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PubMed2003

Evaluation of the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of the medicinal plants Dodonaea viscosa, Rumex nervosus and Rumex abyssinicus.

The crude extracts of the leaves of Dodonaea viscosa and Rumex nervosus as well as of the root of Rumex abyssinicus were tested for anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities. It was observed that the three plants possess antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and strong activity against Coxsackie virus B3 and influenza A virus. In contrast, none of them exhibited anti-fungal activity. The anti-inflammatory activity test results verified that only R. abyssinicus inhibited the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E(2).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Extraction of methylxanthines from guaraná seeds, maté leaves, and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol.

New experimental data on the extraction of caffeine from guaraná seeds and maté tea leaves, and theobromine from cocoa beans, with supercritical CO2 were obtained using a high-pressure extraction apparatus. The effect of the addition of ethanol to carbon dioxide on the extraction efficiency was also investigated. Caffeine extraction yields of 98% of the initial caffeine content in both wet ground guaraná seeds and maté tea leaves were obtained. Extractions of caffeine from guaraná seeds and maté tea leaves also exhibited a retrograde behavior for the two temperatures considered in this work. In the removal of theobromine from cocoa beans, a much smaller extraction yield was obtained with longer extraction periods and consequently larger solvent requirements. The results of this study confirm the higher selectivity of CO2 for caffeine in comparison with that for theobromine, and also the influence of other components in each particular natural product on the extraction of methylxanthines. The effect of the addition of ethanol to carbon dioxide on the extraction of methylxanthines was significant, particularly in the extraction of theobromine from cocoa beans. In general, the use of ethanol results in lower solvent and energy requirements and thereby improved extraction efficiency.

Cacao↗
PubMed2003

Purification and characterization of an N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin from Koelreuteria paniculata seeds and its effect on the larval development of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

This study describes the purification of an N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin from Koelreuteria paniculata seeds and its effects on the larval development of Callobruchus maculatus and Anagasta kuehniella. The lectin (KpLec) was characterized and isolated by gel filtration, affinity column, and reverse phase chromatography. SDS-PAGE indicated that this lectin is a dimer composed of subunits of 22 and 44 kDa. The N terminus exhibited 40% similarity with Urtiga dioica agglutinin. KpLec was tested for anti-insect activity against C. maculatus and A. kuehniella. With regard to C. maculatus, an artificial diet containing 0.7 and 1% KpLec produced LD(50) and ED(50) value, respectively. However, for A. kuenhiella, an artificial diet containing 0.65% KpLec produced an LD(50), whereas 0.2% KpLec produced an ED(50). The transformation of genes coding for this lectin could be useful in the development of insect resistance in important agricultural crops.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed2005

Identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in Longan (Euphoria longana Lam.) fruit.

Regular consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of some chronic diseases including various forms of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The health-promoting potential of these foods may be due, in part, to the phytochemical bioactive compounds present in the plants. Fruit of Euphoria longana Lam. (longan) are consumed throughout Asia and are a major crop in Thailand. In the present study phytochemicals were extracted with 70% methanol from peel, pulp, and seed tissues of longan fruit, and the major components were identified as gallic acid, corilagin (an ellagitannin), and ellagic acid. A high-through-put reversed phase HPLC method was developed to determine the content of these three compounds in different parts of the longan fruit and among different cultivars. The analyses showed that there was a large variation in the contents of gallic acid, corilagin, and ellagic acid in different plant tissues and cultivars. Seed contained the highest levels of the three phenolics, and pulp contained the lowest. Among commercial cultivars, Biewkiew and Edor contained the highest levels of gallic and ellagic acid while Srichompoo contained the highest content of corilagin. These three cultivars may be used in directed breeding and cultivation programs and to develop concentrated longan seed extracts to promote good health. Utilization of this byproduct material will support the use of thousands of tons of waste longan seeds after the production of canned longan pulp.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2002

Bioactive constituents of Cedrelopsis microfoliata.

