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PubMed1986

Steroid hormone receptors in laryngeal carcinoma.

The larynx has long been shown to be a target organ for androgenic steroids in both women and men, and specific androgen receptors have been determined in normal laryngeal mucosa and in laryngeal carcinoma tissue. In this study, samples from 21 primary laryngeal carcinomas, from 4 recurrent laryngeal carcinomas and from 1 cervical metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma were obtained at the time of surgery to assay specific androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors. Specific androgen receptors were found in 8 samples (31%). The level of receptors varied from 1.7 femtomoles (fmol) per milligram to 7.3 fmol/mg cytosol protein. Detectable levels of specific estrogen receptors were found in 18 samples (69%) and progesterone receptors in 8 of the 15 samples studied (53%). There was no apparent correspondence with donors' sex, since samples from both females and males contained all kinds of receptors. We know that antiestrogen inhibits the growth of squamous carcinoma cells lines positive for estrogen receptors in vitro and that this effect is reversible with the appropriate hormone. Thus, the relatively high percentage of estrogen and progesterone receptors found in laryngeal carcinoma tissue may open new aspects in the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma with antihormones.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Oral health care for hospitalized patients: the nurse's role.

Oral health care is an essential component of daily hygiene for hospitalized patients, and nurses have an important role in helping patients maintain an acceptable level of oral health. This study tested the hypothesis that nursing students are graduating with an insufficient knowledge of oral health care for hospitalized patients. Four groups of senior nursing students comprised the study sample. Study data reveal gaps in the subjects' knowledge of and rationale for oral health care procedures for hospitalized patients. However, the subjects also indicated a high level of interest in improving their ability to offer appropriate oral care services. In addition to study findings, an oral health care instructional unit outline for nursing students is presented.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1992

Sample size calculations for ophthalmologic studies.

Sample size calculations are shown for some common ophthalmologic study designs in which two treatments are to be compared. Included are the following three designs: 1, only one eye per subject; 2, both eyes, with each eye assigned to a different treatment; and 3, both eyes undergoing a common treatment. Continuous and binary outcomes are considered. The correlation between eyes is accounted for in the computations using a simple correction factor. For design 3, the formulas allow for a mixture of single-eye and double-eye eligible subjects. A computer program that performs the calculations is available.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Consideration of covariates and stratification in sample size determination for survival time studies.

Sample size determination for survival time studies is discussed, taking into account stratification. We present formulas and tables which also apply in the case of multicenter clinical trials. In addition, the same method is used to estimate the sample size requirement when a covariate is grouped into strata. Simulation studies compare the results to covariate adjustment by the Cox proportional hazards model.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1988

Pulmonary function is influenced by heavy alcohol consumption.

To study the possible impact of alcohol consumption on lung function (FEV1 and FVC), we observed 11,135 men and women for 5 yr. Subjects were between 20 and 90 yr of age and were selected so that they were representative of the population of the city of Copenhagen. The study population was stratified according to smoking habits and alcohol consumption. A total of 8,765 persons did not significantly change alcohol or smoking habits during the 5 yr of observation and constituted the study sample. The study sample included 32 women and 301 men with an alcohol consumption of greater than or equal to 350 g/wk (78 were nonsmokers). Multiple regression analysis showed that alcohol consumption significantly accelerated the loss of FEV1 and the loss of FVC with time. Consumption of 350 g of alcohol/wk had an effect on FEV1 comparable to the effect of smoking 15 g of tobacco/day.

Adult↗
PubMed1971

Studies on sampling larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex.

Better sampling techniques are urgently required for estimating the population size and larval mortalities of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Some preliminary investigations into these problems were therefore made in Nigeria and Kenya. Knowledge of the type of distribution shown by larvae is important since it should enable more accurate sampling to be undertaken; consequently the biological distribution of larvae of the An. gambiae complex was investigated. Because there is often a need in control programmes to compare larval mortalities between populations in different types of habitat, attempts were made to construct time-specific survivorship curves and life tables so that instar mortalities could be calculated. Finally, results from estimating the size of larval populations in different habitats by a selective removal method and by a mark-release-recapture method were compared; the latter are considered more reliable.

