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PubMed1995

Are seasonal preferences in pregnancy planning a source of bias in studies of seasonal variation in reproductive outcomes? The European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity.

Seasonal variation in reproductive failures is expected, as many of the putative causes change over the seasons. Many studies have documented such seasonal variation in reproductive failures, but none has addressed the potential source of bias related to seasonal planning of pregnancies. Our aim was to quantify this bias under realistic assumptions. We used data from the European Study of Infertility and Subfecundity, which is a study based upon representative samples of women age 25-44 years in different parts of Europe. Data on pregnancy planning stem from personal interviews. Altogether, we analyzed 4,731 pregnancies. Results show that pregnancy planning is not evenly distributed over the seasons, with summer the preferred time for starting pregnancy. The most fecund will conceive within the preferred time, but those who are subfecund may not succeed until later. Since subfecund women have a higher risk of some reproductive failures (spontaneous abortions, for example), the seasonal planning differences could in themselves lead to seasonal variations in reproductive failures. A simulation model shows that bias related to differential pregnancy planning is likely to have only a small impact under the present conditions in Europe.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2002

Heart failure in a cold climate. Seasonal variation in heart failure-related morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to determine whether seasonal variation exists in hospitalizations and deaths due to heart failure (HF) and to examine possible contributors to such variability. BACKGROUND: Although seasonal variation in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death is well recognized, it is less well documented in HF. METHODS: We used the linked Scottish Morbidity Record scheme, which provides individualized morbidity and mortality data for the entire Scottish population. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 1996, there were a total of 75,452 male and 81,269 female hospitalizations related to HF in Scotland, with an average rate of admissions per 100,000 population of 8.4 and 8.5 per day, respectively. Significantly more admissions occurred in winter compared to summer (p < 0.0001). In women, the peak rate of admission occurred in December (12% more than average) and the lowest rate in July (7% less than average) (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, p < 0.001). The respective figures for men were 6% more, 8% less (OR 1.16, p < 0.001). In both genders, the greatest variation occurred in those aged >75 years---peak winter rates being 15% to 18% higher than average. There was also a winter peak in concomitantly coded respiratory disease; this seasonal excess accounted for approximately one-fifth of the winter increment in HF hospitalizations. Seasonal variation in mortality was also seen in these patients. The number of male deaths in December was 16% higher, and in July 7% lower, than average (OR 1.25, p < 0.001). In women, the equivalent figures were 21% higher (January) and 14% lower (July) (OR 1.21, p < 0.001). Again, the greatest variation occurred in those aged >75 years---peak rates being 23% to 35% higher than average. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial seasonal variation in HF hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in the elderly. Approximately one-fifth of the winter excess in admissions is attributable to respiratory disease. Extra vigilance in patients with HF is advisable in winter, as is immunization against pneumococcus and influenza.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Seasonal variations in the onset of ulcerative colitis.

Several retrospective studies have reported seasonal variations in the relapse of ulcerative colitis, and two studies have found seasonality in the onset of ulcerative colitis, with a peak from August to January. This study was designed to investigate possible seasonal variations of onset of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Patients with symptoms of one year or less were recruited from a prospective study of the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease, and the onset of symptoms was recorded month by month for four consecutive years. A total of 420 patients with UC and 142 patients with CD were included. There was monthly seasonality (p = 0.028) in symptomatic onset in December and January for UC but not for CD. It was found that environmental agents with known seasonality can be of importance for the seasonal variations of disease onset in UC.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Aortic responsiveness to nitric oxide is affected by seasonal variation.

Cardiac attacks and sudden cardiac deaths are more common in cold seasons. Up to now the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism of the seasonal variation in cardiovascular accidents is scarcely known. There are many physiological mechanisms which exhibit seasonal variation (e.g. blood pressure). Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator, and impaired responsiveness to its physiological effects has been reported in many pathological situations including cardiovascular accidents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of NO-dependent mechanisms on seasonal variation in aortic relaxation in vitro in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats grown up in different seasons in natural light/dark situation were used in the study, while the temperature and humidity were kept constant throughout the study (22+/-1 degrees C). The in vitro aortic ring responsiveness to an NO donor was studied in different seasons. Intact and denuded rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine and vaso-relaxatory response to sodium isosorbide dinitrate (10(-8) to 10(-4)M) was recorded in vitro. The vaso-relaxatory response to isosorbide dinitrate (10(-6)M) was higher in aortic rings obtained in summer compared with those in winter and fall. There was a significant difference in EC(50) of sodium isosorbide dinitrate-induced vaso-relaxation of rings obtained from rats which were grown up in summer and winter (EC(50): 2.23+/-0.069 versus 4.31+/-0.088, P<0.05). The maximum response (R(max)) to isosorbide dinitrate was, however, identical in rings obtained from these rats. In conclusion, the in vitro responsiveness of aorta to NO is affected by seasonal light/dark periods the rats are exposed. This might be one of the reasons why more sudden cardiac deaths occur also in humans during winter.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal variation of chromophore composition in the eye of the Japanese dace, Tribolodon hakonensis.