The stem bark of Cedrelopsis microfoliata has yielded the new compounds microfolian (1), microfolione (2), and microfolicoumarin (6) along with the known compounds agrandol (3), cedrecoumarin A (4), obliquin (5), and sesquichamaenol (7). Compounds 2-4 were found to show agonistic activity on both alpha- and beta-estrogenic receptors, and compounds 1, 3, and 4 were shown to inhibit the chemiluminescence of reactive oxygen metabolites and showed superoxide scavenging activity.

Benzene Derivatives↗
PubMed2004

Saponins from the bark of Nephelium maingayi.

Activity-guided fractionation of the bark of Nephelium maingayi, collected in Indonesia, led to the isolation of six new saponins (1-6). The aglycon of 4 was determined to be a new compound, 7alpha-methoxyerythrodiol, and those of 1-3 and of 5 and 6 were identified as erythrodiol and maniladiol (16beta-hydroxyamyrin), respectively. The structures of 1-6 were determined on the basis of spectral data interpretation, and the absolute configurations of their component monosaccharides were determined as their thiazolidine derivatives after acid hydrolysis. Of the isolates, only compounds 1 and 5 showed very weak cytotoxic activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2006

Sapinmusaponins F-J, bioactive tirucallane-type saponins from the galls of Sapindus mukorossi.

Five new tirucallane-type saponins, sapinmusaponins F-J (1-5), were isolated from the galls of Sapindus mukorossi. The structures of these saponins were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR techniques ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, TOCSY, and NOESY). Compounds 1-5 showed anti-platelet-aggregation effects, but no obvious cytotoxic activity for platelets as assayed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Compounds 1-5 also showed moderate activity in a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation assay.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Monoterpene lactones from the seeds of Nephelium lappaceum.

Dichloromethane extracts of the seeds of Nephelium lappaceum afforded two new diastereomeric monoterpene lactones, 1 and 2, and the known butenolide siphonodin (3), as well as kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside. Compounds 1 and 2 represent a new monoterpene skeleton, and their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral data interpretation. Antimicrobial testing was carried out on 1 and 2 against a panel of bacteria and fungi.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Perception of aspen and sun/shade sugar maple leaf soluble extracts by larvae of Malacosoma disstria.

We investigated the behavioral feeding preference and the chemoreception of leaf polar extracts from trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides, and from sun and shade sugar maple, Acer saccharum, by larvae of the polyphagous forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, a defoliator of deciduous forests in the Northern Hemisphere. Three polar extracts were obtained from each tree species: a total extract, a water fraction, and a methanol fraction. M. disstria larvae were allowed ad libitum access to an artificial diet from eclosion to the fifth instar. Two-choice cafeteria tests were performed comparing the mean (+/-SE) surface area eaten of the total extracts, and the following order of preference was obtained: aspen > sun maple > shade maple. Tests with the other fractions showed that M. disstria larvae preferred the total aspen extract to its water fraction, and the latter to its methanol fraction. The response to sun maple was similar to aspen. However, for the shade maple experiment, there was no difference between the total extract and its water fraction. Electrophysiological recordings for aspen showed that the sugar-sensitive cell elicited more spikes to the water fraction, followed by the total extract, and finally the methanol fraction. Spike activity to stimulations of sun and shade maple extracts revealed a similar trend, where methanol fraction > water fraction > total extract. Our findings are discussed in light of previously known information about this insect's performance on these host plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Isolation and characterization of isolectins from Talisia esculenta seeds.

Four isolectins (TEL-I, TEL-II, TEL-III and TEL-IV) were isolated from seeds of Talisia esculenta by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. RP-HPLC was performed on a u-Bondapack C18 column (0.78 cm x 30 cm) (Waters 991-PDA system) at room temperature. Rechromatography of the four fractions on a C18 column under the same conditions yielded lectins with two dissimilar subunits (Mr 20 kDa and 40 kDa) bound noncovalently. The isolectins showed very similar characteristics, such as molecular masses, N-terminal sequences, and hemagglutinating activity, but differed in their isoelectric points and in inhibition by carbohydrates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Ethyl m-digallate from red maple, Acer rubrum L., as the major resistance factor to forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.

