of a person's attention to improving esthetic appearance and thus self-esteem. It is the contrasts of shape, color, line, and texture that enable us to differentiate one tooth from another, the teeth from the gums, and the smile from the face To understand why a smile with dentition in harmony is considered beautiful, clinical examples are presented to illustrate how to apply visual perception to the dental environment. These simple principles of visualization and treatment can be successfully applied to enhance the smile of any patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Composite smile designs: the key to dental artistry.

Patients seeking to improve the appearance of their smiles have driven the profession toward more challenges in esthetic dentistry to answer their needs. Better smiles are being equated with better living. Direct composite veneering has gained tremendous popularity over the past few years because the procedure can be done in one single appointment for a reasonable fee with acceptable results. Materials recently put on the market require stratification build-up techniques to allow for the best natural results. In addition, the procedure gives patients the freedom of live communication and dentists the emotive artistic recreation of a smile composition in which anterior teeth can be designed and redesigned through freehand craftmanship, until both patient and dentist are pleased with the results. This review highlights the benefits of direct composite veneering, a very unique process to investigate more about tooth and smile designs, and suggests more effective communication between patient and dentist in order to achieve predictable results.

Beauty↗
PubMed1998

Gender differences in physiological reactivity to infant cries and smiles in military families.

OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this experiment was to examine gender differences in physiological reactivity to infant cries and smiles in military families. METHOD: Twenty males and 29 females viewed and listened to videotapes of a crying infant and a smiling infant while heart rate, skin resistance, and respiration rate were monitored. All participants were active-duty U.S. Air Force personnel or their spouses. RESULTS: Males showed a larger increase in skin conductance than females during the crying infant stimulus. Males also showed an increase in heart rate during the crying infant stimulus, whereas females did not show any increase in heart rate during the crying infant stimulus. No gender differences in physiological reactivity were obtained during the smiling infant stimulus, although both males and females showed a significant increase in heart rate while viewing the smiling infant. CONCLUSIONS: The results are contrasted with previous reports (e.g., Frodi, Lamb, Leavitt, & Donovan, 1978) of no differences between genders in physiological reactivity to a crying infant. Discussion of the results focuses on models of child physical abuse that involve physiological hyperreactivity. It is hypothesized that the greater physiological reactivity of males than females during a crying infant videotape may partially explain why physical abuse of a child by a male frequently results in more serious damage to the child than physical abuse by a female.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Smiles-type free radical rearrangement of aromatic sulfonates and sulfonamides: syntheses of arylethanols and arylethylamines.

Smiles-type free radical rearrangements of arenesulfonates and arenesulfonamides are exploited for synthetic purposes. 4-Substituted benzenesulfonates cause Smiles-type rearrangement only when substituted by an electron withdrawing group. Therefore, ipso-attack by an alkyl radical on arenesulfonates takes place in an electrophilic manner. Arenesulfonamides rearrange only when the amide nitrogen is substituted by an alkoxycarbonyl group, due to the electron withdrawing nature of this group. Sulfonates and the N-ethoxycarbonylsulfonamide derivatives of naphthalene, quinoline, and thiophene cause more rearrangement and show synthetic utility. Aromatic amino acid analogues were synthesized by Smiles-type rearrangement with moderate yields. The radical Smiles-type rearrangement of sulfonate and sulfonamide derivatives can be a useful synthetic route when we understand the electronic character of these reactions.

Journal Article↗