The relationship between seasonal variation and the effect of several different environmental factors on chromophore composition was investigated in the eye of the Japanese dace, Tribolodon hakonensis which lives either in rivers or in the sea. Eyes obtained from river and sea populations had both retinal (A1) and 3,4-didehydroretinal (A2) all through the year but the ratio of these chromophores showed seasonal variation the relative amount of A2 was higher in winter and lower in summer. Besides seasonal variation, A2 showed marked differences depending on habitat: the highest proportion of A2 was 67% in January and the lowest 13% in July, in the river population, whereas in the sea population the highest and the lowest values were only 30 and 6%, respectively, during the same months. The seasonal variation in gonadosomatic index showed no correlation to variations in A2 proportion, and the maximum difference in water temperature between summer and winter was ca. 15 degrees C for both habitats. Because spectral conditions at the locations of capture of both river and sea populations were similar, we conclude that Japanese dace eyes are affected by exogenous factors related to differences between freshwater and seawater environments.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Seasonal variation in bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples in Karachi, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the seasonal variation of the commonly isolated bacterial pathogens in stool samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was undertaken of all the stool samples submitted from within Karachi to the Aga Khan University Hospital Laboratory over a period of five years (January 1997- December 2001) in order to determine the commonly isolated bacterial pathogens and to predict their seasonal variation. RESULTS: A total of 16379 stool samples were included in this review. Bacterial isolates were found in 6670 stool samples (culture detection rate=40.7%). The mean age at the time of culture of each sub-group was < or = 1 year group (6.58 +/- 3.1 months), 1-5 years (2.13 +/- 0.94 years), 5-14 years (8.3 +/- 2.6 yrs) and adults (43.2 +/- 18.5 years). Male: Female ratio was 1.2:1. Vibrio cholera 01 Ogawa (32.8%), Campylobacter jejuni (17.3%), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (9.9%), Salmonella paratyphi b (6.6%) and Shigella flexneri (6.2%) were the most common organisms isolated. These organisms show a distinct seasonal variation with summer predilection. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the previous studies from South Asia, which have identified E. coil, followed by Vibrio cholerae as the most common enteric isolates, we found Vibrio cholera 01 Ogawa followed by Campylobacter jejuni as the most common enteric pathogens isolated in an urban setting. It is important to consider seasonal variation when empirically treating diarrheal diseases in our region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of land management in winter crop season on seasonal variations of CH4 emissions from rice paddy soils].

A pot experiment in greenhouse was carried out to study seasonal variations of CH4 fluxes from rice paddy soils and the effect of land management in winter crop season on the seasonal variations. The results showed that four emission peaks occurred respectively 13 days after flooding and 7, 40, 91 days after rice transplanting, and CH4 emission amounts during the first 30 days after flooding accounted for as high as 67.5%, 35.5% and 33.3% of the total emission amounts during the observing period of 133 days for treatments with dry fallow but rice straw being applied just before flooding, alfalfa, and flooded fallow in winter crop season. However, for treatments with dry fallow but rice straw being applied before winter crop cultivating and winter wheat in winter crop season, CH4 emission amounts during the first 50 days after flooding just accounted for 0.27% and 6.74 of the total emission amounts during the observing period, and CH4 fluxes thereafter were also very small. Difference in the seasonal variation patterns of soil Eh due to land management in winter crop season was the main reason why seasonal variation patterns of CH4 fluxes from different treatments were different.

Methane↗
PubMed1991

Seasonal variations in urinary risk factors among patients with nephrolithiasis.