An ethanolic extract of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) leaves (RME) applied to trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) leaves reduced feeding in choice test assays with forest tent caterpillar larvae (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) (FTC), whereas a trembling aspen foliage extract, similarly applied, stimulated feeding. Compounds isolated from the RME were gallic acid, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, m-digallate, ethyl m-digallate, 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose, 1-O-galloyl-alpha-L-rhamnose, kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-beta-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoglucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-L-rhamnoside and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside, (-)-epicatechin. (+)-catechin and ellagic acid. All of the gallates, (-)-epicatechin, and kaempferol 3-O-beta-L-rhamnoside deterred feeding on trembling aspen leaf disks when applied at 0.28 mg/cm2. The two digallates deterred feeding by 90% and were the most effective. HPLC analysis indicated that ethyl m-digallate is present in amounts 10-100 x higher in RME (approximately 2.5-250 mg/g) than any other compound. Thus, ethyl m-digallate appears to be the major compound protecting red maple from feeding by FTC, with a minor contribution from other gallates.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Two new triterpenes from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia.

Two new triterpenes, 22-angeloyl-21-epoxyangeloylbarringtogenol C (1) and 21,22-diangeloyl-24-hydroxy-R(1)-barrigenol (2), and the known 21,22-diangeloyl-R(1)-barrigenol (3) were isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Their structures were elucidated based on detailed NMR analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited significantly the growth of cancer cell lines (A375-S2, HeLa) with IC(50) values ranging from 2.9 to 76.3 micromol/L.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2002

Increased pollen flow counteracts fragmentation in a tropical dry forest: an example from Swietenia humilis Zuccarini.

Habitat destruction and the resultant fragmentation of the remaining forest are a common phenomenon in the tropics. Most investigations emphasize the potential dangers of fragmentation in isolating patches of forest and exposing populations to loss of species diversity through founder effects, genetic drift, inbreeding, and restricted gene flow. However, a limited number of studies have shown that gene flow may be extensive in tropical trees, suggesting that it may occur between forest fragments and also "isolated" remnant trees. There is an urgent need to quantify pollen flow within and between forest fragments to test the veracity of such views and determine the genetic value of such fragments for in situ conservation. Microsatellite markers are used to genotype individuals of Swietenia humilis from a highly fragmented forest mosaic to directly quantify pollen-mediated gene flow. Distances of pollen flow more than 10 times greater than previously reported were detected. Our results show that some tropical angiosperm tree species may be much more adaptable and resilient to habitat destruction and fragmentation than previously considered. The description of many remnant trees as isolated or "living dead" may be more a conditioning of human perception than a true reflection of their potential conservation value.

Ecology↗
PubMed2006

Triterpenoids from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.

A new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-[(3-O-alpha-l-arabinofuranosyl-2-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucuronopyranosyl]-21,22-di-O-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol (1), together with four known triterpenoids, have been isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Their structures were elucidated based on chemical and spectral analysis. Among them, 1 was found to have activity of inhibiting the proliferation of six human tumour cell lines (IC50 10-40 mug/ml).

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2004

Glycosides from Grewia damine and Filicium decipiens.

Chemical investigation of n-butanol extract from the methanol extract of leaves of Grewia damine furnished lupeol, sitosterol beta-D-glucoside, flavone C-glycosides vitexin, isovitexin where as the same extracts from the leaves of Filicium decipiens furnished sitosterol beta-D-glucoside, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl kaempferol, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylquercetin and 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1--> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranosylkaempferol.

Glycosides↗
PubMed2002

Measurement carbon dioxide concentration does not affect root respiration of nine tree species in the field.