Anopheles↗
PubMed1985

Use of biological sample banks in epidemiological studies.

Serum and urine banks have proved to be useful in the conduct of epidemiological studies. Samples collected as part of a large prospective study can be stored and retrieved later for laboratory analyses, selecting samples from groups of special interest and also from matched controls. The applications of the method are considered under three headings: firstly as a marker of a medical disorder, secondly as a measure of the extent of exposure to a harmful agent and thirdly as a direct measure of a suspected harmful or protective agent. Examples of each are given. Banks of biological samples other than serum or urine, such as hair and nail, are now being formed. The scientific opportunities of these collections are great and it will be of interest to see how they will be used.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1979

Assay of major and minor constituents of opium samples and studies of their origin.

Samples of opium from different countries as well as from various regions of India were studied for their morphine and codeine content by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) as their silyl ethers in a single step. Non-phenolic alkaloids (thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) were extracted with dichloromethane for GLC after conversion of the meconic acid, morphine and codeine in opium into insoluble salts with lime water. The data on alkaloidal constituents have been utilised in a determination of the origin of seized opium samples in this preliminary study.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1985

[Semen evaluation: technic of study].

Sampling precautions are particularly important in the study of sperm: the length of sexual abstinence, complete collection of the ejaculate, sampling by masturbation in the laboratory. The examination of sperm consists of different steps: measurement of the ejaculate volume, evaluation of the mobility, speed, and propulsion direction of the spermatozoa, study of spermatozoon concentration, estimation of the percentage of live spermatozoa, morphological examination of the spermatozoa, including an enumeration of the abnormal forms, evaluation of spermatozoon survival in vitro for 24 h by monitoring the percentage of mobility every 2 h. This examination can be complemented by biochemical and enzymatic assays of: fructose, zinc, carnitine, citric acid, acid phosphatase, alpha glucosidase, which serve as tracers of associated secretions.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1989

Ultrastructure of spermatozoa & non spermatozoal cells in human semen in genital tract infections.

With a view to ascertain the possible etiology fo the morphological abnormalities seen in spermatozoa of semen from genital tract infections, 16 semen samples were studied. Samples were selected on the basis of each of them having 10-12 pus cells per high power field. Apart from routine semen analysis, the sperms were subjected to electron microscopic studies. Alterations in the ultrastructure of spermatozoa and non-spermatozoal constituents of the infected semen samples were studied. The possible etiology of a wide spectrum of abnormalities in semen found to be associated with genital infection is discussed.

Genital Diseases, Male↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance among second-generation Japanese-American men.

We describe the initial findings from a multidisciplinary, epidemiologic study of diabetes mellitus conducted in a population of second-generation Japanese-American (Nisei) men born between 1910 and 1939 who reside in King County, Washington (n = 1746). From this study population, 487 volunteered, and 229 were enrolled to comprise the study sample. A random sample of Nisei men was also drawn from the population to develop a reference sample of 189 men. All subjects participated in a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test; the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) and World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria as well as a modification of the WHO criteria were used to classify individuals with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or diabetes. Within the study sample, 79 men were found to have normal glucose tolerance, 72 had IGT, and 78 had type II diabetes. The mean age of the study sample was 61.4 yr. Based on comparison of the study sample to the reference sample, the study sample was ascertained to be representative of Nisei men in King County. Extrapolating from our observations in the reference sample and in the study sample, we have estimated that approximately 56% of Nisei men in the study population have abnormal glucose tolerance. Much of this is undiagnosed because only approximately 13% of the reference sample of Nisei men reported a prior diagnosis of diabetes. Of the men who enrolled in the study as nondiabetic subjects, 11.1% had diabetes and 39.2% had IGT; i.e., 50.3% had previously unknown abnormalities in glucose tolerance. We estimate that approximately 20% of Nisei men have diabetes (both previously diagnosed and undiagnosed) and approximately 36% have IGT.

Adult↗