Twenty-four hour urine specimens from 5,677 stone-forming patients throughout the United States were analyzed for seasonal variations in urinary risk factors for nephrolithiasis. Determinations were performed for urine volume, pH, calcium, oxalate, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, citrate, sulfate, uric acid, and the relative supersaturation (RS) of calcium oxalate, brushite, monosodium urate, and uric acid. Criteria for significant seasonal variation included a significant difference in monthly means of risk factors, seasonal grouping of the data by the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test, consistent year-to-year trends and a physiologically significant range. Minimum urine volume of 1.54 +/- 0.70 SD L/day occurred in October while a maximum urine volume of 1.76 +/- 0.78 SD L/day was observed during February. Minimum urine pH of 5.94 +/- 0.64 SD was observed during July and August while a maximum pH of 6.18 +/- 0.61 SD was observed during February. Daily urinary excretion of sodium was lowest during August, 158 +/- 74 SD mEq/day and highest during February 177 +/- 70 SD mEq/day. The RS of brushite and uric acid were found to display significant pH-dependent seasonal variation with a maximum RS of uric acid 2.26 +/- 1.98 SD in June and a low of 1.48 +/- 1.30 SD in February. Maximum RS of brushite 2.75 +/- 2.58 was observed during February. Minimum RS of brushite 1.93 +/- 1.70 SD was observed in June. Phosphorus excretion displayed seasonal variation about a spring-fall axis with a maximum value 1042 +/- 373 SD mg/day in April and a minimum value of 895 +/- 289 SD mg/day. Urine volume, sodium, and pH were significantly lower during the summer (June, July, August) than in the winter (December, January, February). The RS of uric acid was higher, but that of brushite and monosodium urate was lower in the summer than in the winter. The seasonal changes observed in urine volume, pH, sodium, and the RS of brushite and uric acid are consistent with summertime sweating and increased physical activity. Seasonal variations in phosphorus excretion are probably dietary in origin. The summertime was characterized by an increased propensity for the crystallization of uric acid but not of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate.

Calcium↗
PubMed2004

Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels: treatment implications and possible mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: A variety of studies have noted seasonal variation in blood lipid levels. Although the mechanism for this phenomenon is not clear, such variation could result in larger numbers of people being diagnosed as having hypercholesterolemia during the winter. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal study of seasonal variation in lipid levels in 517 healthy volunteers from a health maintenance organization serving central Massachusetts. Data collected during a 12-month period for each individual included baseline demographics and quarterly anthropometric, blood lipid, dietary, physical activity, light exposure, and behavioral information. Data were analyzed using sinusoidal regression modeling techniques. RESULTS: The average total cholesterol level was 222 mg/dL (5.75 mmol/L) in men and 213 mg/dL (5.52 mmol/L) in women. Amplitude of seasonal variation was 3.9 mg/dL (0.10 mmol/L) in men, with a peak in December, and 5.4 mg/dL (0.14 mmol/L) in women, with a peak in January. Seasonal amplitude was greater in hypercholesterolemic participants. Seasonal changes in plasma volume explained a substantial proportion of the observed variation. Overall, 22% more participants had total cholesterol levels of 240 mg/dL or greater (> or =6.22 mmol/L) in the winter than in the summer. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms seasonal variation in blood lipid levels and suggests greater amplitude in seasonal variability in women and hypercholesterolemic individuals, with changes in plasma volume accounting for much of the variation. A relative plasma hypervolemia during the summer seems to be linked to increases in temperature and/or physical activity. These findings have implications for lipid screening guidelines. Further research is needed to better understand the effects of a relative winter hemoconcentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

On the question of seasonal variations of the carrageenin rat paw edema and of the phenylbutazone effect on it.

1. In order to disclose seasonal variations of the strength of the carrageenin rat paw edema as well as of the influence of phenylbutazone on it, experiments of the years 1973-1976 were evaluated arranging th animals by the month. Groups consisted of 10 - 355 rats per month; the total animal number was 3313. 2. It was found that the paw edema volume was highest in June-August and, probably, to a lesser degree in January-February, in comparison to the other months. Percent inhibition of the paw edema volume by phenylbutazone (50 mg/kg p. o. simultaneously with subplantar carrageenin injection) was without significant seasonal variation. 3. The influence of environmental temperature, atmospheric humidity, atmospheric pressure, light intensity, cortisol plasma level, serum calcium, and blood sugar level on inflammatory reactions is briefly discussed in order to find an explanation of the seasonal variations of the carrageenin paw edema volume. Blood sugar and the connected carbohydrate metabolism could best be correlated with the seasonal variations of the paw edema volume.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Seasonal variation of depressive symptoms in Antarctica.

Symptom characteristics and risk factors for seasonal variation in depressive symptoms were prospectively examined in 119 men and women who overwintered in Antarctica. Over a 12-month period, this cohort reported significant increases in their global depressive symptom scores as well as several individual symptoms associated with winter depression. Summer depression and marital status were significant independent predictors of winter depression. Factor analyses of summer and winter symptoms revealed a set of symptoms traditionally associated with the winter-over experience in a distinct factor not found in summer. These results indicate that even asymptomatic, clinically normal populations experience seasonal variation in mood in high-latitude environments. However, this seasonal variation may be the result of social isolation during the winter months rather than the prolonged absence of sunlight.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Seasonal variations of physiological characteristics and thermal sensation under identical thermal conditions.