Inhibition of respiration has been reported as a short-term response of tree roots to elevated measurement CO2 concentration ([CO2]), calling into question the validity of root respiration rates determined at CO2 concentrations that differ from the soil [CO2] in the rooting zone. Our objectives were to validate previous observations of a direct CO2 effect on root respiration in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and to determine if high [CO2] also inhibited root respiration in other tree species. Root respiration rates for nine common North American tree species were measured in the field at ambient soil temperature at both 350 and 1000 microl CO2 l-1. No evidence of direct inhibition of root respiration by elevated measurement [CO2] was found for any of the species tested. The ratio of respiration rates at 1000 and 350 microl CO2 l-1 ranged from 0.97 to 1.07, and the 95% confidence intervals for this ratio included unity for all species tested. Tests of a respiration cuvette used in earlier experiments suggested that gas leakage from the cuvette/IRGA system created an apparent direct CO2 effect on respiration of sugar maple roots when none actually existed. Small sample masses used in those experiments exacerbated the error. Careful attention to the possibility of gas leaks and the avoidance of small sample masses should produce data that will allow researchers to accurately assess whether direct effects of measurement [CO2] exist. Our findings of no direct CO2 effect on respiration of roots of a wide variety of species suggest that such effects may be less common than previously thought for tree roots.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2002

Rate of stomatal opening, shoot hydraulic conductance and photosynthetic characteristics in relation to leaf abscisic acid concentration in six temperate deciduous trees.

Correlations between leaf abscisic acid concentration ([ABA]), stomatal conductance (gs), rate of stomatal opening in response to an increase in leaf water potential (si), shoot hydraulic conductance (L) and photosynthetic characteristics were examined in saplings of six temperate deciduous tree species: Acer platanoides L., Padus avium Mill., Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Salix caprea L. and Tilia cordata Mill. Species-specific values of foliar [ABA] were negatively related to the mean values of gs, si, L and light- and CO2- saturated net photosynthesis (P(max)), thus providing strong correlative evidence of a scaling of foliar gas exchange and hydraulic characteristics with leaf endogenous [ABA]. In addition, we suggest that mean gs, si, L and Pmax for mature leaves may partly be determined by the species-specific [ABA] during leaf growth. The most drought-intolerant species had the lowest [ABA] and the highest gs, suggesting that interspecific differences in [ABA] may be linked to differences in species-specific water-use efficiency. Application of high concentrations of exogenous ABA led to large decreases in gs, si and P(max), further underscoring the direct role of ABA in regulating stomatal opening and photosynthetic rate. Exogenous ABA also decreased L, but the decreases were considerably smaller than the decreases in gs, si and Pmax. Thus, exogenous ABA predominantly affected the stomata directly, but modification of L by ABA may also be an important mechanism of ABA action. We conclude that interspecific variability in endogenous [ABA] during foliage growth and in mature leaves provides an important factor explaining observed differences in L, gs, si and Pmax among temperate deciduous tree species.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Potent inhibition by star fruit of human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity.

There has been very limited information on the capacities of tropical fruits to inhibit human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity. Thus, the inhibitory effects of tropical fruits on midazolam 1'-hydroxylase activity of CYP3A in human liver microsomes were evaluated. Eight tropical fruits such as common papaw, dragon fruit, kiwi fruit, mango, passion fruit, pomegranate, rambutan, and star fruit were tested. We also examined the inhibition of CYP3A activity by grapefruit (white) and Valencia orange as controls. The juice of star fruit showed the most potent inhibition of CYP3A. The addition of a star fruit juice (5.0%, v/v) resulted in the almost complete inhibition of midazolam 1'-hydroxylase activity (residual activity of 0.1%). In the case of grape-fruit, the residual activity was 14.7%. The inhibition depended on the amount of fruit juice added to the incubation mixture (0.2-6.0%, v/v). The elongation of the preincubation period of a juice from star fruit (1.25 or 2.5%, v/v) with the microsomal fraction did not alter the CYP3A inhibition, suggesting that the star fruit did not contain a mechanism-based inhibitor. Thus, we discovered filtered extracts of star fruit juice to be inhibitors of human CYP3A activity in vitro.

Actinidia↗