Seasonal variations of human thermal characteristics were inspected in thermal comfort and when constantly indoors. Metabolic rate, tympanic temperature, skin temperature, body fat, body weight and thermal sensation were measured under identical thermal conditions in a chamber over the course of one year. Experiments were carried out for each subject in both summer and winter. Six subjects were measured 35 times in summer and 45 times in winter. one subject was measured weekly for 14 months. Measurements for analyses were taken 40-60 min after entrance into the chamber. Results revealed the following. 1) For all subjects, the metabolic rate, tympanic temperature and body fat were lower in summer than in winter; thigh skin temperatures were higher in summer than in winter. The averaged individual ratio of seasonal difference was 11.9% for metabolic rate, 14.9% for body fat, 1.8% for thigh temperature and 0.53% for tympanic temperature. Seasonal differences of about 10% in metabolic rate were maintained in this study. 2) Seasonal variations of the variables were examined for phase relationships against the outdoor temperature. 2-1) Metabolic rate, thermal sensation, body weight and body fat changed in reverse phase, whereas skin temperature was in-phase. 2-2) Skin temperature lagged by about one month in both summer and winter. Body fat also lagged by about one month in summer, but corresponded to the phase in winter. Metabolic rates were also in-phase in winter but led about three months in summer. Thermal sensations lagged by about three months in winter but were in-phase in summer. Body weight was in-phase in summer and winter. 2-3) Summer disorders were observed particularly in seasonal variations of metabolic rates, tympanic temperature, skin temperatures, and thermal sensation, thereby suggesting that the effect of temperature exposure was altered by air-conditioner use.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population.

OBJECTIVE: To describe seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population. DESIGN: A longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Most of the study participants were recruited from a health maintenance organization (HMO) in central Massachusetts, USA. Additional individuals of Hispanic descent were recruited from outside of the HMO population to increase the ethnic diversity of this sample. SUBJECTS: Data from 593 participants, aged 20-70, were used for this investigation. Each participant was followed quarterly (five sampling points: baseline and four consecutive quarters) for 1-year period. Body weight measurements and three 24-h dietary and physical activity recalls were obtained on randomly selected days (including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) per quarter. Sinusoidal regression models were used to estimate peak-to-trough amplitude and phase of the peaks. RESULTS: Daily caloric intake was higher by 86 kcal/day during the fall compared to the spring. Percentage of calories from carbohydrate, fat and saturated fat showed slight seasonal variation, with a peak in the spring for carbohydrate and in the fall for total fat and saturated fat intake. The lowest physical activity level was observed in the winter and the highest in the spring. Body weight varied by about 1/2 kg throughout the year, with a peak in the winter (P<0.001 winter versus summer). Greater seasonal variation was observed in subjects who were male, middle aged, nonwhite, and less educated. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is seasonal variation in diet, physical activity and body weight, the magnitude of the change is generally small in this population. SPONSORSHIP: US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Seasonal variation of serum lipids in the vervet monkey.

Seasonal variation of serum lipids has been observed in man, primates and other species. We are presenting data on serum lipid variation in Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The monkeys (54 males, 33 females) were fed control diets (commercial pellets, fruit, vegetables) and data were pooled and grouped by season. Data having been obtained in South Africa, the seasons were: summer (December, January, February); fall (March, April, May); winter (June, July, August); and spring (September, October, November). Data presented are based on multiple samplings. Total serum cholesterol (mg/dl) and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) varied significantly with season, peak values being observed in the fall months. Triglyceride and alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol levels showed seasonal variation which was not statistically significant. However, when data were analyzed by weight group (less than 3.3 kg; 3.3-4.3 kg; 4.4-5.3 kg; greater than 5.4 kg) only triglyceride and alpha-lipoprotein levels varied significantly with season. Significant interactions between diet, sex, weight, and season have also been observed. These observations can be used in planning future studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal variation in plasma thyroxine concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligators mississippiensis) from three Florida Lakes.

Circulating concentrations of thyroxine (T(4)) vary seasonally in many vertebrates. This study examined the seasonal variation in plasma concentrations of T(4) in juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from three populations in central Florida, USA. One site, Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge, is considered a reference site whereas the other two lakes, Lake Apopka and Orange Lake, are significantly impacted by human activity. Juvenile American alligators ranging from 75-150 cm in total length were hand-captured at night from November 2000-April 2002. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were analyzed using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously validated for alligator plasma. Juvenile American alligators display seasonal variation in circulating T(4) concentrations. Plasma T(4) concentrations decrease from August/September to November and then begin a slow rise until April, at which point they plateau. Sex of juveniles influenced plasma concentrations of T(4) in some months but did not appear to alter the pattern in seasonal variation. The pattern we observed in plasma T(4) concentrations is not directly related to an environmental factor such as ambient temperature but is similar to that seen in plasma sex steroid concentrations during the reproductive cycle of adult alligators. Although the pattern and plasma concentration of T(4) exhibits significant variation among the three lakes studied, the pattern in seasonal variation appears similar. Comparing the seasonal pattern in plasma T(4) with plasma concentrations of sex steroids (testosterone and estradiol-17beta) or corticosterone could provide important information on the peripubescent life stage of the American alligator.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Diurnal, weekly and seasonal variation of sudden death. Population-based analysis of 24,061 consecutive cases.

AIMS: Several studies have reported circadian and seasonal variations in acute cardiovascular disease. In addition, a weekly variation has been observed in acute myocardial infarction. The aim of our study was to determine the circadian weekly, and seasonal variations of sudden death utilizing population-based data. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed the emergency medical system data of Berlin (West) from 1987-1991 with respect to all consecutive sudden deaths in subjects >18 years (n=24 061). There was a marked circadian variation of sudden death, with a minimum between 0 and 6 h and a maximum between 6 and 12 h (P<0.0001) for every day of the week. A minimum of events occurred on Sundays (n=3143), and a maximum on Mondays (n=3721), corresponding to a relative increase of 18.3% (P<0.0001). The increase was more pronounced (23.6%) in patients < or =65 than in patients >65 (15.7%). In addition, we found a significant seasonal variation (P<0.0001) in events, with a maximum during winter (December to February, n=6493), and a minimum during summer (June to August, n=5472), corresponding to a relative difference of 18.7%. The seasonal variation was more pronounced in patients >65 years. CONCLUSION: The present analyses demonstrate marked variations in the occurrence of sudden death with peaks during morning hours, on Mondays, and during winter months. The findings suggest that the onset of sudden death may be associated with endogenous rhythms and external factors including climatic conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Seasonal variation of dermatologic disease in the USA: a study of office visits from 1990 to 1998.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal variation has been demonstrated in many diseases, including certain skin diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is seasonal variation in dermatologic office visits in the USA. METHODS: Data on dermatologic office visits were obtained from representative visits to outpatient physicians in the USA from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1990 to 1998. Office visit seasonality was examined for all skin conditions, and individually for the 15 most commonly diagnosed conditions. RESULTS: Office visits for skin conditions were seasonal (P = 0.002). The magnitude of variation can be roughly expressed by the following scheme: actinic keratosis (P = 0.0001) > acne (P = 0.0001) > folliculitis (P = 0.002) > dyschromia (P = 0.01) > seborrheic keratosis (P = 0.04) > psoriasis (P = 0.07) > seborrheic dermatitis (P = 0.09). Visits for skin cancer, not otherwise specified (skin cancer NOS), atopic dermatitis, cysts, common wart, wart, not otherwise specified (wart NOS), rosacea, contact dermatitis, and benign tumors showed no significant seasonal variations or trends. CONCLUSIONS: Dermatologic office visits are seasonal, with visits for individual diseases varying in their magnitude of seasonality. This seasonal variation may be a result of biological and nonbiological variables.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Decreasing seasonal variation of births in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia have a winter-spring excess of births compared with the general population, the cause of which is unresolved. Fluctuations in the magnitude of the seasonal variation may provide clues to its aetiology. METHODS: All Finnish patients with schizophrenia born between 1950 and 1969 (N = 15892) were identified from two nationwide health-care registers. Their background demographic information was obtained from the Population Register Centre, which also provided monthly numbers of births in each municipality of Finland as multidimensional tables, with sex and year, month and place of birth as marginals. The incidence of schizophrenia was modelled using Poisson regression analysis, with sex, onset age, birth cohort, place of birth (urban/rural), trend and seasonal variation as explanatory variables. We also constructed a monthly time series and decomposed it into three components--seasonal, trend and remainder. RESULTS: Seasonal variation of births among patients born in the 1950s, especially between 1955 and 1959, was marked, but decreased among patients born in the 1960s. No interaction between place of birth or sex and seasonal variation was observed. The incidence was higher among the rural-born than the urban-born, but declined more slowly among the urban-born than the rural-born. CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of the factor causing the seasonal variation of births in schizophrenia may be decreasing. Urban birth may be emerging as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland, as elsewhere.

Adult↗